Ekiragiro kino kitegeera engeri amawanga gye gasalawo obutatuukirizaamu buyigirize obwa waggulu. Ekiragiro kino kikebera engeri gye gasalawo era ne kisobozesamu buli omu okumanyisa munne by'asaanidde okukola. Wadde nga buli muwandiike, obujulizi, abayizi, n'abakkirizi bannabyabufuzi okugonjoola ensonga ezikwata ku bwenkanya, okutegeera engeri enjawukana mu mawanga gye gatakwata ku nkola y'enkola y'enkola ya bulijjo. Ekitundu kino kikebera engeri emitindo gy'enkola gy'ebiragiro mu mateeka okusobola okumanya oba okuggyamu enkola y'ensonga ez'ekika kya langi, era ne kinnyonnyola engeri gye ziyinza okuleetawo obusosoze mu mawanga, ebyafaayo n'okutereeza ebyagoolekawo mu mateeka agafuga enfuga enfuga enfuga.

Emusingi Omutuufu Omuyinza Okugobererwa

Ekiragiro kino kiwa etteeka eryali liteekeddwa ku lukalala olw'okutaano n'olw'ekyamakumi ana mulamba olw'okukyusa Amateeka g'omu Amerika. Omuteende gw'okutaano gugaana gavumenti okuggyako omuntu yenna "obulamu, eddembe oba ebintu, nga tewali mateeka gamu," so nga bwe kiyinza okukkirizibwa mu Amereka ey'ekkumi n'enaana okukuuma ebikolwa. Bino byonna bikola omusingi ogusobozesa okuyisibwa mu ngeri esaanira okuyitira mu nkola y'amateeka. Enteekateeka esaanira egabanyizibwamu enzijjuvu: procrations ne substantives.

Tekisobose omulimu ogubindabinda

Okusinziira ku nkola ekolebwawo, gavumenti elina okugoberera enkola ey'obwenkanya nga tennaggyako muntu yenna bulamu, eddembe oba ebintu. Mu bintu bino mulimu okuwandiisa ebyakolebwa, omukisa ogw'okuwulirwa, n'obukwasiddwa bw'omu mateeka. Kkooti enkulu mu Amerika ennyonnyola ebyo ebisaanyizo ebyo ng'ebyo ebiragiddwa mu ngeri gamba nga [[FLD:0] Goldberg v. Kelly [1970], ekitegeeza nti abawandikiddwa bagwanidde okuwulira nga bukyali. Mu ndukusa, mu ndukusa, mu ndukusa, mukikiro, mukikomyawo mu ngeri eziragibwawo, oba mu bujulirwa w'abajulirwa abangi. Kyokka, okubuuka obusobo, n'okugoba abo ab'enjawukana mu mawanga, n'okugobeewala mu ngeri ezikwata ku nkola ez'amateeka, n'okusala emisango.

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteetera Okukolebwa

Enkola egobererwa ab'obuyinza ne bwe kiba nti enkola eno egobererwa, esobozesa eddembe ly'okussaawo enneyisa ya gavumenti okusobola okutaasaamu enneyisa yaalyo. Obusika buno buzingiramu obwama, obufumbo, amaka, n'obwesigwa mu mubiri. Kkooti enkulu ekozesezza enkola ey'ekiragiro okumenya amateeka agat'okuzaala ([]]] Rade v. [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]]], oluvannyuma kyeguyiriyirikitiddwa [[FLT]], nga kikosebwa [[FLT]], ekitongole ky'abakyala eky'eby'obulamu [[5]] n'omudrooberge]. Hogles [FLT]]). Kyokka, enkola y'enkola mu ngeri ey'emu mu n'amateeka agamu, era n'okuwanirira eddembe lya banna CJJRow, eyinza okusobozesa okuteekawo obudduukirirwa mu nkola envumi, enkula, okumanyisa.

Ebyafaayo Ebireeta Enjawulo mu Buwandiike bw’Eby’Amateeka

'Grand' kye kimu ku bintu ebikulu ebibadde bikolebwa mu nkola y'amateeka mu Amerika. Okuva ku mateeka asatu ag'omuddiriŋŋanwa ne ku kakwate aka Bulaaya akafuga abaddu mu mwaka gwa 1850, etteeka lyatongozebwa bunnalyo erissa wansi wa nnamba za Baddu abaddu. Oluvannyuma lwa ssemateeka, entebe ezinzivvuunulwamu (Dramenti ya Amerika, 14th, ne 15) zasuubiza obukuumi obw'enkana naye nga ziragira ddala bukuumi obw'enkola eya Black ssemateeka ne Jim Crows gakkiriza abatuuze b'eggwanga okumenya amateeka aga bulijjo. Kkootikko agakwata ku bannaggwanga mu [FLD:0]. Kkookolokota enkulu ya Palatedssss b'.[Foktion:1] (18:96) kyenkana naye nga kyenkanankana ate nga kiikika) ekiragiro eky'okuva mu mateeka ga langi ez'enjɛrooti ekisukka mu kitundu eky'esatu.

Ebyafaayo bino bikyaliwo leero. Mu myaka gya 1970, olutalo olw'okunywa enjaga lwatandika mu Bannaggwanga ne mu bitundu by'Amerika ebitumbuka, wadde nga ba langi babadde bakozesa ebiragalalagala bye bimu. Amateeka agafuga enneyisa zaago tegawera emirundi esatu, era omwaka gwa 1990 we gwatuukira, Amerika yalina omuwere ogw'okusibibwa ennyo mu nsi yonna, era nga n'Abaddugavu baawere basibibwa ku kigero ekisukka mu ttaano. Eproject ewandissess yagamba nti singa emitindo egya bulijjo gigenda mu maaso, omu ku basajja basatu abadduke abaddu abaawe abaazaazaawe leero ayinza okusibibwa mu mbeera z'obulamu bwe yali. Empalo zino teziraga obukyamu kyokka naye nga enkola y'abadduga b'abazungu ebadde ekozesebwa okubonereza abantu mu nsi mu kifo ky'okukuuma abantu abazungu.

Obutakkaanya mu Busosoze

Kakwate n'enkola y'enjawukana okuva ku lukumbo lwerusooka nga bayisa emisango ku lukalala era nga baddiŋŋana obujjanjabi obuva mu kunoonyereza. Buli siteegi ewa buli siteegi eyinza okuteeka obusosoze mu bivaamu.

Okukwatibwa n’Okukwatibwa

Okunoonyereza kulaga nti abavuzi b'ebika eby'enjawulo balekedde awo okuvuga, okusena, n'okukwatibwa mu bungi bw'abavuzi b'ebidduka abazungu, wadde nga okugoba obubangi mu nviiri z'eggwanga kiba kye kimu mu bitundu ebirala. ACLU[ Bawandiise nti mu bitundu ebimu, abaddugavu batera okuyimirira n'okuva mu bazungu okusinga abangi emirundi kkumi. Kino kitera okukoma mu kusibibwa, ne kivaamu ekiwandiiko ekiyinza okutaawula emirimu, oba okukolagana n'ab'ensonga ez'ensonga. Obanga basazeewo okukwata abaddugavu, mu kifo eky'okulabula oba okulabula oba okulabula abapoliisi mu ku magezi.

Obuteefiivu n’Obubi

Bwe bamala okukwatibwa, empalana eyinza okukkirizibwa oba nga basibibwa mu kkooti. Empagi ya bbailsa, nga yeefuula ng'egendererwa okukakasa nti kkooti ewanikibwa, emirundi egisinga ekola ng'enkola ey'okusiba eby'obugagga. Abawawaayibwa abadduganyi baweebwa ssente enzijanjaba za waggulu nnyo era si kyangu kusasula ssente ezibatuusa mu kkomera. Okunoonyereza kwa [FL:0] kwakolebwa okusobola okukakasa nti ebiwandiiko bya kkooti bya kkooti bya bannannyini kuyinza okukizuula nti Abadduga bawandikiddwa nnyo mu ntalo okusinga abaddugavu olw'ensonga ez'emu. Okusibibwa mu ku kiwandikiro, ate ne kiviirako okusibibwa obuwaŋŋanzi obutasobola kubayamba kwerwanako, oboolyawo n'okufiirwa emirimu gyabwe oba okufiirwa emirimu gyabwe.[Foctiverity]

Okusaasula n’Okuzimbisa

Abawaabi bannassaayansi bannassaayansi baakwasisa mu bujjuvu ebiba bibavunaanibwa nga batwala fayiro zenkana wa gye baagala okukomya. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti abawawaayirizibwa abaddugavu batera okuwerebwako obunene ate nga si bagumu okukendeezebwako n'abo abawandiikiddwa abazungu. Okunoonyereza okwa 2014 okuva ku Yuniva ku Yunivasite y'e Michigan Law School kwazuula nti abasajja abawandiikibwa olw'amateeka baweebwa okwegayitibwa nga bwe kiwayitiddwa, nga basukka emirundi esatu okusukka n'essa obunene abo abawandiikibwa abawandiikibwa olw'ebibi bye bimu. Kino kiremya enkola y'okweyoleka mu ngeri esaanira okusobola okuweewamu mu kkooti z'abamenyi b'amateeka 95 ku nsonga mu ggwanga lino.

Entegeka ya Jury

Ekitongole eky'ekirala kiwa obukakafu nti olukiiko olusala omusango lujja kusala omusango mu bwenkanya bwonna, naye mu nkyukakyuka z'eggwanga, obusosoze butera okulemesa abakungu okulondamu. Abakozi ba mateeka mu biseera eby'edda bakozesezza obusambi obw'enkomeredde okuwera okuwera okusala emisango gya bannamwandu, naddala mu nsonga ezikwata ku Baddu aba Balangira. Kkooti enkulu esala ku nsonga mu Batson] v. Kentucky[[FLD:1] [196] (86]) bagezaako okuziyiza okusoosa obusoosa obusookolobozi, nga baagala okukuba nti okukuba empaka olw'enjjuluku ez'enjsu. Kyokka, batson akiraze ku n'ensonga ez'enjawulo kubanga kkooti zikkiriza obusokerondoose. A 20197]

Ennanga

Okugoba abazungu mu nkalala z'ebimenyamenya bye bimu ku ebyo ebikyasinze okuwandiikibwa obulungi. Ssendensinsing Commission ekiraze nti abaddugavu abamenyi b'amateeka baweebwa kibonerezo ekya 15-20% ekisukka ku ekyo ekya bulijjo abazungu abamenyi b'amateeka kye basibibwako. Omuwaatwa guno gukyasigala nga gukomye ne bwe guba nga gumaze okukosebwa, ebyafaayo bya bannalukalala, n'ensonga endala ezikkirizibwa mu mateeka. Empandika ya cocaine, enzivvu ezirwamu abakozesa abadduga z'abaddugavu, ezisinga 100 obukyasingi obukyasingi obuva mu mpalo (ekozesebwa abakozesa abazungu ennyo),. Ekikolwa kino ekya Faircle Reginal Creexcorance kyeyongera okukendeeza enziro mu nkola y'eyirimu mu mwaka gwa 18:1,1, naye nga n'emisango gikyava mu mateeka gano.

Ebizibu Ebicaase Ebikwata ku Butali Bwenkanya obw’Ennimi

Obusaale obuwerako obw’ebiti ebigulumivu buviiriddeko abantu okusala enjawulo, okulekawo n’okukyusa ebitongole ebikola enzijanjaba era n’okunoonyereza mu by’amateeka.

Ekifo kya Masekkati Ekitaano

Mu 1989, abatiini bataano Black ne Latino abatiini .Antron McCray, Kevin Richardson, Yusef Salaam, Raymond Santana, ne Korey Wiseth baasibibwa mu bukyamu olw'okukuba abakazi abazungu era n'abakwata mu kkomera mu kibuga New York City. Okwemulugunya kwabwe kwasibuka ku kweyatulira ddala obujulizi obw'amaanyi obw'omu DNA, ne kutumbulwamu obuwabuzi obwabawaayinjabwa nga "funvu''omuwendo gw'abavumu." Abatiini abaawebwa emyaka nga mukaaga n'ekitundu mu kkomera nga n'omumenyi w'ekitongole ekirongookkirizo kye nga tannayatula era ne balaga nti enkola y'okwetuliramu eyoleka mu kibuga ekituukiridde. Omulango ogwo gwagwawo gwagwawo: okwetuliwawaasa kwabwe tewalibwa, era ne polibwa obujuli obujulizibwa mu 2014. Mu kiwandikibwa akasabinja akaakaakaakaaka akaakaaka akaakaaka akaaka akaaka akaaka akaaka akaaka akasa

Rodney King ne Los Angeles Uuniversing 1992

Mu 1991, Rodney King, eyali omuvuzi wa mmotoka, yakubibwa mu ngeri ey'obukambwe ennyo ab'ekitongole kya Los Angeles Police oluvannyuma lw'okugoba abakungu baawonerako waggulu. vidiyo eyateesebwako yakwata abakungu ba Kabaka emirundi ataano. Wadde nga waaliwo obujulizi obulaga nti abakungu baasaze obwa nnamba, baatabaala abakungu mu 1992, ne bakuba obusamba ennaku mukaaga, era ne arson eyaleka abantu 63 ne bafa ne basukka 1,000 ebisaze. Omusango gwalaga nti ne bwe kiba nga kigwanira mu kkooti y'abalagizi, olutabaganya, olufuluma lwo mu 1992, olukyasinze omusango. Omusango ogwakubirizibwa ku bakungu, gwabavunaana olw’okubiri, naye ogwavaako ensonga zaakulaanya ensonga zaasa eby'olufulube lw'olufuluma lw'olufulube lwo mu kkooti z'amateeka era ne ku ngeri y'abaddukirizi b'abazungu.

Michael Brown n’Abafuzi b’Ekkanisa za Ferguson

Mu 2014 Michael Brown eyali amaze emyaka 18 nga akubibwa amasasi mu poliisi ezungu mu Ferguson, Missouri, yaviirako okukalubya n'ekibiina ky'abalaze Lifefefefe Factory. Ekitongole ekikola ku by'amateeka kyanoonyereza kyazuula obusosoze mu kibiina kya Ferguson Police ne mu kkooti, ekyassa obwesige mu ssente z'abaddugavu okusasula ssente. Alipoota ya DOJ yamalirira nti amagye g'ekibuga n'ebbeekooka lya kkooti byamenya amateeka ageenkana n'obusosoze obw'ebigere. Brown yateeka essira ku ngeri obusosoze bw'eggwanga gye busobola okuleetera abadduukirikibwa abadduse. Brown

Endowooza z’Ebibiina n’Engeri ez’Eby’Eby’Amateeka Gye Zirina Okufiibwako

Obusosoze obw'enkomeredde busonga ku ndowooza ez'enkomeredde ezikwata ku kusalawo kwaffe n'enneeyisa. Mu ntegeka y'amateeka, obusosoze busobola okuleetera buli munnabyabufuzi yenna okutunuulira abaddugavu ng'abatiini abayinza okukiggyamu obulabe, abawaabi abagamba nti abawandiisi Baddugavu babuusabuusa, abalamuzi abasalira abasajja abaddugavu ekibonerezo mu buwandiike obunene, n'abalamuzi abassa obujulizi obusinga obunene ku bajulizi abava eri abazungu. Okunoonyereza nga bakozesa ebigezo ebya nnamaddala (IAT) kikakasizza nti abantu bangi mu Amereka abawaawe, nga mw'otwalidde n'abalamuzi bangi, nga mw'otwalidde n'abalamuzi ne bannabikkujjuzi bangi.

Kkooti zireseeyo mangu okunnyonnyola obusosoze obw'enkomeredde. Wadde ng'ebitundu ebimu eby'amateeka byetaagisa okutendeka abalamuzi n'abakungu ba poliisi mu ngeri eyo, tekirina kakwate ka maanyi ga maanyi ga ngeri gye bituukirizaamu ebyo ebiba bitegekeddwa. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2017 okwakolebwa National Center for State Courts kwalaga nti abalamuzi abaali batendekeddwa okusosola baali bamanyi nti basosola naye nga tebakyusa ngeri gye baasalirangamu emisango. Abeekenneenya eby'amateeka baayiseemu enkyukakyuka mu n'enkyukakyuka eziba nga bakugira enkola y'okuteekako mu nkola y'okukwata amateeka, naye nga n'okunoonyereza kw'obusosoze kuyinza okugobeetaagobererwa singa tekutegekeddwa bulungi.

Okufuba Okuleetawo Enkyukakyuka n’Obuwanguzi

Nga balaga nti basobodde okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ezikoleddwa mu nsi eyo, mu ggwanga ne mu ggwanga. Kaweefube ono agendererwa okukendeeza ku nkyukakyuka ezibaawo mu nkalala, okwongera ku bwenkanya, n'okuzzaawo obwesige mu mateeka.

Okuwa Abalala Ekitiibwa n’Okubaako Ebiruubirirwa by’Otuukiriza

Enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'okukuba kamera mu nkola y'ekitongole kya poliisi zitwaliramu okuwera okukwatibwa kw'obulwadde bw'omubiri, okuwera okukolebwa kw'ebiragiro eby'eggwanga (um'okugeza, enkola ya DOJ n'okunoonyereza). Ebibuga ebimu bigezezzaako okuggya obutendekebwa mu nkola n'okugobererwa mu nkola n'okugobererwa kw'ekitongole ekibadde kikuubirwamu okusobola okukendeeza ku ku kukwatibwa kw'abantu nga balina obulwadde bw'obwongo oba mu bitundu ebirala. ACLU[FLT] Kino kyeyongera okulwanirira obukiiko bwa poliisi ne ku bukuumibwa abo abalina ebisaanyizo eby'okuziyiza ebiwatuuti ebibawa ne bwe biba nga bityombedde mu mateeka.

Okutereera n’Okubijjukira

Gavumenti eziwerako nga mw'otwalidde New Jersey, New York, ne California, zikyusizza oba ziggyewo ssente ezikoleddwa mu bibinja bingi. Enkyukakyuka zino zizze zidda mu kifo ky'embeera z'eby'enfuna nga zikozesa enkola ez'akabi era okunoonyereza kulaga nti zikendeezezza omuwendo gw'abasibe nga tebannakwatibwa naye nga tegweyongerera kulabika. Kyokka, abantu bakyeralibidde ku bikwata ku langi n'obusosoze ebireetebwa mu nkola ya algo algo algo agements. Ebibiina by'obuyigirize nga Precureant Justice bikubiriza okweyongera okumanyibwa n'okweyongera mu nkola y'eby'eby'eby'okukozesa ng'ebyo.

Okusasula Enzijanjaba

Okusalira abalamuzi omusango ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi, gamba nga Ekirabo ekisooka ekya 2018, ekikendeezeddwako akawayiro ku biragiro ebimu ebiragibwa nga bissittidwako era ne kikkiriza n'okussa mu nkola enzivuunvu mu nkola eya Fair Sentensing Act. Ekikolwa ekyo era kyagaziya n'ebiwandiiko ebya "obuteefuze" ebisobozesa abalamuzi okusalirwamu ekibonerezo mu mitendera egya wansi ku sitenseni, awatali bamenyi b'amateeka. Ku mulembe gwa gavumenti, empewo obungi bunene, amateeka agasaago gaggyawo obunene n'okukendeeza enzivumbo obugaavuzi obugasaamu enzivuzi n'okukireetera enziro ezisinga okuzza obutundutundutundutundu mu lukalala olwo. Project Kino kiwagira amateeka n'okuteekawo eky'okuteekawo eky'okugoozesemba obubonero n'okugoozesebwa obutuufu okusobola okubuwanjula enziri.

Okukyusa Ebintu n’Okubeera mu Kkiiko Eririmu Abantu ab’Enjawulo

Okusobola okugonjoola obusosoze mu kulonda abalamuzi, gavumenti ezimu zigaanye okukomyawo okusoomooza kwonna (okugoberera obukulembeze bw'ebitongole nga Arizona ne California). Ebilala byetaagisa okukasattulula kwonna okwesigamizibwa ku "bamu emitindo gya "bajja". Okusobola okulaga nti obusosoze mu nsonga za kibiina kiba kituufu. Okunoga n'okubaako empaka ez'enjawulo birina kye by'oteekako. Abalamuzi abadduukirize, abawagizi ba gavumenti, n'abakuumi ba gavumenti, era n'abo abaziyiza enkola ya gavumenti okusobola okulongoosa mu ngeri y'obwenkanya. Ebibiina nga NAACCCC Legavince and Educational Fund () LDF[F:1] emirimu gy'okutendeka mu by'amateeka n'enkola mu ngeri ey'okukyusakyusaamu enkola ya siteeso.

Okwenyigira mu Kitundu n’Okusomesa

Okusinziira ku mateeka, obuwagizi mu mateeka tebusobola kugonjoola bizibu bya maanyi ebiva ku busosoze mu langi. Programu z'enjigiriza ez'omu kitundu eziyigiriza abantu eddembe lyabwe, enkola ezibakwasibwa, era n'enkola z'amateeka, byetaago. Bitongole ebikumanya era n'ebitongole ebikola ku kutuukiriza eddembe lyo, okuzza emisango ku nsonga, n'okunyumya wakati w'okugobererwa kw'amateeka n'abantu ab'ebika eby'enjawulo, bisobola okuyamba abantu okutegeera n'okuvunaanibwa omusango. Amasomero ne yunivasite birina ekifo ekikulu nga gassa mu kunoonyereza ku langi ne ku by'obwamateeka nga biyingiza enjigiriza ez'okukolokota obukyamu n'okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezibaawo mu nsi.

fundikira

Empalana mu mpaka z'empandika teyeetaagisa kutegeera butuufu obwenkanya obwali bubaddewo mu Amerika. Ekirangiriro eky'okusala emisango mu mateeka tekikoma ku kulaga oba nga ddala obwenkanya obwa nnamaddala. Ebyafaayo n'eby'ekiseera kye kimu biraga nti abantu batuuka ku buli kika nga bagoberera enkola y'obwenkanya, okuva ku bapoliisi okusalirwa omusango okusalirwa omusango. Emikolo egibaawula mu nsonga za ggwanga gireesembye, naye enkyukakyuka ez'amakulu zitwetaagisa okufuba ennyo mu mitendera mingi: okuzza enzijirizo, okulungamya emirimu gy'eby'awerebwa, okutegeka, n'obuyigirize. Abasomesa n'abayizi bategeera okugwa mu kusomoolekera ddala okumenya amateeka. Amawanga aganene gayinza okuzibya mu lukalala olwo, nga buli ggwanga eriba nga limaze okuzibya mu n'okuzibya mu mbeera zino ez'eby'eby'enna.