Enjigiriza ez’Ebyafaayo ez’Obufuzi bw’Eby’Obusosoze n’Etteeka ly’Obusosoze mu Amerika

Lw'amateeka mu mwaka gwa 1787, eryateekebwawo mu nkola eya United States, lyatandikawo gavumenti empya, naye teryamanyibwa bulungi. Mu kiseera kya Convention of America, abakungu baatwala amawanga amangi nga geeyawudde era nga geetongodde. Okutegeera kuno okusooka kweyolekera mu biwandiiko bya “Indiyansiyansi" ebiwerako emirundi esatu ku bikwata ku buyinza obwa bulijjo mu kifo ky'enkwaso.

[[NK:0] Ekiragiro kino kissawo tteeka nga (Kabonero, Ekitundu 8, Claus 3) kiwa Consell obuyinza “okufuga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agatali gamu, ne mu mawanga g'Abayindi.” Nga bateekawo ebika by'Abayindi mu kibonerezo kyekimu n'amawanga amalala, abawandiikizi baakiraga nti bannabyabufuzi. Kyokka, ekiwandiiko kino era kyawa gavumenti obuyinza ku by'eby'enfuna n'ebika ebirala, amaanyi agandibadde gakozesebwa mu kutuukiriza mikutu egitali gimu.

[[NKT:0] .Traaty Claus [Okabone], Ekitundu 2, Claus 2) kileka Pulezidenti okukola endagaano ne “bukuutivu n'okukkiriza kwa Kontemanti.” Okuva mu 1778 okutuuka 1871, Amerika yayingira mu kɔvvu mu mpulizi z'amawanga nyingi. Endagaano zino zitwalibwa ng'amateeka agasinga obukulu mu nsi wansi wa era n'okwanjula endagaano ne Ssaze'enkola ya Classione (AKY'AK, Clausle VI, Claus 2), ezigamba nti, endagaano zonna zaateekebwa wansi w'obuyinza mu United States. Wadde nga gavumenti y'esaza lyamenyawo, emirundi mingi endagaano ez'eby'omu mateeka mu mateeka mu mateeka ga gannago.

Ekiragiro kino obutayogera ku bufuzi obwasigirwa mu ggwanga eryo, kyaviirako enkonge ey'ekika ekya waggulu okubaamu enkonge. Mu lukalala lw'emisango egyasooka, omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yannyonnyola enjigiriza eyandinnyonnyodde etteeka lya Bayindi okumala ebyasa bingi. [FLT][1] Johnson] v. McIntosh[FLT][FLT] [1823]], Kkooti ekkiriza nti abatuuze mu ggwanga tebayinza kugula nsiko kubanga ebyazuulibwa byawanukula byawawawawawa “otikko obwa waggulu bwa United States obwa nvu. [oka bw'ebika bya Amerika]

Enteekateeka Enkulu mu Mateeka n’Engeri Gye Zaakwatako ku Bufuzi bw’Abazaale

Claus ow’Amagezi n’Enteko

Mu ssemazinga w'eggwanga, omusingi guno gubadde ngabo n'ekitala. Ku luuyi olumu, gukuuma ebika obutakkirizibwa gavumenti.[1] Essira teriyinza kufuga nsonga za ggwanga. Ku luuyi olulala, Consert bw'eyisa amateeka agakontana n'enfuga ez'eggwanga, amateeka g'ensi n'ago. Okugeza, enzivumboovu zaayo zibadde nga zikozesa obuwambe n'ekitala. Gatumbula amawanga agafuga nga gawagidde obwanga kkooti z'ensi mu bibinja musanvu eby'eggwanga, era nga byombi ebisusse ebisusse ebisusse awamu n'ebibabibibibi byakolebwa mu ggwanga. Kkolubukiiko ekkulu bwe kisiikiriza ekiragiro kino mu [FLD:][FK:[F1] mu ggwanga.[FFFON][5][6] [18] [18]

Endowooza y’Obusuubuzi ku Claus ne ku Kakiiko k’Ekibiina

Bunnabbi bw'eggwanga lya Bumeedia Claus kiwanyisiddwa okuwa Congress amaanyi mu nsonga z'ennamba n'ezitali za bulijjo. Amaanyi ago gayimirizidwa nnyo ne kiba nti tegakoma ku kunoonyereza kwa bulijjo okwa Ksykiti. [FLT][FLD]] Lock[[[FLT]] [[5]] [1903]), Kkooti yafuga nti Consenti Congmentsskorrence yasobola okuzza ebika bya brogati, era n'abo abasuubiza ensi entebe ey'enkalakkaliramu baakwata ku buyinza n'oka ne baggulawo obugazi mu kiseera, obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde bw'obukadde n'obukumi bwa ettaka ne mu kifo kya n'obusika obw'obusika obw'ebitonde. Leero, kkooti ez'ebiwawumbi eziwakanya ebikontana n'ebiva mu mawanga agamu ebiva mu mawanga aga

Ekirala ekyali kiyitibwa Parant Claus ne Ensonda y'Endagaano

Endagaano eya Claus yawa amawanga amanene okuteesa ne Amerika nga genkanankana. Kyokka mu 1871, Congress yagatta omubeeva ku mutemwa ogwavaako endagaano n'ebika bya Buyindi. Okuva ku olwo, endagaano n'ebika bya Claus zaakolebwa nga kiragiro kya mateeka oba enkola ya bakulu mu buyinza, ekyandikyusizza enzikkiriza enfubege z'amateeka ez'amawanga era ne kikyusa enkolagana wakati w'amawanga okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu bufuzi bwa gavumenti. Wadde nga wayiseewo ekiseera ekyo, endagaano ezibaddewo zikkirizibwa mu mateeka, era kkooti zisigala zikola nga zigoberera amateeka mu mateeka.

Omusango Agusinze: “Marchy Trigoy” n’Edda

[[AGUZI:0] Johnson v. McInsh[[:1] (123)

Wadde nga mu ggwanga eryo mwalimu eddembe ly'ennimi okutongoza ebintu, era kyakitegeera nti ebika byalina “ekitiibwa kya Bannaddiini” gavumenti gye yandisobodde okukima, so si gavumenti oba abantu kinnoomu. Omusingi guno gwe gwasinziiranga okutereka obusika.

[[Akawayiro:0]Evvu Georgia[[[AKM:1] (1831)

Omulamuzi omukulu Marshall yasalawo nti eggwanga lya Cherokee lyali “eggwanga lya bannaggwanga” wansi w'Akakiiko III ak'amateeka, naye nga lyali“ ggwanga eryesigamizibwa ku mateeka.” Ekigambo kino ekyali kiwaana ennyo okusobola okukiraga nti lirina obuyinza ate nga lifugibwa gavumenti. Kkooti era kyakkiriza nti Eggwanga lya Cherokee teriyinza kuvunaana ggwanga mu kkooti esingawo.

[[Akawayiro:0] Worcester v. Georgia[[=KITANDIKIWA] [[:1] (132]

Mu kusalawo okw'amaanyi, kkooti enkulu yasala omusango mu Georgia era n'esala omusango ku mateeka g'eggwanga nga tegassa kitiibwa mu bukulembeze. Marshall yawandiika nti “eggwanga lya Cherokee lirina obutuuze bwa njawulo, nga lirina mu kitundu kyalyo, amateeka ga Georgia mwe gatayinza kuba na buyinza.” Omukulembeze w'eggwanga Andrew Jackson yagaana okukakaatika gavumenti, ekyamutuusa mu kabuvubuka k'amaziga. Warcester

[[AGUMENTI:0]United States v. Kagama[[AK'AWULA] (1886)

Omusango guno gwawagira Ekiwandiiko Major Crimes Act, ne kiwa kkooti z'ensi yonna obuyinza ku misango egimu. Kkooti yawagira obusosoze obwo ng'esaasaasaanyiza enjigiriza y'eggwanga erizikwata ku magye.

[[AGUMENTI]McClanahan v.Arizona State Position yo Taaksi[[:1][=KYUMENTI][773]

Mu nsonga eno ey’omu kiseera kyaffe, kkooti enkulu yakiggumiza nti gavumenti teziyinza kusasula bannaggwanga b’omu Amerika abawa obusongasonga okuggyako nga kakiiko akaalagira ekyo.

Omulongo ogw’Ekkumi n’Ebirimu n’Obutuuze bwa Amereka

Olukiiko olw'ekkumi n'omusanvu olwakkirizibwa mu 1868, luwa obutuuze obwa “bonna abazaalibwa oba abaatondebwa mu Amerika, era nga bafugibwa obufuzi bwalwo.” Ebigambo “bagondera etteeka lyayo” byatapukusibwa kkooti enkulu mu [FLT][1] Elk v. Wilkins[[FLT]][FLD] [184]] okuggyamu enzivvu mu Amerika. Kkooti eyo yalinamu nti abantu ba ggwanga lya Indiina si bannaazaali bannabwo mu matwale ga United States olw'okuba baasigwa ebika byabwe. Yatwala akakwakkulizo aka [[FLD] [FLD] [FFF:5] [5] [5] [18] nga kiwagidde mu bujjuvu mu ggwanga lya Amerika. Kyokka, Enteneeromenti zikola ku bantu 14 mu ggwanga erimu. Kyokka, amateeka agamu ge gamu gamu gamu gamu gamu gamu gamu gamumumumumumumumu

Omuntu bw'akyusa ekinaatuukiriza obukulembeze bw'eggwanga, tekirina ngeri gye kiyinza kumalawo nkolagana wakati w'abantu ab'eggwanga erimu; ebika ebimu bisigala wansi w'obulagirizi bwa gavumenti. Ab'eggwanga abamu bagamba nti okugattibwa kw'ekibiina eky'ekika ekimu okusobola okuweerera ddala “obukuumi obwa bulijjo” kukontana n'enkwalo z'eggwanga ez'okusalawo oba okugoberera amateeka ag'eggwanga mu ngeri ya njawulo. Kkooti zibadde zigamba nti gavumenti z'ebika ebyembirira tezirina kakwate mu mu mulembe ogwa 14.

Ssaawo Ssaddaaka z'omu Mateeka ez'omu Kiseera Kino: Obuvunaanyizibwa n'okwemalirira

Enjigiriza ey’Okwesiga

Ekiragiro kino tekikolawo nkolagana ey'okukwesiga ate kkooti enkulu ewagidde omulimu ogw'okukuuma n'eby'obugagga byabwe ebyesigamiziddwa ku ndagaano ne ku lulimi olukozesebwa ku nsonga z'eggwanga mu Kathagama n'emisango emirala. Enkola ya Bayindianian-Ddation [Durventions] and Education Act eya 1975 (ISDEAA) enkola y'okufuga emikutu gya gavumenti, naye obuterekezo bweyongera mu by'enfuna eby'eggwanga bwe bibaako, obukkebe nga [[FLT:][5][5] EM]

Okusinziira ku Kkomera Eryennye n’Akakwate k’Eddembe ly’Omu Buyindi

Mu 1968, Congress yayisa akakwakkulizo akakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu mu ggwanga lya Indian Civil Rights Act (ICRA), akasinga obunene obwali bukwata ku gavumenti z'eggwanga. Eno ye nsonga eyatandikawo obwalwo bwonna.[1] Congret yakozesa amaanyi gaayo okukugira obufuzi bw'eggwanga okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Kyokka, ICRA terizingiramu mateeka gonna agafuga (g. g'ekibiina kya gavumenti tekirina buyinza ku kuwabula buwagizi mu kkooti z'eggwanga nga gavumenti za gavumenti). Kkooti ekkooti ekkooti enkulu eteeka bulijjo ewandikiddwawo nti, okusobola okuwabula obuddukiro mu ggwanga mu nnene (b.CRA, terimu namu.)

Obuzibu Obubaawo mu Kiseera eky’Okussa Obukulembeze

Eddembe ly’Ensi n’Enjigiriza ey’Okuzuula

Enjigiriza eyo ey'okuvumbula, eyasibuka mu njigiriza z'amateeka 15 mu Bulaaya ey'omuseetwe, yeegaaniddwa obukiiko obumu obw'ensi yonna naye esigala mu mateeka g'omu U.S. okuyitira mu Johnson v. McINTsh. Amawanga ag'ennanzinzikira zaago ageeyongera okulwanirira ebitiibwa byago ebyasooka, nga gayitira mu bigambo nti amateeka oba ebikolwa bya bannaakyewa biremedwa okumenya enzivvu. [FLT][FLT]]][FLT]] [FLT].[FLT'Gitt v.[FLT:][FLT:][5][FLT:] [5] [20]) Kino kiraga nti amateeka gava mu Njirinzivugirome nga ga g'omutikko , nga gamu ku nsonga enkulu ezikkiriza abantu ab'amawanga ag’omu n'omu n'omu n'omu nva .E], enne

Obukuubagano Obubaawo mu Buwandiike

. yamanyibwa ng'obuyinza obukugira abakazi mu 2013 obutongole bw'ebika obukugira abamenyi b'amateeka mu maka, okutemula ku ngeri emu ey'enjawulo okuva ku . Suquamish Indian [FOLT Act mu 2013][1288], ekikkiriza nti amawanga tegasobola kuyisa bubi bannannyini bannannyini bannannyini. Entegeka y'eggwanga ku bannannyini terina buyinza ku bannannyini. Empala y'obufuzi bw'amawanga ekontana mu ngeri eyo, nga emenyaamenya amateeka agatali ya ku lukumbo lwa Bulambo lwa “Cult. Suquamish et'AINURY'omukono oluva mu lukulembe oluva mu ggwanga olumu. Ate n'olukalala olwo olumanyira olw'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'eggwanga, nga gakkiriza obufuzi obumu, nga gakkiriza obufuzi obw'eggwanga.

Amaka Omuli eby’Obutonde n’Okukyusa Obubi bw’Eby’Obusimu

Ekiragiro kino okussaawo etteeka ery'okussaawo amatwale ag'ebika kikyusa engeri gye kifugamu eby'obugagga eby'omu butonde. EPA] EKYUMENTE] Enteekateeka esobozesa ebika ebibirina okussaawo emitindo gy'amazzi mu kifo kino, naye emitindo gino gisobola okukontana n'eby'obufuzi n'eggwanga. [FLT] era n'obuttutt: [[FLT:][5][20:5], Kkooti ekkookolo ekkulu lya EPA liba likugira obuyinza ku bibiina ebitali bya nnansi. Enkyukakyuka ezigendera ku buwandikiro obusobola okukuumibwa, okuvuba n'okukuŋŋaanya n'entegekamu ku mateeka ebifuga, nga [FFOLT].[5]

Ensonga Enkulu mu Bufuzi bw’Abannaggwanga Leero

  • [[AKYONGERA:0] Obukuumi ku ntegeka z'ebika:[[[NKULA:1] Okweyongera okuteeka mu kabi olw'ebiragiro eby'ennono, okuggyamu ebizimbe, n'okuyingiza ebiwandikiro. Kkooti enkulu etwala ku nsonga ez'ekika kya McGirt ku budde obw'ekiragiro.
  • [[NKULA]] Okumanyisa obufuzi bw'ebika mu mateeka ag'ensi: Obuwandise bw'Akabukuru aka Bayindiya [[[[KKKT:3] bufuga enkola enzibu mu kussaawo amateeka, era kakiiko akategeka olukalala lw'ebika ne kagoogo kagoolekanyaamu amateeka nga kikozesa amateeka nga 2020 [[FLT:]] Great American Outboodes Act[
  • juristition ku nsonga ezikwata ku bamenyi b'amateeka oba ku bantu: Kino kisigala nga kirimu obuyinza ku bawandiisi abatali ba ggwanga mu mbeera ezisinga obungi, nga kisobozesa obusaze obw'okukwata abawayiriziddwa. VA] 20222 [O'obwawunziko obwa bulijjo bugaziyizidwa ku mawanga agatali gamu ku nsonga ezimu naye nga bufuga n'okufuga ekiragiro.
  • [[Act:0] Control ku by'obugagga eby'omu butonde ne ku nsonga z'obutonde bw'ensi:[ Obutundu bunoonya entegeka y'obukulembeze oba enfuga ya buli kya kukozesa mu bitundu ebya bajjajjaabwe gye babeera, nga emirundi mingi byesigamizibwa ku ntegeka z'endagaano ez'okukuuma.
  • Obusobozi bw'ebika okukakaatika emisolo ku bizineesi ezitali za Kitongole kya ggwanga mu kifo kyayo bukoma ku kusalawo kwa kkooti enkulu Actson Trading Co. v. (1997). Okuzannya mu by'enfuna kikkirizibwa mu butongole bwa gavumenti

Okulowooza ku Binaabaawo mu Maaso: Okukyusa Etteeka n’Obufuzi mu Bitundu

Amawanga mangi n'ebibiina ebigaba obukujjukujju gawa obukakafu nti Amateeka ga Bukaanyi okusobola okukuuma obutuuze bwa ggwanga. Ebigo ebyo bitwaliramu enkyusa eya mateeka okusobola okumanyisa nti endagaano tezisobola kusalibwawo awatali kukkirizibwa bu ggwanga, oba etteeka erikkirizibwa mu ggwanga okulaga nti obwesige bulina ku lukugiro. Consellssion of American American of the centrality [

Eri abasomesa n'abayizi, okutegeera ensibuko ya mateeka ga ntegeka za Amerika, kikulu nnyo. Ekiragiro kissaawo enteekateeka y'obufuzi obufuga era n'ensonga z'amateeka ez'okufuga amawanga. Okufuba okusobola okutuukana emisingi gino egiri mu mpandika, eddembe erya buli muntu, n'ennamba z'eggwanga nga ze zirina kusinziira ku mateeka ga Bayindi ab'omu kiseera kino. Ng'oyiga ebyafaayo ebireetebwawo okuva ku Marshall Trigory okutuuka ku[FL:0] McGrirt, omuntu ategeera engeri Amateeka gye geefugamu abantu ab'omu Amerika n'obufuzi bw'amawanga.

Eby'obugagga ebikozesebwa okukebera ebiva mu kunoonyereza ebirala bitwaliramu Consells of American of Indian [, [] ] Bulawumu obw'Akakwa [[[[FLT:][[FLT:]][[FLT]]] [[FLT]] Ebiwandiiko bya INKULALALA [[FLT]][FLT][FLT]][FLT] [[12][FLT][FLT][F][FLT]][5] Kino kisobozesa okuwanulira akabonero akalaga oludda mu nsonga ezisinga obungi]. Ek'okunnyonnyola ennyunzivuvu mu n'envuvuvuvuvuvuvuvu mu by'ebyo ebiva mu nnyiriri ezigibwamu mu meriika blikaiyinzinzi .[F][F][19