Emusingi Omutuufu Omu Mateeka ga Amerika

Endowooza ekwata ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ekola ng'etuukirawo mu kutuukirizibwa kw'emitindo gy'amateeka mu Amerika, nga ekakasa nti tewali muntu yenna afiirwa obulamu, eddembe oba ettaka nga tatwaliddwa mu mateeka. Wadde ebigambo bino bisangibwa mu milongo gya kkumi na nnukuta ttaano ne kkumi na nkumi, amakulu gaabyo gagondeddwa ku nnyinyonnyola y'ennyinnyonnyola ya Kkooti esinga obukulu mu byasa ebisukka mu bibiri. Enzijiri eyo eraga enjawulo eriwo wakati w'obuyinza bwa gavumenti n'eddembe ly'abantu nga buli omu agoberera empandika y'ensonga ez'ebibonero ebikola ng'ensonga esobozesa empandika entuufu okutereeza emitindo egy'obwenkanya.

Enkola ekkirizibwa si nkyukakyuka. Njiri eyo ezingiramu ebintu ebikuumibwa buli muntu, oba ebiwulirwa, oba ebiwumbiddwa mu kkooti, oba ebiweerwa obukuuti obulagira nti tebiriiko kakwate ka maanyi ga gavumenti. Kkooti enkulu ebadde egamba nti enkola ekyetaagisa ekwatagana n'ensonga, esobola okukyusa emitindo gy'ekiwandike egya bulijjo n'egy'ebiri ku mutindo gwa kyo. Okutegeera engeri emisingi gino gye gigobererwamu kyetaagisa okukebera emitindo egiba gikakasibwako kkooti okunnyonnyola ensonga eziba ziteekeddwako okunnyonnyola enkola y'ensonga ezizingirwamu.

Emirandira gy’Ebyafaayo: Okuva ku Magna Carta Okutuuka ku Mateeka

Ebigambo "kyamateeka agagenda mu maaso" byasooka mu Magna Carta eya 1215, eyagamba nti:“ Tewali muntu wa ddembe alikwatibwa oba okusibibwa... okuggyako nga bayisiddwa mu mateeka oba nga basinziira ku mateeka g'ensi. Ebyasa ebyasa bwe byagendanga, etteeka ly'Abangereza lyakyusa endowooza eyo ne liba kkakafu ku nkola y'obutebenkevu. Abatuuze b'eggwanga lya Amerika baasikira obulombolombo buno era ne babuteeka mu Lukiiko lw'amateeka olw'eddembe. Ekiwandiiko eky'amateeka (1791) kyagaana gavumenti y'ensi okuggyako omuntu yenna eyannayo, oba ekintu nga tekinnaakyewandikirwawo mu nkola y'amateeka." Oluvannyuma lw'olutalo olw'ekitongole (1868) ekyo kyatongodde mu mateeka ga gaateeka wansi w'eggwanga, nga gakola olusenyinyinyinyinyi okusobola okugoba abantu.

Mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'essaawa, kkooti enkulu yatwala okusasulira ekimala, nga essira liteekeddwa ku kukyusakyusa mu ngeri gye kigobereramu amateeka. Kooti yatwala enkola y'eby'enfuna okusobola okusiiga emitindo gy'eby'enfuna mu biseera ebyayita. Enkola y'enkola eno mu Warren Court, era n'enkyukakyuka mu nkola z'amateeka, ebyaviirako okuteeka obunene obunene bw'emisango eginnyonnyola amateeka g'ensi yonna.

Engeri Etuuka ku Bujjuvu: Ddoboozi Eririwo

Kelly (1970)

Wadde nga tewayitiddwa mu kitundu ekyasooka, Goldberg v. Kelly alina okukitegeera obulungi engeri gye kiyisibwamu mu kiseera kino. Kkooti yagamba nti gavumenti bwe kiba nga tennaba kukomyawo miganyulo gyagifunibwa, eteekwa okuteekawo ekigezo ekimala okumanyibwa obulungi. Kkooti eno esalawo nti okusobola okuwulira obulungi kyetaagisa omukisa buli gavumenti lw'eba emalako omuntu gwe ewandisizza, ne bwe kiba nti ebbeeyirira y'ekintu eky'ekiteetwalo ekyo kye kitongodde mu kifo ky'ebintu ebya bulijjo. Omusango ogwatandikawo okugezesa okusobola okuwa obulagirizi ku nsonga eziba zizzewo mu nkola egwawo: kkooti zipima ebiteetagasa, ebiba ebizingirwa mu nkola ebikolebwako mu nkola envumbo, ne mu gavumenti z'ebigendererwa ebituufu.

Entegeka eno ey'esatu ey'ebintu, eyategekebwa mu Mathews v. Eldiridge (197), kye kiwandikiro ekifuga enkola ey'okusalawo mu nkola ya nkalala ya mateeka. Mu Mathews[, Kkooti yasinziiriza okugezesa obubenjesebwa ne kiviirako okuwulira okw'ekiwandikiro bwe kwabanga tekyetaagisa oluvannyuma lw'okujjukanya. Ekiragiro kino kyalaga nti omulimu ogubadde tegulina kusengeka lukumbo naye nga gulina aw'okunoonyereza ku nsonga eziragiddwa mu nkola ekolebwa.

Mu Gault (1967)

Nga tewannabaawo [[NKULA] ., emisango gy'abavubuka gyakkirizibwanga mu buwambe obw'ekika kya bannaggwanga era nga giwaanibwa. Kkooti Supper kyewagguddeko, nga kyayisa ekiragiro nti abaana abavunaanibwa obutakangavvuwa mateeka balina eddembe okubaamu n'okulabulwa, okubuulirirwa, okubuulirirwa obuwakanya, era n'obujulizi obw'okwesamba obubakugira. Kino kyagazisa obukwasingirwa mu kukuuma abamenyi b'amateeka nga bayisibwa emabega, era ne kikitegeera nti ebiva mu kukangavvu okubonerebwa obunene biyinza okuba nga ebituufu.

Kyakulabirako kya [[NT:0]Gault kyeyoleka mu nkola y'amateeka ga bavubuka aba bulijjo. Era kiraga nti enkola esobola okuvaawo nga bafuuka ba ddosiye nga batwala ebibinja ebimenyese. Kkooti yagamba nti: "Singa omukutu ogw'ekkumi n'ena ogw'okuweza obunene gubeera gwa bantu abakulu bokka," omusingi ogukola ku nsonga ezikwata ku baana, abasibe, n'abantu abalala abali mu mbeera ennafu.

Obumenyi bw’Amateeka n’Eddembe ly’Okubuulirira

Wainwright (1963)

Ekitundu ekyasooka kiraga bulungi Gideon nga kkulu nnyo mu mateeka. Omusibe Clarence Earl Gideon, Florida, yasaba Kooti Enkulu oluvannyuma lw'okwegaana munnamateeka kubanga tayinza kugula emu. Kkooti eyo yakkiriza nti Omuteesi Omuteesi ow'omukaaga gwe gulina okutereeza amateeka gaamukkiriza okuyisa mu buyinza mu buyinza obwa 147 'Standard Reformation Procession Claise'. Omulamuzi Hugo Black' yakiggumiza nti, mu nkola y'omusango ey'obwannakyewaze, omuntu yenna atwalibwa mu kkooti, atali mu butuufu okusasula muwaze, tasobola kuweebwa musango gwa bwenkanya okuggyako nga waliwo okuwabulwa kwewandisizza mu buyinza obwa bulijjo."

Gideon kye yakomyawo okusalawo kwa kkooti eyasooka mu betts v. Brady [1942]], okwakkirizibwa gavumenti okusalawo obanga yanditaddewo okubuulirira ku nsonga ku nsonga mu lukiiko olw'omu kiseera kya mulembe. Ekiragiro kyasalawo okutandikawo enkola ey'okulwanirira abantu mu nsi yonna era ne kiteekawo olukuuti olumu olw'okunenya mu mitendera egy'obumenyi obw'amaanyi. Obutuufu bukyungiziddwa bukyungidde eddembe okuziganya n'okuzisabiramu, okusalirawo ebisale, n'okubuuza, ne okubuuza okusooka, wadde nga obutundu obusooka obw'obubonero bukyali buzibu.

Miranda n’ekitundu Arizona (1966)

Obubonero butono nnyo obukola ng'obuwangwa obusimba amakanda mu kifo kya era n'obwo bwonna obuva mu nvi n'ezi. Kkooti enkulu yasala nti okusasula omuntu okuwaanibwa kuzingiramu okukakibwa, era nti okuba nti okusumulula ekinnyonyola okusobola okukifuga kitwaliramu okuwaanzibwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo olw'okuba tekikugenderedde. Okulabula okw'edda kukwetaagisa okusobola okukikuuma obutabaako ddembe. Ekyasooka okukkirizibwa, ekiragiro kino kisobola okukozesebwa, ne buli kintu kyonna ekimenyebwa okukikozesa mu muwaabi, era n'akakwakkuso singa tosobola kubaako ky'onoonyezaamu n'obulagizi obwa bulijjo. Earl Warren Warren yawandiika nti "okusiba olukalala, oba obutakozesa bigambo ebiba nga bya mu ku busonga oba nga bujulirwa mu ku ku kugibwa omukungu awatali kubaako ky'obukuumibwa."

[[NKULA: 0] Okulabula kufuuse kwa poliisi okw'omu bulijjo, wadde nga kkooti yasazewo waakiri okussaawo aw'okwerinda okwa bulijjo ( New York v. Quarles[, 1984]) era eresezza okubuuza okubuulizibwa okutali kulabula ku by'ebigenda okukoma. Wadde nga abakwasisa amateeka n'abalamuzi abamu, Maranda[

Emisango Emirala Gino Egilondebwa

  • [[NT:0] Mapp v. Ohio (1961)[[FL:1]] — Yayisa ekiragiro eky'okumenya amateeka mu bitundu bya Butuuti n'ebya pulogulamu mu ngeri etakkirizibwa kufuna bujulizi obulaga nti omuntu yasobola okukebera ebika bya businze oba okukaluubirirwa.
  • Terry v. Ohio (1968) — Enzikkiriza "iyimirizeko ne frisk" okunoonyereza okusinziira ku kwekengera okwa bulijjo, nga kugerageranya eddembe ery'okuna ery'oku Amereka n'obutebenkevu bw'omu poliisi.
  • Batson v. Kentucky (1986) — Abawaabi baagezaako okukomyawo okusoosa abalamuzi okwesigamye ku langi, nga bawagira obukuumi n'obwenkanya eby'okugezesa bye bimu.

Engeri Egeetaagisa: Okukuuma Enteko z’Embaga

Wade (1973)

Ekitundu ekyasooka kizingiramu [[NTL:0] Roe v. naye nga tewannyonnyola makulu gaakyo. Kkooti yakkiriza nti livvulumu ekkirizibwa okusumulula obwama bwamasaza ne kiba nga kisobozesa omukazi okukomyawo olubuto. Eddembe eryo lyalina omusingi mu Kiwandiiko ebya Clausce defilters [Classiase] ow'Emitee mu 1450, Kkooti gye kikuuma eddembe eriri "Drainment" erikkirizibwa mu ntegeka y'eddembe." Endowooza y'Omulamuzi Harry Blackmun yanoonya eddembe erinaaweetwalidde mu nsonga ezikwataganya obufumbo, okuzaala, n'okwegatta, nga kigamba nti okusanyusa obulamu bw'abantu kusobola okubeera bweyagazaamu.

[[NKULA:] [[FLT]] kye kimu ku biyingizibwa ebikyasinze okuleetawo okusoomoozebwa mu nkola ey'ekiragiro. Kyakyusibwa era ne kitwalibwa okuba nga kyereere n'eky'okukyusakyusa ekikolebwako. Casey, (194]) (192] (192], ekiwandikiddwawo olukalala olw'ekizitono "ekizitowero ekiteeyirizo ekiteese", era oluvannyuma ne kilyokebwa ekimenyesebwa [[[FLL:]]][FLT]]][5K]], ekitegeeza engeri abavugisaamu okunoonyereza: Ekkuteeyisaamu mu nsonga enkulu.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Ekitundu ekyasooka kyogera bulungi nti obeeko ensonga ezikireetera okukkirizibwa mu bufumbo obw'ekikula ekimu mu ggwanga lyonna. Kkooti yagamba nti obufumbo bukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu ngeri y'emu mu ggwanga lyonna. Kkooti eyo yakkiriza nti eddembe ery'okufumbiriganwa lirina musingi gwagonjoolwa wansi wa Kkolero ne protection Cevince Centument Claus. Omulamuzi Anthony Kennedy yakiggumiza nti obufumbo kintu kikulu nnyo okusobola okukkirizibwa mu n'okugattibwa. Okusalawo okwesigamye ku nkola y'emu ekozesebwa mu Living v. Virginia[FLT:] (167,], ekyakugirwa ku bufumbo obwa bulijjo, ne [[FLT:][F]

Ebivudde mu [[NKULA:0] Obergefell[ era tekikoma ku kulingana mu bufumbo. Ekyongera kino kikakasa nti enkola eya SSEKCT Estem Claus ekuuma "ebiruubirirwa ebya buli muntu kinnoomu ebimuleetera ekitiibwa n'okwemalirira," enkola ekozesebwa mu nsonga ezizingiramu eddembe ly'abazadde, okulonda eby'obujjanjabi n'okukuuma ebitundu eby'omubiri ebiba bitegekeddwa obulungi. Okusala ku nsonga era n'okukuuma obugolokofu mu mubiri kulaga okufaanagana okw'ebiragiro bino: nga Kkookolo bwe kekenneekenneenya amabala, enkola esaanira esobozesa emitindo egya bulijjo okutegeera obulungi obulaga nti omuntu akkiriza musingi.

Engobo z'Ebirala Ebireetera Obungi Okukolebwako

  • [[Akabonero:0] Lobulinding v. Virginia (1967)[[Akabonero:1] — okukoma ku kukugira langi eziragibwa ku bufumbo ng'ekimenya enteekateeka ez'okuzikola n'obukuumi obw'empandika ez'ennamba.
  • [[NT] LAWREnce v. Texas (2003) — Yasendebwawo etteeka lya Texas ery'ekikondomu, nga yeeteegera nti abantu abakulu balina enkola egwanira okwegatta mu kyama.
  • [[Act:0] Squatchington v. Glucksberg (1997)[FULT:1]] — Yagaana enkola egwanira okuyamba abo abetta, era kino kikakasa nti omulimu gw'okutumbula eddembe ly'obuntu gulina okusaasaana mu byafaayo by'eggwanga lino n'obulombolombo bwalyo.

Wa Enkola y'Ekukkiriza n'Ey'Okuzuula w'esangibwa

Buli mulundi kibala nti ekiwandikiro kitandikira ku buli digiti ekitegekebwa nga procedtural oba ekitegekebwa. Mathews v. Eldiridge staddred mu byombi: kitandikawo ekigezo eky'okussaawo empandika ey'okussaawo empandika, naye ebigendererwa bya kyo bikuuma obukwasifu.[N'eyambibwa obwa bulijjo] bweyoleka okuyitira mu mateeka. era bwakolebwa lwa mateeka. [[FMF] lweyateetambuza (2004)[FM] Kakola mu ku kulwanyisa abalabe. Omutuuze akuumibwa nga bwe kigwanira enkola eyetaagisa abakuumi okumanya ebituufu ebikwata ku ku ku kusalawo kwe okwawukana mu nsonga eyo. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekibaamu n'okuvuganyanya mu biseera eby'eby'oludda lw'oluusi lw'oluusi lw'olwoseetuka.

' Boumediene v'. Bush (2008)] awakkirizibwa kkooti nti abasibe abali mu Guantánamo Bay baalina eddembe erya bulijjo erikkirizibwa mu mateeka ery'okussaawo akawayiro ka 'habeas corpus'(a') ebikolebwa okusobola okubakuuma. Wadde nga baatwalibwa ebweru w'Amerika. Okusala okwo tekuteekako ndowooza ya ggwanga lyo yokka; kunywerera ku mateeka ga gavumenti buli lwe kisalawo ku muntu kinnoomu.

Omusingi: Okusoomooza Okutali Kumu

California ( kyeyoleka kaati nti obujulizi obusobola okunoonyereza ku nkyukakyuka za tekinologiya empya n'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa ku bantu. Kkooti enkulu ekiraze engeri eby'obuwanguzi gye bikolamu mu kiseera kino. ] Riley v. California (2014]]]]] bugamba nti, poliisi yetaaga olukusa olw'okunoonyereza ku bintu ebiri mu ssimu ya kompyuta ebyakolebwa okusobola okukwatibwa, kubanga ssimu ssimu empapula z'ennono ezirimu bingi ebifa ku mu kiseera kino. Omulamuzi omukulu Roberts yawandiika nti, oba nti tekikkirizibwa kubaako obubaka bwonna obukkirizibwa mu mukono gwe. Kino kikwata ku nsonga ey'okukyusakyusaamu, naye nga y'ensonga z'ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga eno zigoberera enkola ey'obutuufu:

Mu ngeri y'emu, wazzewo okusoomoozebwa okutali kumu kukwata ku nkola ezigobererwa abafuzi, enzigi z'ebitongole ebikola ku mikutu gy'eby'empuliziganya, n'amagezi agatali ga bulijjo agakozesebwa mu kusalira abalala omusango. Kkooti zeeyongedde okusabibwa okulaba oba nga zikola ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe n'obukwasiro, oba omulimu. Wadde nga tewaliwo musango gwonna oguba gulagiddwa mu ngeri etaasaamu mu kkooti enkulu mu kusalawo kwa gavumenti ya AI, kooti entono etandise okugonjoola ensonga ezikwata ku ku bwenkanya obw'engera ku nsongala, obusosoze, n'obusosoze.

[[NKK:0] Ekiragiro ekiwandikiro 'CHOVID'''''' ekya 19 era kyagezesa enkola esaanira gye kifuga. Eviction Moratoria, akalwo akakugira, n'ebiragiro ku nkuŋŋaana za gavumenti, byonna ebiviirako oku kkooti okusiiga anti procedual ne substantial states byewattuluk'. Kkooti emirundi mingi yamenyebwawo eri bannassawo b'eby'obujjanjabi naye emirundi egimu yasanga nti emitendera egy'enjawulo gyakolebwako gya maanyi nnyo nga mu Abakatuliki abangi bannaatwalibwanga mu Brooklyn v. Cuomo[FLT:]20], ekyaviirako ekkomo ku matendekero g'amaddiini. Ebibalwawo biraga nti enkola eno terina kuba nga tegyibwako mu mbeera ezisookedde ddala ez'edda.

Ebyakwata ku Buyigirize bw’Eby'Eby'Eby'Omu mateeka n’Obumaddala

Akabonero akalaga engeri gye kakolebwamu obukolobozi ku masomero g'amateeka. Tebayigiriza bukulu bwa kugoberera mateeka kyokka naye era bayigiriza n'enkola y'okutaputaamu amateeka: engeri y'okutambuzaamu ensonga, okunnyonnyola empandika enkulu, n'okwawulawo wakati w'ennyiriri eziriraanyewo empandika eza bulijjo. Obubonero era buwa abakkirizisa abakkirizisa ku nkola y'amateeka eby'enjawulo. Mathews Okugezesa kukolebwa mu ngeri ey'okugeza mu nkola kiwandikiro ku nsonga, obuttujjukizo ne ku masomero. Abakulembezza enkola ey'ekitongole kiyitibwa mu ngeri y'okwegatta, n'okwegatta okw'okwegatta.

Ebweru wa kkooti, enkambi zino zikyusizza enkyukakyuka mu by'amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti zikyusa enkola zaazo ez'obwannakyewa oluvannyuma .GUUURY, ez'enkyukakyuka mu kubuuza ebibuuzo bya poliisi oluvannyuma ] Manda[[ era zigaziyizza programu z'okulwanirira Gideon[[[]. Misango era gyakyusa enkola y'okubuuza ebibuuzo bya poliisi ebikwata ku nsonga z'abantu mu nsi yonna, n'okutwala obukwakkuuzizo obufaananako n'abawaze.

Olupapula lw'emboozi: Engeri gy'obadde ogituusemu

Kkooti enkulu terina nteekateeka ya kkomo ey'okukakasa ebigonjoolwa mu ngeri nti eby'okuddamu ebigobeddwa bitegekeddwa bulungi, wabula y'engeri y'okubuuzaamu ebibuuzo ebituufu. Okuva ku bisaanyizo ebyasooka eby'okulabirako n'okuwulira eby'obukuumi obw'ennono, kkooti etegedde nti obugolokofu tebusobola kuteekebwa ku nkola y'ekiragiro. Agumenti y'obubonero obutegekebwa nga [[FLT:] Miranda, , , [[FL:]] tesobola kumanyibwa .[FLT], ne [] [FLT]] erocrocreah [F][FLT] .[FFFF]]

Ng'abantu beeyongera okukyuka okuva ku tekinologiya, engeri ezigoberera enfugebwa mu mpisa, n'ebizibu ebigwa butalaze, ebigwa bitalaze bisigala nga biwagidde. Kkooti esinga obukulu esobola okukola olukalala nga bwe kiragiddwa mu era nga bwe kiragibwa mu lukalala olwo, era nga kiggumiza nti n'ebiragiro ebisinga okukolebwa ebitegekebwa bisobola okuziyizibwa. Kyokka, buli muntu yenna, k'atali mu mbeera ye, alina okwesalirawo okuyisibwa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka. Okutegeera ensonga ezikutte ku nsonga ezigoberezza emitindo gino tezikwata ku bannasayansi bokka naye ne ku buli mutuuze ayagala okukuuma eddembe eri mu Mateeka.

Ebirala Ebiri mu Kasomero

  • [[Act:0] Project[[AK'AWULA:1] – obwangufu bw'ebigambo ku misango egya Ssemasaza oba obwo obuba buwandiikiddwa.
  • [[Akabonero:0] 'Curnell Information Institute' – Trae Emirimu[[[KY'OKUMALIRA]] – Akawayiro akakomyawo akajjanjanjawo k'enjigiriza eyo.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Obujulizi obw'omu nvirondo: ensonga z'ekiwandiikizo [[[FULT:1] – ebikozesebwa mu kuyigiriza ku misango emikulu egya Kkooti Enkulu.
  • [[Act:0] Etteeka erya KGU] mu Amerika: A Guide and Commentary[[:1] – Empandika esobola okutegeerwa amateeka.