Ekiragiro ekikigatta wakati wa nkola za gavumenti n'obufuzi bw'eggwanga kikiikirira ekimu ku bintu ebisingirayo ddala okumanyibwa mu nkola za gavumenti za Amerika. Ekiragiro bwe kibawa gavumenti y'Amerika empa obuyinza obwawula, nga gavumenti mangi nnyo ag'omu maka nga gagassa wansi w'obuyigirize, obujjanjabi, obufuga, obufuga, n'obw'abamenyi b'amateeka, obuba tebyawula, obuba bugoberera gavumenti nga wansi w'obutebenkenkevu. Kyokka, amateeka g'ensi, n'eby'okuteeka ssente mu by'emitindo gy'ensi, n'enkola ebitera okugoberezebwa mu ngeri enfunze, era n'enjawukana mu ngeri enjawukana mu gavumenti gye zigobereramu.

Ensibuko y’Obuwagguzi

Obufumu mu Amereka si nkolagana ey'enjawulo naye n'enkolagana ey'enjawulo. Enkolagana wakati wa Washington, D.C., ne kampuni za gavumenti zikyuse mu ngeri ereetera okugonjoolwa olw'ebizibu by'ensi, okupikirizibwa mu by'enfuna, oba okukolagana mu bantu. Mu byasooka, endowooza ey'obufuzi eby'ensi eby'enjawulo ewagirwa nti gavumenti zikola mu ssel state ez'enjawulo. Leero, enteekateeka ennyonnyonnyolebwa bulungi ng'enkola y'enkola ey'obusosoze, ng'obutongole bw'eggwanga, nga gavumenti ne gavumenti bwe zigattiŋŋana zikolamu obuvunaanyizibwa era nga zikolagana mu ku nkola eya bulijjo. Okukolagana kuno kuyitira mu byuma by'eby'eby'ensimbi: gavumenti ewanjula embeera ezijjawo, ezikubiriza okugoberera enkola ezimu mu kusasula ssente. Kyokka, emyaka mingi egyakayita mu kiseera kino era ne mu kiseera kya bulijjo, enkola eyogerwako nga ebikolebwa mu ku ku kubaako olukalala lw'olw'okwego: [Forgaano.][10]

Ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ebiva mu nkola y'obufuzi bwa Amerika kwe kuba nti eyinza okusobozesa enjawulo mu bitundu byonna eby'ensi. Enkyukakyuka eno eyinza okuba labooteeri okuleetawo enkyukakyuka, nga bwe kyannyonnyolwa lujudde Louis Brandeis, naye era kiyinza okuviirako abantu obutaawukana mu mikutu okusinziira ku kifo gye babeera. Amateeka agafuga, kabe nga gagobererwa, oba nga bakozesa amaanyi, nga bateekawo ekisenge eky'eggwanga eky'entebe oba obukuumi, ate nga gavumenti zisigaza obusobozi bw'okusussa wansi ekyo. Obukankano obuli wakati w'abantu n'enjawukana z'abantu bwe businziira ku ngeri gye bakolaganamu era n'enkola ez'omu butonde.

Empaka Enkulu n’Ebikwatako

Amateeka agawerako ag'ensi gakyusizza enkolagana eri wakati wa gavumenti y'eggwanga n'ensi, nga gakyusa byonna okuva ku by'obujjanjabi n'okukuuma obutonde bw'ensi.

Ekikolwa eky’Okulabirira Abalwadde Ekiyinza Okuwererako (ACA) n’Okukulaakulana kwa Kedicaid

Ekiragiro kino bwe kyasabibwa mu mateeka mu 2010, kyayoleka okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'eby'obulamu okuva ku Medicare ne Medicaid. Kaweefube ow'okugaziya Medicaid essente ezikozesebwa abantu bonna abakulu abaalina ebbeeyi ezituuka 138 ku buli kikumi ku kigero ky'obwavu mu ggwanga. Kyokka, okusalawo kwa 2012 mu [FLD:0] National Federation of Independent Business[ kwasobozesa Mdicad okugaziyat'enzeewowo olukalala olw'eby'enfuna, okukenderezawo, n'okukendeeza ku malwanyitondo g'eby'enfuna. Ekyo kyaleetawo obuzibu obw'amaanyi mu malwaliro, nga ne mu magyero aga waggulu gannago, nga gakula ne mu ngeri endala endala.

Omutendera ogw’Eby’Enjigiriza: Okuva ku Kulaba Omwana n’Atolekera awo Okusoma Omuntu Buli Omu Atuuse ku Buwanguzi

Mu 1965, ekifo eky'obuyigirize obwa siniya kyeyongera nnyo ng'essaawa y'obuyigirize obwa siniya egenda mu kifo eky'okuyita mu kifo eky'okuyita mu kifo eky'essomero erina essente mu masomero agaafiibwako abatono. Mu mwaka gwa 2001, obwatongoza obwatongozebwa, obwamanyibwa nga No Child Lend Bey (NCLB), obwagaziwa mu kifo eky'eggwanga nga kikwetaagisa amasaza okugezesa ebigezo, okuteekako ebbeesaawo ebiteesitezo ebya bulijjo, n'okuteekako ebiwandiiko ku masomero agaalemererwanga okutuuka ku biruubirirwa ebimala. Nga bwewandikiro ebya NCLB nga bigendererwa, kyaviirako okubunaakiririzaamu “okuyigiriza, okutendeka, n'okulagira abasomesa abawabuzi ba gavumenti okuteeka mu kifo ekituufu eky'ebyo ebiteego.

Mu kuddamu, Congress yayisawo Act Buli Muyizi Fuughes (ESA) mu 2015, ekyaddiza obuyinza obw'amaanyi. Mu bwengula bwa ESSA, ewawandikibwa kino kiteekwa okugezesa abayizi mu kusoma n'okuwandiika ebibakwatako, naye buli omu yeeteerawo ebiruubirirwa bye, era asalawo bye yeeteerewo ebiruubirirwa bye eby'okumeenyigo. Okukyusa kuno okuva ku ttendekero erya sistemu erifuga mu mateeka okudda ku mutindo gwa CYC kuyinza okuleeta ebiwandiiko n'obukulembeze mu ngeri y'okutuuka ku nsonga. Ebitundu ebimu, okufaananako Tennessee, bikozesezza enkola ezikuutikira ddala ezikubiriza okukulaakulana, emiwendo, n'olulimi Olungereza. Abalala baasoboosezza okumanyisa enkola ey'okumanyisa mu bitundu bya bulijjo. NCCCCCC ne mu ngeri y'okusobozesamu ne mu ku nkola ey'enkola y'omutina eya bulijjo.

Okuzza Obubi Ennene: Akakwakkulizo Akakwata ku Budde n’Enkola y’Enkola y’Enkola y’Enkola

The Cleenatura Air Act eya 1970, nga yagikyusamu, eteekawo emitindo gy'empewo mu nsi yonna egikwata ku mbeera y'obulamu ne obutonde. Environmental Protection Agency mu Amerika erabika essaawo emitindo gino naye obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okugituukako bukendeezeeko bubeere mu buyinza. Singa gavumenti elemererwa okufuna enteekateeka y'ekitongole eyinza okuteekawo emitindo gy'ensi egifuga. Enteekateeka eno esobozesa empandika ezimu okulonda empanvu ku ku kukwata ku maanyi ga bya magye, ebikolerwamu mu kukebera ebimera, oba ebikulembedde mu ku kuddamu amaanyi. Kyokka, singa gavumenti tegisobola kusobozesa kugigoberera oba okugikozesa mu ngeri enfugezo. EPA eyinza okuteekawo ebitongole ebitongole ebikola mu makubo g'empalaasa.

California yeesimye abasirikale mu kifo eky'enjawulo wansi w'ekitongole ekimanyiddwa nga Ceoc Air Act, ekifunye emitindo gyayo egibagibwa okussaawo empanvu ez'amaanyi ez'emmotoka.[1] Amaanyi g'ensi endala ge gaviiriddeko California okuddukanya enkola y'eggwanga. Abakola abenzi baagyo bakisanga nga tekisoboka kukola ebyombo bya njawulo. Naye mu kiseera eky'okufuga kwa Trump, gavumenti yagezaako okugoba omuduuze w'ekitongole kya California mu n'okukendeeza emitindo gya firiice, ne kireetawo emitindo gya nnyo egy'eby'enfuna, ne kiviirako amagye g'omulembereza okulwana okumenyagana kwa California. protooze mu ggwanga eryo, nga Ohio, ebireeteesiteesiteesitee za gavumenti ze zeetaaga okuzzaawo emitindo gy'eby'eby'eby'eby'eby'enfuna bya shwijamu, ate ne tek'okuyingiza mu bya tekinnyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyi mu ngeri ey'enkola mu ngeri ey'en

Abo Abalina Omutendera ogw’Enjigiriza Omulema (IDEA)

IDEA era ekakasa nti abaana abaliko obulemu bafuna obuyigirize obwangu mu bantu mu kifo ekigonvu. Amateeka ga gavumenti n'ebitundu ebibeera mu masomero bye bikakala, ne bikebera, era ne biweereza abayizi abasaanira okuva mu myaka 3 okutuuka 21. IEA era gakakasa nti abaana abalina obulema bafuna programu y'Essomero erina okusobola okufuna obulema. Amateeka gawandiisa ssente mu buli mulembe gwa gavumenti, ezisukkako 40 ku buli kikumi ku buli kikumi eky'endleke ekya sente ebbeesaawo Congress ze yakkirizibwa mu kusooka. Ebiwandikiro bwe bigaana, eb'ensonga eyo eyinza okusobozesa ebbanja eri mu masaza amagagga okuzingirwamu. Gavumenti ya gavumenti teyinza kugaana kuwaayo ssente ezizirimu nga gavumenti zigattiddwawo, naye nga zigoberera enkola y'okuwulira obutuufu, naye ate nga bulijjo, obutuufu bw'owombega z'ebyo ebizirimu.

Massachusetts amaze ebbanga ddene nga muwabuzi mu buyigirize obw'enjawulo, era ataddewo programu ezissa essira ku kuteekebwa ku nkola n'okutuukiriza obuyigirize obwa bulijjo, era n'okutuuka ku muwendo gwa waggulu ogw'abayizi abalina obulema. Okwawukana ku Mississippi, ayolekaganye n'obuteetegese era n'obunafu bw'abasomesa ab'enjawulo, ekiviiriddeko okusoomooza n'okulabirira gavumenti. IDEA eraga engeri obuyinza bw'eggwanga gye busobola okuteekawo eddembe ery'omuwendo naye ne buleka okukolebwa //eba nga y'obw'obw'obuvunaanyizibwa obwa bulijjo.

Engeri Emikutu gy’Okugaba Ensimbi

Nga wayiseewo ekiseera, ekintu kimu kyokka eky'amaanyi ennyo gavumenti ky'ewadde okusobola okutegeka embeera y'ensimbi n'enneeyisa y'omu kitundu, bwe busobozi bw'ensawo eyo. Ettabi ewa gavumenti era n'ebitundu bisobozesa obuwumbi bwa doola obuwumbi na buwumbi bwa doola buli mwaka, nga bibikka ku buli kimu okuva ku kuzimba enguudo n'okukuuma obutebenkevu n'obulamu bw'abantu. Bino biwaayo kumpi okubeera n'embeera. Ng'ekyokulabirako, bitegeeza nti ensalo z'empula z'enguyi z'enguudo z'empaka z'eby'okunywa zirina okuteekawo emyaka 21(a) embeera y'okunywa esobozesa gavumenti okukolagana n'obuwumbi obukulembedde n'obuwumbi bwa konte ezikola essente zonna eziba zisobola okugobeegobererwa oluvannyuma lw'emyaka 1980. Mu ngeri y'emu, wansi w'obuteempakago bw'obutongole bw'obutongole bw'obukulembeze bw'eggwanga.[FALTPA:1]

Kyokka, mu myaka egyakayita, enkola ey'okuwaayo ssente eba kkomo. Kkooti enkulu ekiraze bulungi nti embeera z'ensi yonna ziteekwa okukolebwako, nga zikwatagana n'ekigendererwa kya mugabi, era tewabaawo gavumenti ezikakaatika bantu kutandika kussaawo lukalala olukyamu. Enkola ya Madicaid mu mwaka 2012 yali kyakulabirako. Kkooti yasala nti okuggyawo ssente zonna ezibaddewo mu kiseera kino nga gavumenti tezissawo mu nkola y'obusobozi. Ekiragiro kino kyasalawo nti gavumenti kyeyateeseteeseteeseteese mu mbeera y'okugaziya k'amakubo naye nga tekyusizza buko nkyukakyuka ku by'obusobozi ebizikwata ku nfuna ku nsi. Bwe kityo, okugabanaawumba ssente kye kikola mu ngeri esinga obukulu obukulu bw'obutebenkevuzi, obuva mu ku ku kukolebwa mulembe, oba okukolebwakomyawo kwa kkalwo.

Okunoonyereza ku Buzibu mu Kitongole

Okusobola okunnyonnyola engeri ensi gy'ekolaganamu n'ensi ey'ensi, twekenneenye okunoonyereza okulala okulaga engeri gavumenti gy'eddamu ensonga ezo nga zikoleddwa.

Okunoonyereza 1: Okusalawo Okukulu okw’Okugaziya

Nga bwe kyogeddwako waggulu, okugaziyizibwa kwa California kwaleetawo enjawukana. Omuntu okusobola okugaziya obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu, n'okukyongera okubuwereza ku kikumi mu 2013 okutuuka ku 7 ku buli kikumi 2016. Eggwanga era lyalina ensimbi ez'enkola okugaziya ebitongole by'abantu okusobola okukendeeza ebizingirwa mu by'obulamu bw'abantu era n'okuteeka mu nkola mu kukuuma. Okusinziira ku ekyo, okusingira ddala, omuwendo gwa Texas, ogususse ekisingidde mu ggwanga okugaziwa. Abakulu mu gavumenti bagezaako okukuliza ebbeeyi y'ebbeeyi y'ebbeeyi y'eyikero, era n'ebisuubizo by'eby'eby'eby'enfuna bisobola okukyungibwa. Ebivuddemu ku kigambibwa nti, obukadde 1,5 n'obukadde bw'obutundu obutono obuva mu ku kufuna ebitiibwa by'obulombolombo obwa bulijjo, naye nga bigye eby'ebitongole eby'eby’eby’eby’eby’eby’eby’eby’obufuzi bigamba eby

Okunoonyereza ku Ensonga 2: Entegeka y’Amaanyi Amayonjo n’Ebyaddirira

Mu ntegeka ya Obama, eePA yawa amagezi ageetaagisa okukendeeza ku maanyi agava ku katoffaali ka ttemo. Ekiragiro kyateekawo enkola eyawula omukka ogwa zzaabu: zisobola okukolagana n'abo abagaanira ddala omukka gwe gusobozesa okusumusibwa, nga zisobola okusumumutuka ku manda aga g'omu butonde, nga zeyongera amaanyi agadda mu nkola enteekateeka za kompyuta. EPA mu kiseera kitono, okusibawo olukalala lw'obuyinza obwa EPA wansi w'omutemwa gwa 2016. Kkooti Eheak'okufuga tekuyinza na kuzza mu bujjuvu nkola eno. Obukulembeze bw'enkola mu ngeri eyo tebwadda mu bujjuvu. Obukulembeze bwa Afford Ecrecume Ener busobola okuzza mu nkola y'emu ng'enkola y'emu ne mu nkola y'emu mu nsi endala. Ng'emu ku mu Washington persensiko, mu nsi y'emu, mu nsi y'emu, mu mateeka amapya era ne kukolebwamu ku nkola empya.

Okunoonyereza ku 3: Okuvunaanyizibwa ku Buyigirize Wansi w'e Essa

California yakyusa omutemwa okuva ku NCLB okudda ku ESSA okulaga nti enzivuunula ya sistemu eziba ziteekeddwawo okuvunaanibwa. Yakozesa obukalu buno okuva ku kugezesa kwa waggulu era n'agoberera enkola ey'ekipande ekipima obubonero obulaga nti ebipimo bibali ku kipimo: okukebera ebiwerako, okumaliriza emiwendo gy'esso, obutatuukiriza byeeteego, obuteesitenzi n'emirimu, n'obuteesitenzi by'omulimu. Ekiragiro kino kiggumiza okumenya enzivuunikidwa mu nzivuunvu mu by'abayizi nga basukka ebigezo ebibangi ebikolebwa mu waggulu. Florida kikozesebwa nnyo okusobola okutegeeza abaana n'okutuukiriza obulango, naye kinnyisiivu mu ngeri y'okunoonyereza n'okukusobozesa okusasula enzirowo, naye ate ne mu ngeri y'emu, gavumenti z'eby’ebyavuunyisa ebitongole eby'omu nsi ne mu nsi yonna biggula okunnyonnyola obulungi.

Obuzibu Obweyongerawo Wakati w’Okuzikirira n’Okufaanaganya Ebifa mu Kintu

Enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti n'eggwanga ejjuzidwamu obukyayi. Ku ludda lumu, emitindo gy'eggwanga giyinza okukuuma eddembe ly'enkomeredde era ne kikakasa nti emitindo gyayo gisobola okubeera egya waggulu mu ggwanga lyonna. Ekiragiro kino, kikozesa obuyinza obwa Civil Rights Act obwa 1964 okuggyawo olukalala lw'enfuga n'okuziyiza obusosoze mu ggwanga. Mu ngeri y'emu, amateeka agafuga enfuga enfuga y'ensi galeseeyo n'obusosoze. Ku mukono omulala, amateeka agafuga enfuga enfuga enfuga y'ensi gayinza okukomya empewo n'okuyonoonesebwa kw'amazzi agayinza okugonjonjola obutundu obwa bulijjo. Ku biragibwa nti, ebiva mu bungi obunene bwonna, ebiva ku buziyiza ebikolebwamu ku buwandikiro, era n'okusobozesa okuleetawo ennyuma. Ekitongole ekitongole ekifuga ekifuga ' era n'ekikungo ekyo kye kiyinza okusoomooza okw'okuleetawo okuwakanya.

Emyaka egiyise wabaddewo ekiteeberezebwa eky'amaanyi: empewo zeyongera kukozesa amaanyi gaabwe okuleetawo enkola. Ng'ekyokulabirako, bannamateeka ab'eggwanga bawagidde wamu okusemba gavumenti y'ensi ya gavumenti ku butuuti, amateeka agakwata ku mbeera y'abantu, n'ebiragiro eby'okulabirira ebiwangwa. Amakampuli g'eggwanga gaayitiddwawo amateeka[ ag'okusaza okusattulula amateeka ag'omu kitundu okulemesa essente ezisingako, okufuga emmu oba ebiragiro ebitukuvu, nga era nga banoonya okukendeesaamu ebbeesago z'ebyebiruubirirwa ebiteeteeka mu kifo eky'okuzikkirizibwamu. Ku kibuga, ne gavumenti zifuuse enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obutebenkenkenkera y'eby'obulamu. Ebitongole ebyo ebitongole eby'enkola mu nsi ya gavumenti, era n'enkola ya k'eyo obunene, era n'ey'enkalaseetuka ezikolebwako, emirundi eziba wansi.

fundikira

Ekiragiro kino kyakulaakulanya enkola y'ensi n'ebitundu ebitegekebwa nga bigoberera ebiragiro by'eggwanga nga kiwa obulagirizi, ssente, n'okuteekawo enkola ez'enjawulo. Ebyokulabirako ebyo byannyonnyolwa nga(Madicaid) okuva ku kukulaakulana kw'eby'enjigiriza okutuuka ku lukumbo n'okufuga okw'obutonde(adirectractal'ebitundu ebimu ebizikongojjedwa. Gavumenti ezimu zibuubinda nga zigoberera enkola eno, ate ne ziziyiza ezimu ne zigaana. Enkyukakyuka zino teziri kabonero akalaga nti gavumenti za Amerika ziremereddwako. Zikkiriza okupima, okuyoleka emitindo egy'eby'obufuzi obw'enjawulo, era zireeteezza okuyigirizibwa mu bitundu by'ebukiikaka z'obudde, oba mu ngeri y'okuleetawomu n'entalo wakati w'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka ga Washington, ne mu ngeri y'enkola enzivvuunuzi. Ebitongole ebitongole ebipya bitandika okuziganya ebigo, oba mu kifo eky'okumanyisa envumba ez'envubirira mu bitundu eby'ebyo ebitegeke ebiri wakati w'obu

Ekiragiro kino kiyongera kusoma ebikwata ku nkola eya gavumenti n'okugituukiriza, koosa Ofiisi y'obufuzi n'empandika ku bikwata ku ntegeka mpuliziganya ekolebwawo mu ngeri egoberera eddibabisibwa mu gavumenti, .OFOM] Ekiragiro ekitongozesebwawo alipoota ku ngeri egobererwa gavumenti[, ne Conference of State Legactolatures