Ekiragiro kino kisalawo enkola ereetawo obukuubagano wakati w'obufuzi bwa gavumenti n'okufuga okw'ensi yonna. Empeenth premension ewa abantu obunene era nga kiziyiza okusattululwa kwa gavumenti, naye engabo eno eyinza okulemesa okukakasibwa kw'enkwaso z'amateeka. Ek'enjigiriza eyitibwa Young Enjigiriza, eva mu kkooti esinga obukulu eya 1908], ekola ng'eyawukana ennyo ku ku ku bikwata ku gavumenti. Ekiso kikkiriza abantu kinnoomu okuwereza abakungu ba gavumenti mu ku ddembe eri ebiteebereberye. Mu myaka egisukka mu kikumi egiyise, enjigiriza eno esigala nga y'omusingi gwa mateeka ogusookerwako era n'enteekateeka ekola ennyo mu ku nsonga ezikwata ku bantu abawandiikibwa obutongole.

Omulembe Ogutongoddwa mu Mateeka: Okuwummuzibwa okw’Akataano n’Obumu ku Bufuzi obw’Okufuga Byonna

Okutegeera Ex ed process Ex error[FLT] Kino kyetaagisa okutegeera ettaka eryasimbibwamu tteeka eryalimu. Enteevent Amendment kyakkirizibwa mu 1795 okusiguukulula [[FL:2]Choolm v. Georgia[ [1993], oba olukongozzi olumu olumu olu Kkooti olukulu olw'amateeka, olusobola okuwerezebwa mu kkooti y'abatuuze eza gavumenti endala. Ebibauti by'empandika by'empandika bya Assembrikiti endala bikkirizibwa abatuuze oba abantu ab'eggwanga eddala mu ggwanga eddala lyonna: 'LW'omu Amerika'esaze'enkola yonna oba mu mateeka, oba mu kusoomooza mu ggwanga erimu erimu eri mu Amerika, oba mu ggwanga eririmu ery'omu Lulimi olupya."

Kkooti enkulu oluvannyuma yagaziya nnyo obukuumi buno mu mu ngeri y'emu. Louisiana (1890). Kansanti [, kkooti yagamba nti abantu tebasobola kwetongoza nsus wadde okukkirizibwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Kino kitegeeza nti gavumenti teyinza kuyisibwa butereevu, ne mu kumenya amateeka, okuggyako nga gavumenti ekkirizza oba nga Congress ekitongole ekifuga ekifuga enneeyisa ey'ekkumi n'ekikumi n'ekikumi. Kino kyasobozesa abantu okuteekawo ekkomera mu ku mateeka ga gavumenti. Singa gavumenti emenya amateeka, gavumenti teyinza kuyitibwa lukiiko oluwatu, olwo teyinza kuweebwa ttulukule nga lugenda kulekawo olukiiko lwokka aw'omu mateeka awatali kuteekawo kawumpuli.

Omusanvu guno gwaleetawo obuzibu naddala mu byasa nga 19, gavumenti bwe zaafuganga emiwendo gy'eggaali y'omukka, emiwendo gy'eby'obutunzi, n'emirimu emirala egy'eby'enfuna. Abantu kinnoomu ne kampuni z'ensi yonna zaagezaako okuwakanya amateeka ga gavumenti. Kyokka, empandika eya Enteenye n'ennyinnyonnyola byalabika nga bibalemesa okulonda obuyambi mu kkooti y'ensi okumenya amateeka agafuga ne gavumenti.

Olubereberye ow'Enjigiriza: [[Act:0] Expanded [[[Act:1] (1908)]

Mu kukkirizibwa kuno okw'omu mateeka, omutawaana gwa w'ekika kino Ex Young, 209 U.S. 123 (08). Obukuubagano bwava mu tteeka eryateekawo entikko y'eggaali y'omukka enziji era ne liteekawo ebibonerezo eby'amaanyi, nga mwe muli n'okusasula eggaali y'omukka n'okugitaasa. Eggaali y'omukka yavuganya okusoomooza ku mateeka, nga walaga nti entinti yaaginjalo eyo yali tekkirizibwa era nga emenya amateeka gamenyeddwawo.

Ekibuuzo ekikulu ekyali kireetebwawo ekibuuzo eky'okunoonyereza ku ggaali y'omukka kyali kikwata wa era baani abaali bayinza okukireetako obuzibu. Ssaza ly'e Minnesota terikkirizibwa kugoberera kkusifukufukufukufu kwa Amereka ak'amakumi mataano. Kyokka, enguudo z'eggaali z'omukka zaateeka oluwere mu kkooti ya gavumenti okuwakanya munnamateeka, Edward T. Young, nga zinoonya etteeka okumuziyiza okukakaatika etteeka ku ndowooza nti etteeka erigaana obutuuti bwa gavumenti liba lya bwereere era nti n'omukungu wa gavumenti agezaako okukaka obuwagiziri bw'amateeka awatali mateeka gamukkiriza.

Kkooti enkulu yakkiriza endowooza eno nga y'omulamuzi Rufus Peckham. Kkooti yagamba nti essomero eriwa omukungu wa gavumenti okulagira etteeka eritakkirizibwa mu mateeka si kkomo eriggula gavumenti olw'ebigendererwa by'Empera ey'ekkumi n'omusanvu. Omulamuzi Peckham yagamba nti etteeka eritali limu likkirizi liba "gye oba ekkomera" era nti omukungu wa gavumenti akolera wansi w'amateeka ago aba "amenya omukungu we oba omubaka oba omubaka gwe" era n'akwatibwa nga kisaanira n'omuntu omu. Kino "kyewumbawumba olukusi" kikkirizibwa okugattiganya Kko n'obutebe bw'amateeka obunene.

Okuviira ddala ku ntandikwa y'enjigiriza eyo, kyeyoleka bulungi nti si kituufu. Omulamuzi John Marshall Harlan bwe yawakanya obutakkiriziganya n'ekyo, omukungu wa gavumenti akyakolera wansi w'amateeka agaawula langi, era n'alagira abakungu ba gavumenti obutateeka mu nkola amateeka gaayo. Wadde kiri kityo, okuwonawo kw'enjigiriza eyo kulaga nti kyetaagisa: singa tekuliwo, abakungu ba gavumenti bandimenya amateeka ne batamenya mateeka, era kkooti z'ensi tezijja kuba na buyinza kukaka kukaka mu Mateeka kufuga gavumenti.

Ekisenge Kikutte

Omusingi omukulu ogwasendebwa mu [[NT:0] Ex trace Young kyeyoleka kaati nti: okugattika obuweerero obw'Akakumi n'ekkumi n'ekikumi tekissa kimu ku bakungu ba gavumenti bwe kiba nga obwetaavu obuba bulina okugaana okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti oba okugaleeta mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Okuteeka omusingi guno era ne gunnyonnyolebwa emirundi butabalika mu kyasa ekyayita, ne kinyweza ekifo kyagwo ng'ensonga enkulu mu mateeka ga Amereka.

Engeri Enjigiriza eno gy’Ekozesebwamu

Enjigiriza [[NKULULA] Exteep Young ekolera wansi wa lukalala lw'amateeka agasalawo ddi olukusa lwerukkiriza okutongozebwa mu kkooti. Okutegeera bamakanika bano bakolokota bannasayansi era ne abalamuzi.

Enjawulo eriwo mu Kusuubira Okubaawo

Ekikoma ku kulemererwa mu njigiriza eyo kyatuuka ku Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651 (1974). Edelman[[, kkooti enkulu yakkiriza nti [[FLT:] E] eddireece [[FLT]] eddins [[[FLT:]]]] mu kkomo eriko olwo, okuleka obuwanguzi obwa bulijjo [[FLT]]. Ekikongojjedwa mu by'okireetera obutakolawo mu ggwanika kiriko ekiziikibwa okuva mu ggwanika kikwegattiddwa mu ggwanika. Enjanja ey'eby'eby'eby'ensi entebeenkanyaamu enviro bwe kisobozesa ensonga okukomyawo. K'okuyisaamu akabi mu n'edda, tekiteekwa kulaga nti okiragiramu ekyo eky'okulaga akabi ak'edda.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa omukungu wa gavumenti amalawo obuwanguzi bwa Medicaid, omukungu yavumbula n'ayinza okusumusa ebisabiso okukomezebwawo (obuweerero obw'okukebera). Kyokka, omukungu tayinza kukozesa era tayinza kuteekamu kimu ku kimu Young okufuna ebisasulwa ebiddibwawo mu kiseera ng'eby'omuganyulo bye bigaanibwa mu bukyamu. Okufuna obuweeyambi obw'okuzza obuwerengo, omukungu oyo kimwetaagisa okukakasa nti gavumenti agaanye obuwaze oba nti akakiiko akaategekeddwa kibadde kikoze bulungi.

Ekyetaagisa Okumenya Amateeka

Enjigiriza eyo yetaagisa okumenya [[[NT:0] okw'etteeka eritakoma. Suteegeka enoonya okuwoozesa ebikyamu ebyayita, ebimalirizidwa okubikkulwa teyiba mu [[[KIT:2] Expace Young[ okuggyako okuggyako nga okkirizidwa. Kino kikwatagana n'obubonero obw'edda obunoonyezebwa obwafunibwa “‘injtionss ezikozesebwa okuziyiza ebiva mu nkola ez'edda so si okubonereza ebikolwa ebyayitako ebyayitako.

Bwe kityo, ekiragiro ekiwakanya etteeka ly'eggwanga eryamala dda okukyusibwa tekiyinza okwesigama ku Ex pace Young okuleeta omusango. Omukungu ateekwa okumanyisa nti omukungu wa gavumenti akola nga bw'ayagala okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti.

Eyali Alwanirira Obutuukirivu

Omukungu wa gavumenti bw'aba akwasizza ekiragiro mu kkooti, omusango atwalibwa nga mukyamu. Omukungu tateekwa kuba mukungu wa gavumenti asinga obukulu mu buyinza naye alina obuyinza okukakasa amateeka. Omusajja alwanyisa omukungu atalina buyinza ajja kugugobako erinnya mu bukyamu.

Ebisukka ku Kigero n’Ebigambo Ebikontana n’Enjigiriza

Wadde [[NKULULA] Ex tract Kino kireetera ekiragiro okusoomoozebwa okugaziya ku kiragiro eky'okukwefuga, obunene bwaakyo bufuga enkola yaakyo.

[[Akawayiro:0]] Florida[: Empandika eya 'Creative Remedial Sounded Speed Scaling'eno akawayiro

Mu [[NKULA:0] Florida, .417 U.S.1996], kkooti enkulu yagamba nti Kkooti gye yateekawo kakwate akakwate akaz'okugoonjo, [[FLT:] Expaste Young Ek'enjigiriza teziyinza kukozesebwa okuziyiza ekkomo lya kakongeri. [FOLT:] Super Sociorce Court gye yakolera olukumbo olw'okukukakasa nti ekitongole eky'ensi eno esobola okukiteekako olukalala olumu, [[FLT] olumu olumu olukalala], olumu olukola olutuufu olw'ekitongole [FGUM] olumu olukola olumu olutegekeddwa mu ngeri y'okukuba ebisenge, era ne ku kkooti enko. [F][6]

Ekyaw'okusaze kiriko akafunda. Kkooti emirundi egisinga obungi zigamba nti etteeka eryawula gavumenti teriggyawo [[Act:0] Ex partee Young okuggyako nga Consert ekiraze bulungi nti emaliridde okukikola.

[[Akawayiro:0]Akawayiro[[AK'AWULA]] Akasonga

Kino kitegeeza nti ekiwandikiro kikoma ku kuteekako endowooza y'okumenya amateeka . Mu nzikiriza , kino kitegeeza nti ekiwandikiro kiteekwa okukoma ku kuteekawo enkola ya [[FLT:] era kikoma ne kikoma ku kuteekamu enkola ey'okukwata ab'obuyinza mu kkooti. Mu mpandikaalo ezo, entongole z'eggwanga ziteekwa okwewatwaliriza okuwera okuwakana enkola y'eby'ekikolwa eky'ekikolwa eky'amateeka, n'ensonga endala ezisobozesa obukwasisa ebizingirwamu n'ensonga endala ezisinga obukulu mu mbeera ey'enjawulo. Enjigiriza eno ey'obuteesobozi eriwo, egoberera enkiiko ezikola ensonga ezikwata ku ngeri y'okukwata ku kkooti z'amateeka.

Kubanga Expandes Young ye kkukkuso eritaliiko kkomo, kiragiro, nga mwe muli ekiwandikiro ekifuga kyo kyo kyo kiwandikiro enjigiriza ey'obuteetegese. Wadde nga omukungu wa gavumenti asobola okukomyawo ekimenya amateeka, olukiiko olw'ensi luyinza okugaana okukozesa obuyinza obwo singa bye yawandiise ebifuga bituuka ku nsonga mu bujjuvu era nga bituukana bulungi n'ebyo ebiragibwa mu mbeera y'ebya bulijjo.

Ennyambala Ekwata ku Buwanguzi bw’Eggwanga ne Kkooti za Gavumenti

Enjigiriza Expandes esobola okubeera nga efuze ku abakungu abafuga. Assomero ezikwata ku mapeesa oba ebitongole bya gavumenti tezikkirizibwa wansi w'enjigiriza. Endowooza eri nti enjigiriza eyo tekkirizibwa kukwata ku mateeka na matabi agasala omusango agafuga enfuga oba amateeka agafuga enfuga enfuga. Mu ngeri eyo, kino kitegeeza nti okusoomooza okuteekawo amateeka oba enkola ez'obukwasisa ebitongole eby'obukwanjufu biteekwa okuba nga bituukiriza obukwasiddwa mu nkola ebikolebwako.

Ekiyinza Okutuuka ku Mufuzi w’Obuyinza w’Ebintu Byonna

Enjigiriza [[NKULU:0] Exte Young erina kinene nnyo kye yakola ku tteeka erifuga gavumenti. Awatali kugikyusa, enkyusa ey'ekkumi n'ena esobola okugobererwa abakungu ba gavumenti okuva mu buli kika ne balaga nti tewali kiyinza kubagonjoolera ddembe lyabwe.

Engero ez’Obufumo n’Abasobya

Endowooza y'emu enkyamu ereetebwawo endowooza z'abantu abamu abanoonyereza ku nsonga za Baibuli. Abeekenneenya ba Baibuli n'abayivu bagamba nti ebiwandiiko eby'edda byennyini bigamba nti: essente ez'enkalakkalira tezikkirizibwa mu kkooti y'ensi yonna, ka kibe nti essomero lirina kuwakanya gavumenti oba nti eri omukungu wa gavumenti akwata ku nsonga ezikolebwa. Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia, okusingira ddala, yavumirira enjigiriza eyo nga "osoma oba agigoba" ku kiwandiiko eky'ekkumi n'omusanvu eky'ekkumi n'abataano eky'abataano eky'ebiwandiiko.

Wadde kiri kityo, enjigiriza eyo eraginywera enfunda n'enfunda. Kkooti ey'oku nti emirundi mingi, etegedde nti emiganyulo gyayo gisingira wala obunafu bwayo. Kkooti ya ' Kino kyalagira nti Omuntu atwalibwa nga Virginia Office for Production and Advocacy v. Stewart[, , ekitundu ky'ek'ek'enjigiriza kino kikkirizibwa okukkiririzaamu enkompoole z'obuyinza."

Kkooti Eziwa Amaanyi

Enjigiriza eyo ewadde kkooti z'ensi yonna amateeka okukwasisa abakungu ba gavumenti mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Exparte Young [[FLT: 1] Kireeseewo okukolebwa kw'eddembe ly'obuntu mu kiseera kino, amateeka agakwata ku mbeera z'obutonde, n'amateeka agafuga enfuga, okusoomooza mu mateeka g'eby'eby'enfuna. Okuba nti waliwo obuweerero mu ngeri esobola okugobererwa wansi wa Ex Parce Young [[FLT: 1]] Kireseesetesezza abantu kinnoomu n'enkola z'eggwanga okuzza omusango olw'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti.

Okutegeka mu Ngeri Etagudde Lubege n’Okuvunaanibwa

Enjigiriza eyo ereetawo obuzibu wakati w'obufuzi bwa gavumenti n'okuvunaanyizibwa. Essaddala esobozesa obutonde okutaasa obutuufu eri gavumenti era era n'okukugira obuweerero okubutuusa ku nkola y'obujjanjabi obuba busuubirwa. Kyokka era ekakasa abakungu ba gavumenti obutasobola kukozesa nkola ya gavumenti ey'okwetwalidde obwa nnannyini ng'engabo okusobola okukola nga tewanikibwa. Empalo eno esobozesa enkola y'ensi okukozesebwa.

Puloguramu ez'oku sisitemu eza kinoka ku [[Act:0]Ex Ex [[KITONDE] EKY'OKUMENTI] EKY'OKUKOLAKO [[:1] EKY'OKUMENTIRAKO

Enjigiriza [[NKULU] Expande [[FULT:1] si ya mu byafaayo. Eky'okukozesa eky'omu kiseera kino okubunyisibwa mu bitundu bingi eby'amateeka.

Okuwaayiriza Eddembe ly’Obwannakyewa (Okwawulawo 1983)

Enjigiriza eyo etwalibwa nnyo mu kukkirizisa eddembe ly'abantu wansi wa 42 U.S.C. 1983. Abakungu ba gavumenti baatera okusiiga bannabyabufuzi .Stockhoota abakuumi ba poliisi, abakungu ba poliisi, n'abakungu ba poliisi.[1] Okugezaako okuwakanya enkola oba enkola eza gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abasibe bayinza okusiba abakungu b'ekkomera olw'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti, gamba ng'embeera z'obujjanjabi oba enko obubenje. Enjigiriza ekkiriza abakungu abo okukolagana n'abakungu mu kifo kyabwe nga tebakoze ku by'obudduukirizebwa mu ku ddembe eryaliwo nga bawaze.

Amateeka g’Ennansi

Ebibinja by'obutonde n'abantu kinnoomu batera okukozesa enjigiriza eyo okukakaatika amateeka agakwata ku nkola y'obutonde ku bitongole bya gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa ekitongole kya gavumenti kilemererwa okugoberera etteeka lya Cease Water Act oba Edden Air Act, ekiwandikiro kiyinza okuvunaana dayirekita w'ekitongole wansi wa Expace Young [ okukaka obuwagizi. Ekiwandiiko kino kikakasa nti gavumenti teyewakkiriza kumenyebwa kw'amateeka agafuga obutonde nga zigoberera bukuumibwa obukulembedde.

Obujjanjabi n'obulwadde

Abajjanjabirwa ku by'obulamu n'abalwadde bakozesezza enjigiriza eyo okusoomooza enkola ya Medicaid emenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa gavumenti ekendeeza ku bungi bw'ensawo y'empedicaid nga tebagoberera kulagula kwa gavumenti, abawagizi bayinza okuwereza omutwazi w'eggwanga wansi w'obuyinza bwa Exte Young okuteekawo ekipimo ekikendeezesezza ku mutindo. Mu ngeri y'emu, kisoomooza okukugira okuggyamu enzirejjajja kw'okuggyamu ebbaliro, nga kino kitwalira ddala abo abali ku b'ekitongole eky'obujjanjabi oba abakungu mu by'obulamu, nga beesigama ku njigiriza ey'okuteekawo entebe z'obuyinza mu gavumenti.

Amateeka Agakwata ku Kusalawo n’Okuwa Eddembe

Mu mateeka ag'okulonda, enjigiriza ekkiriza abalonda n'abakwasi b'obukujjukujju okusoomooza amateeka agakugira okulonda, era n'okuteekawo mmaapu ezitatuukiriza ebisaanyizo. Assuti zireetebwa ku bakungu ba gavumenti, gamba ng'omuwandiisi w'eggwanga, avunaanyizibwa okuteekawo amateeka agateeberezebwa. Enjigiriza eno ewa enteekateeka ez'okulonda abantu basobole okufuna obuyambi obusobola okuziyiza akabi ku bantu nga bakuba akalulu.

fundikira

Enjigiriza Ex erroote Young egguka ku musingi gwa mateeka ga Amereka. Wadde nga yeetongodde mu mateeka, erina omulimu mu nfumo enfumo, ekola mu nsalo: eremesa gavumenti obutabeera n'obuyinza obwa nnakyemalira okuba eyinza okukugira okukwasibwa kw'amateeka agafuga. Nga erese espatuupu ez'abakungu abagenda okusuubira okubuggya ku bakungu ba gavumenti, enjigiriza eyo etabagana n'emitindo egikontana egy'obufuzi obwa gavumenti. Ekireetera kkooti z'amateeka okuteekawo amateeka okuteekawo ebiwandiiko ebiremereza eddembe ly'okumenya amateeka, n'okukuuma eddembe ly'amateeka mu nkola y'abakungu abafuga gye babadde babadde bagoberera amateeka, enjigiriza ejja okusigala nga ekitongole ekisinziikiriza ensonga ey'obwenkanya.

Okusobola okweyongera okusoma, kebera endowooza z'abo abawandiise ku OYEZ: Exparte Young, ekitongole eky'eby'amateeka kinoonya engeri y'okuzuulamu ekiwandiiko era n'ekangaanyizo eri ku Kiwandiiko eky'Ekya bulijjo mu [[FLT:] era ne ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga eziddiriddwa mu [[FLT:]] Elman v. Jordan[] [ongerako, olukalala olw'ensonga n'ensonga ezikwata ku bukuumi mu lukuumi ne Adjuzi.[F][F][5]