Table of Contents
Endowooza Eyaleetebwawo Kkooti Esingayo Obunene ey’Akabonero
Wadde nga kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika teyisa mateeka oba nga nkola ku nsonga ezo, esalawo okutuuka mu bisenge, mu bisenge by'eddwaliro, mu bifo we balonda, ne mu bisenge ebisulamu. okusalawo okukwata ku mateeka okuva ku kkooti ku bikwata ku ddembe ly'omuntu kinnoomu, kuleetawo b'obuyinza, era kukuuma eddembe ly'abantu eritabakwata kungi. Okutegeera ensonga zino tekukwata ku nsonga za trivia, wabula ngeri y'okulabamu emisingi gya tteeka egitali gimu engeri gye gituuka ku bulamu obwa bulijjo.
Omutawaana: Okwejjukanya Okusalira Omusango n’Etteeka
Kkooti ya Sayansi bwe yasalawo amateeka ng'egatakkiriza kugoberera mateeka, era nga ge gaakolebwa ku musango oguba gukkiriziddwa: Marbury v. Madison (1803). Mu kusalawo okwo, omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yassaawo omusingi ogukwata ku kusala emisango, okuwa Kkooti enkulu esembayo ku kye kitegeeza. Amaanyi gano ge ga buli nsonga eziba zikwata ku bulamu obwa bulijjo. Awatali kugitabaayo, Kkooti eya Kkooti teyandiyinzeeko amasomero ga kuzza bugwe, oba obutuufu bw'okulonda ebitiibwa by'omukungu.
Omuntu omuteeso, okulambula kitegeeza nti tewali tteeka liyinza kufuga oba kufuga mateeka. Wabula, gavumenti teyinza kuziyiza kitabo kubanga kikontana na ndowooza eziri munda, oba lwaki pulezidenti alina okukolagana n'ekitongole ekimanyiddwa nga pulezidenti. Omusango guyinza okuba nga gumaze ebyasa bibiri eby'emyaka, naye gusigala nga gugoberera buli mateeka agava ku kiwandiiko ekigoberera amateeka agaamu.
Essomero n’okulingana kw’abantu: Brown v.
Oboolyawo tewaaliwo kusalawo kwa kkooti enkulu okwakola butereevu era mu ngeri erabika nga Brown v. Ekiragiro ky'omulimu by'enjigiriza (11954). Kkooti eyo yawa buwagizi bwonna okutegeeza nti obusosoze mu langi tebwenkanankana, okukweka enjigiriza ya enjereere. Ferguson
Mu maaso ga Brown, obukadde n'obukadde bw'abaana abaddugavu baakakasibwa okugenda mu masomero ga gavumenti aga wansi era agaasalibwawo. Okusalawo okwo kwaggyawo entegeka ya Jim Crow era ne kuggulawo enzigi z'ekibiina ekikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu. Wadde nga buli kiseera abantu basomerera eby'enjigiriza okuwandiika ku buli nsonga, Brown yakyusa ekifo: leero, abaana okuva mu langi zonna basomera wamu mu mateeka.
Buli lunaku enjawulo eriwo wakati w'enjawukana n'enjawukana mu kibiina. Omuyizi bw'abeera mu kibiina ekirimu langi ez'enjawulo, aba alina obusika bwa Brown. Bwe kityo era kisobozesa enzigi endala ezifuga okugonjoola obutakkaanya bw'eggwanga, nga mw'otwalidde Leave v. Virginia[[[FLL:1]] [1967]], ekyaviirako amateeka okuwera obufumbo obw'ebika eby'enjawulo. Mu ngeri ey'okwagala yateeka amateeka mu mateeka eri abafumbo ab'ebika by'enjawulo okufumbiriganwa mu buli ggwanga, nga gago.
Ekintu eky’Obwama n’Ensobi Ezaffe: Okuva ku Griswold Okutuuka ku Roe Okutuuka ku Lawrence
Kkooti teyogera butereevu ku ddembe ly'okwekweka obwama. Kyokka, kkooti esingayo obukulu ezudde nti mu “palamenti” ne“bulimu obwasooka ku Bikwata ku Ddeekiso. Omusango guno gwatandika n'obukulu bwa Griswold v. Connecticut[[FL:1] [1965], ekyaviirako etteeka erigaana abafumbo okukozesa enzijanjaba.
[[NTLL:0] .Woe v. Wade [773]) yasobozesa olukusa olw'omukyala okweyama okuggyamu embuto. Mu myaka nga etaano egiyise, Roe yali etteeka mu nsi yonna, nga kikakasa nti walina eddembe okwetongozaamu. Wadde nga kkooti emaze okuguyingibwa mu Dobs [v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], emikolo egy'omu mateeka egyaddako gyalaga engeri ensonga zino gye ziyinza okukwata ku by'obulamu obwa bulijjo, enteekateeka z'amaka, n'abakazi. Okugoba ebya Roe enkuzibwa mu nsonga y'eby'eby'enfuna, kwe by'obulamu, bye byesigamye ku nsonga z'omukyala. Enna z'eby'eby'obulamu, n'okugobereberye'enna.
[[NTL:0]] Lawrence v. Texas [2003] [2003] gaasattulula amateeka agaakwataganya enkolagana ey'okusembera. Nga Lawrence bwe yali tannakula, abantu abalya ebisiyaga n'abo be bafaananya ebitundu eby'ekikula bayinza okukwatibwa olw'okwenyigira mu bikolwa eby'okwetaba n'okugatta abakazi mu maka gaabwe. Ob'obukaba oba obukaba oba obukaba oba obukaba, enkolagana wakati w'abantu abakulu n'abantu ne bazadde baabwe eyinza okukkirizibwa, enkolagana yaabwe ne Katonda ekkirizibwa, era okwagala kwabwe tekukkirizibwa.
Obubonero buno obugobererwa mu nsonga ezeetaagisa omuntu kinnoomu bukyusa engeri abantu gye bakozesaamu obulamu bwabwe: engeri gye bakolamu amaka, gye basalawo ku by’obujjanjabi, era n’engeri gye balagamu nti batuufu.
Enjogera Ennungi n’Emboozi y’Eby’obufuzi
Kkooti Enkulu ennyonnyola bulungi ensonga ezo bwe zibaawo, era ekyo kikwata ku ngeri buli lunaku.
.T. Ekiragiro kyasalawo nti abayizi abazzeeko essomero erikola mu kifo ky'ekitongole ky'omutuuze wa Vietnam. (11969] Baagamba nti abaana “tebakolanga eddembe lyabwe ery'enteeka ey'okunyumya oba ery'okwogera ku mboozi ku mulyango gw'essomero.] Embaga yali ekwata ku bayizi abaali baaze olukoba okukalakaasa olutalo olw'omu Vietnam. Kkooti yasalawo nti amasomero gano gasobola okubonereza ebigambo ebiviirako okutaataasa. Buli muyizi eyambala pini, awandiika ekitundu ekikuba ebiva mu empapula by'essomero, oba ategeka empalana okuva ku Tuker. Esomero zikuuma amalo g'abavubuka mu matendekero, n'embeera y'obusokebe.
Ekiragiro ekitegeeza nti enkola y'okulonda mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti kampuni n'obutuuze bw'abantu bisobola okusaasaanya ssente ezitaliiko kakwate ku bulango bwa gavumenti. Abakugu bawakanya eky'okusalawo kino bagamba nti okulonda abagagga kikusobozesa okulonda abagagga. Abawagizi bagamba nti kikuuma okwogera okw'eby'obufuzi okuva ku gavumenti. Abantu ab'ebitiibwa abali mu United bakyusizza endowooza y'emu ku ngeri kaweefube, engeri okuyita mu bya vidiyo ne mu mikutu gy'eby'empuliziganya gye bitegeeramu abantu aba bulijjo gye kikusobozesamu okulonda abagagga okulonda.
Kkooti eno era ekuuma abantu okwogera okutali kwa bwenkanya singa tebaleetera ttemu oba kuleeta kivume ku gavumenti, okuwakanya enkola z’abantu, okuwakanya amateeka, n’okwoleka endowooza ezitali za bannakyewa, era ng’eddembe eritasangikasangika mu bitundu bingi eby’ensi.
Okuwa Enkizo n’Okubaako Enkizo
Eddembe ly’okulonda likulu nnyo mu nkola ya demokulase, era Kkooti Enkulu ewaddeyo etteeka erikwata ku ani ayinza okulonda n’engeri y’okulondamu.
[[NKULA] Shelby County v. Hoker (2013) yasaanyawo kaweefube omukulu ow'ekitongole ekiyitibwa Voting Rights Act mu 1965 ekyasaba eggwanga erimu obusosoze okusobola okukkirizibwa mu ggwanga nga terikyusa mateeka ga nvumbo. Ekiragiro kyasobozesa gavumenti okuteekawo amateeka amapya agakwata ku nviiri, okulambula ebifo, n'okulonda ebiba bitegekeddwa mu ngeri entegekeddwawo. Okulonda mu bitundu ebyo, okulonda ebifo, okukyusiza obunene ennyiriri, ate, obunene bw'ebisaze, okuteekawo ensalo ezisingako. Kkomo lino likyusa butereevu amateeka ne k'okulonda, era kino kye kikolwa ekya bulijjo eri obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde n'obuwumbi bw'obuvuzi bw'obululu.
Reynolds v. Sims (1964) yassaawo omusingi ogugamba nti “omuntu omu, akalulu kamu,” nga kwetaagisa nti ebitundu ebya gavumenti byenkanankana mu bantu bonna. Nga Reynolds, ebitundu eby'omu byalo emirundi mingi byalina amaanyi mangi nnyo agakwata ku kibuga. Ekiragiro kyassaawo obuwayiro obwa buli muntu okuba n'obunene bwenkana, nga bukwata ku ngeri abakiikirira gye balondebwamu era n'ensonga ze bafuna mu masaza aga gavumenti.
Ebyo kkooti by'esalawo ku nsonga ezikwata ku bantu abaliko obulemu, ennimi entono, n'ebyo ebiba bigobererwa, bikakasa obanga ebifo eby'okulambula bisobola okufunibwa, oba nga bisangibwa mu nnimi nnyingi, era oba nga n'abantu abaweerezza emisango gyabwe basobola okulondebwa.
Gavumenti n’Enkomerero z’Obuyinza
Obubonero obulaga ekyo gavumenti ky’eyinza n’ekyo ky’etasobola kukola, era bukuuma abantu baleme kukwatibwa.
v. Nixon yasibuka mu kyakolwa ekyo eky'obuswazi. Kkooti yasala omusango nti Prezidenti Nixon yalina okuwa olukalala lwa tepiika olw'okunoonyereza, n'okugaana enkizo y'omukulu. Ekiwandiiko kyalaga nti tewali muntu, ka babe prezidenti, ali waggulu ku mateeka. Omusango guno gunyweza omusingi nti abakungu ba gavumenti balina okusasula bye bakoze.
[[NKULA:0] Mira v (66) kyali kyetaagisa poliisi okutegeeza abasosebwa eddembe lyabwe ery'okusirika n'okufuna munnamateeka nga tebannabuuzibwa. “Okulabula kwa Miranda” kukolebwanga ku bulijjo okukwatibwa. Omusango gukuuma abantu aba bulijjo obutakakaatibwa kwefuga bokka. Kikosa buli muntu atwalibwa mu bukuumi bwa poliisi, okusobozesa abantu okutegeera eddembe lyabwe ery'omu mateeka.
[[NKULA] Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) yawa abawayiriziddwa eddembe okukangavvulwa olw'ensonga ze baba batasobola kufuna munnamateeka. Mu maaso ga Gidyoni, omwavu yali asobola okwolekagana n'okuwozesebwa awatali bubonerezo. Okusala omusango.
Obubonero bufaananako Mapp v. Ohio (1961) ne Terry v. Ohio) (168) ebifuga okunoonyereza n'okusiimula n'okukoma n'okukoma obukodyo. Ebiragiro bino bikosa enkyuuka n'okukuteeka mu mateeka buli lunaku: ekiteetaasa emmotoka, engeri gye bayinza okukomyamu omuntu ku nguudo, ne kkomo eri mu kkooti. Empandika wakati w'obukuumi n'obusobozi obwa buli muntu kinnoomu egezesebwa buli kiseera, era n'ebbanja lya kkooti ziteekawo ekireetera ensalo.
Eby’obugagga, Eby’Obusuubuzi, n’Obulamu bw’Eby’Eby’Eby’Obugagga
Kkooti enkulu era ekyusa eby'enfuna. Kelo v'a '.Cisa kya New London (2005]'ekkiriza gavumenti okweddiza ebintu ebyayo mu kifo eky'obuyinza obwa waggulu. Kkooti eyo yaleetawo okukankanira ku nkyukakyuka z'eby'enfuna era n'esobozesa gavumenti okuteekawo amateeka agakugira bannannyini bintu. Bannannyini nnyumba ne babizineesi, Kelo bassaawo enkola ey'okusala omusango ku gavumenti.
Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[FLT] (202) yawagira ekiragiro kya Affordcure Act, ne kikuuma enkyukakyuka mu by'obulamu. Omuntu okusobola okumanyibwa, oba okufuna obujjanjabi oba obuwangwa. Kkooti ya Konqueror yakendeereza obuyinza bw'ekibiina kya Claus, nga kiraga nti tekiri buli mulimu gwa gavumenti.
Engeri kkooti eno gy'ennyonnyolamu enkola y'obusuubuzi ey'okumalawo obulyi bw'enkwe n'engeri gye yawulamu enkola y'obusuubuzi, esalawo obanga gavumenti esobola okukugira okuyonoonebwa kw'empewo, omusaala ogutono, oba okugulibwa ku Internet.
Amaka, Obufumbo, n’Eby’Eby’Obuvunaanyizibwa
Ng'oggyeko okwenkanankana wakati w'abafumbo, kkooti egoberedde eddembe ly'abazadde, abaana okukuza abaana n'amateeka g'amaka. Santosky v. Kramer (1982] (192) yagamba nti gavumenti erina okuwa obujulizi obwa nnamaddala nga “nga tekuli bukakafu” nga tennaba kutuukiriza ntomo za bazadde. Emitindo gino giyamba amaka obutaggibwako abaana mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya. Troxel v. Granville
Awo be basalawo ani asobola okukuza abaana, ani asobola okufuulibwa omwana, era n'engeri gavumenti gy’eyingiramu mu nsonga z’amaka.
Ebivaamu nga Waakayita Obufumbo
Buli mukolo ogugenda okugonjoolwawo obukulembedde ensonga emu. Guteekawo eky'okugoberera amateeka n'obukulembeze bwa kkooti ez'omu biseera eby'omu maaso. BrowN[ Tewamala kuggyawo masomero; gwateekawo omusingi gwa mateeka eriko akakwakkulizo ak'entegeka za Kivil Rights aka 1964 ne Kkooti Ebikwata ku ddembe ery'okutuukiriza ebigendererwa bya ddoomu 1965. Roe[ Teyakukugira kuggyamu mbuto za mbuto za mbuto ezivangamu; tewatlula eddembe ery'okwegattika obwamalanga ku nsonga ezikwata ku by'okwegatta, n'obujjanjukivuzi. [FLT:]
Kkooti enkulu bw'esala eky'okulabirako, nga bwe kyali mu Dobs oba Brown[ aspect [[] Plasecty[, olukyayi lw'amako, olukalala lwesanga nga kyekongojjedwa.
Engeri Abatuuze gye Bayinza Okwenyigiramu
Okumanya ebikwata ku bintu ebizingirwa ku bintu ebimu kiwa amaanyi abantu okweyambisa endukusa ez'enjawulo okumanyisa ebibakwatako. Omuzadde bw'aba ayolekaganye n'okukangavvulwa mu bigambo eby'eby'obufuzi, ayinza okujuliza [ . Omuvvuunuki asoomooza ekisaanyizo ekipya ayinza okutegeera endukusa eza Sulby County. Omuntu ayimiriddeddwawo politiki asobola okujjukira [[[FLT:][FLT][FLT] era [[FLT]]]
Okusoma endowooza zennyini //ebiri ku mikutu egifaanana ' project oba Omukutu gwa kkooti []], ngeri esoboka okugaziya ku nnukuta ez'enjawulo. Okugoberera enzivvuunuzi z'amateeka nga [[FLT:] 4]SCUSBURY[] kiyamba okuzuula engeri ensonga empya gye ziyinza okuzzawo obulamu obwa bulijjo. Ebibiina ebizigigibwa CBICAMU gye bisobola okuzuulamu okutegeera obulungi ekiragiro ekifuga amateeka.[[[FLT:]]]
K'ebe ng'ebeera mu kibiina kya Amerika, ku kifo abantu gye banoonyereza, oba ku ddwaliro, oba ku bwogezi, Amateeka ga bantu, era engeri kkooti gy'egannyonnyolaamu, y'ekola ku nkolagana yaffe. Okutegeera emisango egikwata ku bintu ebimu si kya bannamateeka bokka abasobola okumanya ensonga lwaki balina eddembe lyabwe ery'enkalakkalira.