Ekisaanyizo ne Ennukuta Ennukuta esooka, ekiri mu Kitundu 8, ekya 18 eky'Etteeka lya Amereka, kye kimu ku biragiro ebisinga okuvaamu. Ekiragiro kino kiwa Consell amaanyi “okuteekawo amateeka gonna ageetaagisa okusobozesa okutuukiriza amatwale ge tubadde tumenya, n'Amaanyi amalala gonna agaateekebwawo Gavumenti mu Gavumenti y'Amerika, oba mu Kitongole kyonna oba mu mu Butongole bwonna obwa Amerika.” Etteeka eryo liba liteekeddwawo okussaawo amateeka agatali gamu agandibadde n'ebiro bibiri, nga gaateeka empakaanyi ezinaago ku buyinza bw'ensi, ekkomo eririna okutongojjera, n'ekifo ekituufu eky'obuyinza obwa mpukusitulira ddala mu ku nnyiriri ezitategeerekeka bulungi. Emisingi emitindo gy'okussa essiraza mu ku makulu gamu ne ku makulu g'ebitonde ebiva mu byafaayo.

Okutegeera Emitindo egy’Okwaliwo mu Ddaala

Enkola eno etegeeza nti omuntu asobola okunnyonnyola amakulu g'empandika n'enkola eyo. Wadde nga waliwo enkyukakyuka mu nnukuta ez'enjawulo mu njigiriza ez'edda, amakulu agasooka, n'ebigambo ebyasooka, kwe kuba nti obweyamo obwo bulaga nti amateeka gaago galina okugalina kutuukirizibwa mu kiseera we gaagonjoolwa. Abakuutifu baasooka baagaana endowooza nti Amateeka gaamu “kiwandiiko ekiramu” ekirina amakulu gaabyo n'ebitonde eby'omutindo ebya bulijjo. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, bakakasa nti obwesige obwo busobola okukuuma okutegeera okweyambisa enfuga enfuga n'amateeka.

Amakulu Agali mu Buwangwa Obusooka

Abakugu mu kutandika, nga Attorney Ednin Meese mu 1980, baagezaako nnyo okunnyonnyola ekigendererwa kya Fransers. Leero, abaasooka bagoberera amakulu ag'olubereberye mu ngeri y'omubaka omuwagizi Omukungu Antonin Scalia ne muyivu mu by'amateeka Reavy Barnett. Mu ndowooza eno, okunoonyereza okukulu kukwata ku ngeri omuntu omutegeevu mu kiseera eky'okumanyibwa kwa bannannyini gye yanditegeddemu ebyawandiikibwa, so si ebiruubirirwa eby'ekyamala ku bannannyini abakkiriza okugenda mu kifo eky'okuwandiika ebibalwa. Omuntu ono y'ensonga eyo efuula ebigendererwa ebya bulijjo n'ebyo ebigendera ku byafaayo.

Engeri Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo gye Zikolamu

Abakugu mu by'amateeka basinziira ku nsibuko ez'enjawulo okusobola okuggyamu amakulu: enkuluze ezaava ku ntandika, empaka ez'ekika kya ssemazinga, ebiwandiiko ebya 'Federation', Convention of Convention', ennyinyonnyola z'amateeka, n'ennyinnyonnyola ennukuta z'ebyamateeka ebyasooka. Naye abanoonyereza ku nsonga ezo bakyetegereza nti ebiwandiiko bino tebiyinza kuba nga ntuufu era nti ebyafaayo tebitera kuba nga bijjuvu. Abakulembezza ku njigiriza ez'edda bagamba nti ekiruubirirwa kino si kijjuvu naye kirimu emitindo egiyinza okukyungi ennyo. Okusinziira ku kiwandiiko ebya Cefaananyiriyo ne st Classe, ebirimu bingi nnyo, nga James Magen, Alexander Hamilson, ne Thomas Jefferson.

Eriri mu Nsengeka ya Claus ne Mutindo Ogutamukyamu

Mu Convention eya Constitution, ab'oluganda baawakanya ebigambo ebituufu ebyayisibwa nga bassa essira ku kuwaayo Congress oba okuwera obuwandiike obw'okumenya ekkomo. Ebigambo ebyalondebwa nga biwandiiko bya kakiiko akamanyidde era nga byagendererwa okwewala ekyetaagisa ku buli buyinza bwonna obw'enjawulo. James Madison yannyonnyola mu ggwanga No. 44 nti “ng'obuwandike obw'obuyinza buno bwonna, oluvanyuma lwonna lwandibadde bbaluwa nfu.” Yagamba nti ekiwandiiko ekyo kyali “kigalinamu obwa bulijjo” okuleka enteekateeka zonna okusobola okumenya amatwale amatwale amatwaze, naye era n'okulabula nti tekirina buyinza bupya bukkirizibwa kufuga bantu abali ku lukalala olwo.[4] Abo abajjufu bajjuzibwa abo abali ku lukalala olwo.

Okukubaganya Ebirowoozo ku Kusalawo kwa Bannaddiini Na. 44 ne “Ebya Nnamasaza”

[[AKMENTI:0]]“ Tewali kiyinza kukakasibwa mu mateeka oba mu ngeri ey'amagezi okusinga obuyinza obuyinza bwonna obuyinza okubaawo nga waliwo ekintu kyonna kiweereddwa, amaanyi gonna ageetaagisa okukikola. — James Madison, Federal No. 44

Ekiragiro Madison kye kiwa amagezi ku ngeri yonna ereetera abalala okuleka abalala okukola kye baagala: engeri yonna ekwatagana n'emitindo egiba giddiriŋŋaniddwa ekkirizibwa mu mateeka. Kyokka, era yagamba nti olunyiriri olwo teruyinza kugaziya buyinza obwali buwandiikiddwa. Anti-Federalis, nga zino zokka zitya nti olulimi olwo “lwetaagisa era lusaanidde” okumenyebwa ekkomo lyonna ku b'obuyinza obwa gavumenti. Abawagizi ba mateeka ago baasonga ku bigambo bino nga basinziira ku lugero olusingako obunene.

Okunnyonnyola kwa Claus mu Ngeri Esooka

Abataputa bagoberera enkola zino ez'enjawulo nga beekenneenya ebirina okutaagibwa ne Engenderwako. Ekisooka, bamenyamu ebigambo nga“ byamusaanira” era [[[[KY]][[[[[[KYY'TEE]]. Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall] mu [[FLT:] ayawulimu], naye ate“ mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, Marshall agaana okutaputa okutaputa okutaputa okutaasa kwa [Tso okusingako okutaataasa kwa Thomas Jefferse. Ate era, eyagamba nti “yalina amakulu aga bulijjo.

Amakulu ga “Omulimu”

Era, abo abagoberera enkola y'amateeka baggumiza nti, “” kiragira ddala obwawukanya. Mu kutandikawo-era,” kitegeeza “kutuukiriza, kusaanira, era mu mateeka,“ kweyisa mu ngeri eya bulijjo n'ebikwata ku mateeka.” Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza nti amateeka “gagaana enkola“ enfugeka okuteekawo enzikkiriza enzijjuvu enjawulo ezimenya amateeka agafuga n'enkola za ga gamu n'enkola zaago. Omulamuzi Scalia, mu ngeri ye ey'obuyinza mu United States v. Comsstock [20]], yannyonnyola nti“ kiba kyetaagisa okulaga amateeka nti gaago geego era nti galina obunene."

Empandiika y’Okutegeera Obubonero Ekozeseddwa: “Amaanyi g’Amakulu aga mu Bulombolombo” Enjigiriza

Ekituufu n'ekitakkirizibwa byawa Congress buyinza bwewa; kiwa obuyinza okutta amawanga amalala. N'olwekyo, abanosoosa eby'edda beetaaza buli tteeka eryateekebwa wansi w'oluwandika likwataganyizibwa n'obuyinza obwaw'empandika. Kino kimanyiddwa nga [[[FL:0]] amaanyi ga nviromenti[.]. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu [FLL:] 2], amateeka galina okuteeka mu kifo kya waggulu, Consertment enziko n'empandika y'empandika y'amako, era n'empandika mu ngeri y'okusasula omusolo. [[F] mu ngeri eyo, mu mateeka agasooka, mu nteekateeka enfunze, tegaatuukirizaamu, oba mu ngeri y'emu, oba mu ngeri eyo ey'okukkiririzaamu. [F][5]

Ebiba Kakwate n’Okusalawo kw’Omu Kiseera Kino

Emisingi egyasibuka ku Kkooti ey'edda giyambye okusalawo okw'amaanyi ku Kkooti Enkulu ennyo era ne ku Kkuumiro lya Claus mu makumi g'emyaka egyakayita. United States v. Comstock [2010], kkooti yawagidde etteeka eryakkiriza abasibe abaabulibwe ab'obulabe okukkirizibwa mu mateeka oluvannyuma lw'okumalirizibwa. Abasinga obungi, nga bakozesa okugezesa okunoonyereza kwa maanyi okwa s'obukaba, baazuula etteeka eririna “amakulu n'ebisaana” ery'okutuukiriza obuyinza bwa Congress Congress. Kkookolokko ya Kennedy n'Olezaamu akkiriza endowooza ya Allitomu okuwanirira amakulu agasooka. Kkoosesazesebwa mu mateeka, nga bagamba nti amateeka tegalimulongoosebwa bulungi kubanga tegabaddemu namu ku buyinza bwa ggwanga lyonna, mu ngeri eyo eyinza okugobeetagikwata ku nkola ey'enkola y'enkola y'enkola ya bulijjo. proinkola y'obulombolo

[[AK'AMUTANDIKA]NFIB v. Sebelius[[:1] (2012) ne Mandata eya buli muntu kinnoomu

Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius, kkooti yeetegereza obanga ekiragiro kya Affordble Care Act kyandibadde kiwagirwa nga “ekyetaagisa era ekisaanira” engeri ez'okufugamu omusika gwa insuwalensi. Omulamuzi omukulu Roberts teyakkiriza ndowooza eyo, nga akkiriza nti ekisaanyizo kya Claus tekiyinza kukozesebwa kuleetawo buyinza bupya, nga bwenkanankanankana n'okukaka abantu okugula ekintu, ekiba nga bakiwa obuyinza okukigula. Ekiragiro kino kyagamba nti, tekirina “kuba nga kiragira kiragiro ekifuga enkola eyo kubanga kyanditereezza enkolagana wakati w'ab'obuyinza obwa bulijjo. Okulowooza kuno okw'ensonga zino:

Obufuzi bwa gavumenti n’Enkomerero za “Ekisaanyizo”

Ekifo ekirala gye kiyinza okulabibwa ennyo abo abavvuunula ebigambo bino nga bategeera ensonga ekwata ku bufuzi bw'eggwanga. New York v. United States (1992] ne Printz v. United States[] [1997]), kkooti yasala amateeka agafuga obwa “gavumenti obwalimu ekiragiro oba abakungu abafuga okukaka obutongole okukaka obukola programu eza gavumenti. Abasinga obungi mu Pripz, nga gakulemberwa Justice Scialie, gaatwala nti amateeka ng'ago tegaafuga bulungi kubanga gaayitiridde embeera y'obufuzi mu ngeri etegeetaasemu. Kkootikyusa, ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekiwandisizza mu nkola y'omulimu gwa great.[9] Ekitongole ekyo kyayisa ekigamba nti: Scirole mu n'enviga mu bukakafu.[10] Ekitongole

Enkuukuka za Claus Agwanidde era ow’Ekiseera Ekituufu

Wadde nga waliwo enkola ya njawulo ey'amagezi, n'ennyinnyonnyola ya Baibuli ekwata ku kiwandikiro ne Enkyukakyuka, eyoleka okusoomoozebwa okutali kumu. Ekitera okusoomoozebwa kiri nti, obukakafu obw'ebyafaayo tebukwatagana era busobola okutegekebwa okuwagira obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwagazi oba obufunda. Ng'ekyokulabirako, James Madison [1] Emirundi mingi bannasayansi baagezaako okukkenneenya endowooza ze nga bannabbigambo bagiggya mu nnyinyonnyonnyola mu ngeri gye bategeeramu ebigambo ebya “bajjuulirizaamu ennyo mu ngeri y'okuleetawo enfunze. Abawakanya endowooza eyo baawakanya enkola ya ebandeli, era baluuliddemu enkola eno. Era baani abali mu n'okunoonyereza okutali kwa bulijjo. [FLT]

Ekizibu ‘ ky’Omukono Ogufuuliddwa Omukono ’

Ekirala ekivaako ennyinnyonnyola y'enkola eya bulijjo y'eyo ekwatagana n'enkola eya ssemateeka eya KGynoloji eya 18 eya tekinologiya n'etayinza kumanyira ddala bintu ebyajjawo mu by'enfuna ne tekinologiya. Ekiteesiteesi ne Theith Claus, ebyategeerwa mu kusooka, biyinza okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu nteekateeka za Amerika eziteeberezebwa okumanyibwa nga "Social Security, Lecurity, oba amateeka aga gavumenti agafuga emmu ezo. Abakonkoddoosi bagamba nti, Amateeka gayinza okukomyawo era nti amateeka gaago gaagobeetaa okugonjoola ebizibu ebippya, era nti okusala omusango kyeyoleka bulungi mu ku nkola y'okussaawo olukiiko olukola olukola olukiiko olukulu. Era bakyeteeberedde nti olulimi olwo olwo olwo olwo olwo olwo olwogerwa "olwoleka obwa obwa bulijjo" era “olwobanga "buvulungi”] era “ng'amateeka grugo ge gago geetaagisa obutuufu okusobozesa okumanyisa okumanyisa, okuva mu bukakafu obutuufu, okuva

Obuteefiirayo ng’Oyiga

Wadde nga banoonyerezezza ebintu mu ngeri eno, abalamuzi bangi n'abayivu basigala nga baagala nnyo endowooza eyo kubanga basuubiza nti gujja kukugira abalamuzi okusala emisango. Mu nkola eya Claus ne Theast, enkola ey'okusikiza enzivuunula zaayo ezikwata ku byafaayo okusobola okubuuza ebibuuzo bino: Abawandiisi baategeera batya akakwate akali wakati w'obuwagizi n'enkula n'enkyukakyuka? Baaguuyivu baagira ddala batya “kisaanira” okukakaatika ennyo? nga basinziira ku byafaayo, endowooza y'okusikirizibwa kwe kwewandisizza mu kwewala okugezesa okugonjoola ebibalukawo mu byafaayo n'okutuukiriza enzijjuvu ebitera okuleetera okukontana n'okufuga okwawukana. Kasa akalondo ke kayinza okuba nga kajja mu kisuubizo eky'okukubagasa obutuufu, naye nga k'obuwagizi bwa mateeka obunene bwe kuba nga bwe kkakafu.

fundikira

Ekituufu n'enkola ya pulintanti ya Claus y'ebeera y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola eya bulijjo mu mateeka ga Amereka. Abalamuzi abaasooka bagezaako okukaka ekiwandikiro eky'okussaawo gavumenti entonotono mu kiseera eky'okutandikawo. Enkola eno egonjola enzivuunvu mu kussaawo enzigi, obujjanja y'obujjanjabi bw'ensi n'obufuzi, era n'okweyongera okuluŋŋamya enkanyinyo ku buyinza bwa Constantin mu mateeka. Ek'enkola eyo terina makulu wadde ng'abalamuzi abaasooka baagezaako okukakaatirizaamu gavumenti enzivumbo obuteereddwawo mu ku ku kussaawo ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti, era n'obufuzi ne byeyongera okumanyisa mu kiseera eky'ebyobufuzi, ng'ensonga enkulu mu mateeka gakyo, ng'okunoonyereza ensonga enkulu mu n'enkola ya kakyonyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyooka mu mateeka agafuga amateeka agafuga amateeka agafuga ennyo.

Ekiragiro kino kiyongera kusoma ku nnukuta esooka n'ebikwata ku nnukuta esooka ne ku by'owetaaga ne by'otamanyika nga Claus, koonya eki'a 'Curtitounion'., [[FLT]]][FLT]ALT [[2]] Akawayiro akakookeroko mu Kituuti No.[[FLT:][3][FLT]][FLT][FLT]][FLT][FLT]][FLT][FFFLT:][5]