Ebikwata ku Ssande

Ekiragiro ekyakkirizibwa mu 1788, kye kifuga ensi n'ekitongole kya Amereka. Okusobola okutegeera obulungi enkula yaakyo, omuntu alina okusooka okutegeera obuzibu obw'amaanyi eggwanga eri omuto bwe lyayolekagana nabwo oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo ow'ekikula n'ekika. Ekiwandiiko eky'okubiri, Articles of Confederation, kyakola okusoosa kwa gavumenti z'akyefuga mu bugenderevu.

Gavumenti eyali efugibwa Ebitundu ebyo teyalina buyinza kusasula misolo, kukyusa ngeri gye giddukanyaamu emirimu gy'obusuubuzi mu nsi, oba okuteekawo amagye g'eggwanga. teyasobola kukaka bantu kugoberera mateeka gaayo oba okuwaliriza gavumenti okukolagana mu ngeri enneekusifu mu by'enfuna. Ekyavaamu, obubenje mu by'obufuzi, n'obutujju.

Ekiragiro kyajja ne Enzivuunula ya System'eba nga yeyamizibwa mu 1786-1787. Abalimi b'omu Massachusetts, nga bakooye okwesasuza emisolo nga bakuba ebbanja egy'amaanyi, baakwata eby'okulwanyisa okuggalawo ebizimbe n'okulemesa okuyita mu lukiiko. Gavumenti teyalina maanyi okuziyiza okukomya obwewagguzi; tewaaliwo na ssente ez'okuteekawo olukalala. Okujeemera okusiigattibwa okwo kwava ku bannaakyewaakyewa naye kwaviirako okubuggwebwawo mu bitundu bya bya bufuzi nga James Magne, Alexander Hamilton, ne George Washington okukitegeera nti tewalimulongooserezebwamu mulala.

Mu kuddamu, endagaano y'eggwanga lya Filadelphia yategekebwa mu Maayi 1787. Omuntu okuva ku magatte ekkumi n'ababiri agaagaana okwenyigiramu, yamala emyezi ena ng'ateeka mu ntegeka empya eya gavumenti. Ekiwandiiko kyagootaanya enkola esobozesa ebigendererwa by'amawanga amanene n'amato, eb'obukiika kkono n'ab'ebukiikaddyo, n'abakkulembezza obuyinza obw'amaanyi okubuyinza okubussako omukono. Ekiragiro kyassa emikono nga Ssebutemba 17, 1787, era oluvannyuma lw'emboozi ey'amaanyi, kyafuuka kikulu nnyo mu 1789.

Emisingi Egisookerwako: Okwawula Amaanyi n’Eby’Obufuzi

Ekiragiro kyatandikawo enkola ey'okuteekawo entegeka ekwatagana n'emisingi gya mirundi ebiri: [[FULT:0] okussaawo amatwale ne deteralism[. Amasaza agaawulamu gavumenti z'eggwanga ne gaawulamu amatabi asatu ag'enjawulo, nga galina emirimu gyaago. Ekiragiro kyawula amaanyi agafuga ensi ne gavumenti z'ensi emu, ne gateekawo obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri. Enteekateeka eno ey'okusendebwamu yakolebwa okuziyiza ekintu kyonna okufunira ab'obuyinza obungi n'okukuuma gavumenti okusemberera abantu.

James Madison, mu ['LW'OKUZIMBA] Na. 51, nga kyamanyibwa nti okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza kwali kwetaagisa okusobola okufuga gavumenti: “Singa abantu baali bamalayika, tewandibaddewo gavumenti eyandibadde nga yeetaagisa. Singa bamalayika baali ba kufuga bantu, ka kibe ku ludda lwa njawulo oba ku luwalala lwokka. Nolwekyo, Amateeka gawa buli ttabi obutundu obusobola okuziyiza ebifunzidwa gavumenti endala, ate nga gaagiwa n'obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okukolera awamu.

Federalism, eddisikidde, eteekebwawo okuyitira mu lukalala lw'obufuzi obw'enjawulo obwa gavumenti y'eggwanga mu kitundu I, ekigo 8, era n'obutundutundu obulala bwonna obwa gavumenti gye bufuga mu test []. Enjawukana eno ebaddewo mu kuteesa n'okusengeka ebigambo, naye esigala y'emu ku ngeri y'obufuzi bw'Abamerika.

Gavumenti Esibwawo

Ettabi Eryali mu Bukulembeze: Akatundu I

Abakola olukalala baafuula ettabi lya bannakyewa erya 'Purtive' okuba ekitundu ekisooka mu mateeka era ekigasinga okuba nga kikkiriziddwa, nga booleka enzikiriza yaabwe nti Congress lisaanidde okuba ettabi erisinga obunene. Agumenti I kikola sirtifomu eya bimeyal: Ennyumba ey'abakiikiriranga era n'ebitundu ebitono ebikiikirira abantu. Ekivaamu kyali ekitegeeza n'ekikolwa eky'amaanyi ekitegeeza [[FLT:] , ekyatandikawo ennyumba ezeesigamiziddwa ku bantu n'ebitundu bibiri ebisaze.

Lingress ekkirizibwa okussaawo olukalala lw'ab'obuyinza abamenya amateeka agabakwata ku by'omusolo, okwewola ssente, okutegeka eby'obusuubuzi, okulanga entalo, okuteekawo n'okuwagira amagye, era n'okuteekawo amateeka gonna “gasaana era agasaanira” ag'okutuukiriza obufuzi obwo. Nacessary and Father Claus [era kiyitibwa 'Ellaclaus Claus'] era kye kisinzidde ku musingi gwa g'obuyinza bwa gavumenti okumala ekiseera.

Mu bintu ebikulu ebikolebwa ku ofiisi y'ettabi eriraba amateeka mwe muli:

  • Ennyumba ey'abakiikirira: Abali mu kibiina batuukiriza ebigambo ebyamasa abiri ebitegeeza nti bavunaanyizibwa eri abo abakikoze. Ssente zonna eziva mu Nnyumba ziteekwa okusibuka mu nsawo.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA]] Abali mu kibiina batuukiriza ebigambo omukaaga, nga buli luvannyuma lw'emyaka ebiri olukalala kimu kya kusatu olw'okulonda. Olukiiko lwa desitooti lukakasa okulondebwa kwa pulezidenti era ne lugonza endagaano nga lukuba akalulu. Era lugezaako okusawo akawumbiso nga buli kaweza emirundi ebiri.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Amaanyi ag'okufuga: Ennyumba erina obuyinza bwokka obw'okuyisa abakungu ba gavumenti (nga mw'otwalidde ne Prezidenti), ng'ate Olukiiko lwa desitowaamu lusobola okuwozesebwa era lusobola okuggyawo nga bakuba akalulu emirundi ebiri mu nharhu.

Ofiisi y’ettabi erabirira omulimu: Ekitundu II

ettabi erya kakiiko akafuga liteekebwawo mu Kitundu II. Oluvannyuma lw'obumanyirivu mu gavumenti y'eggwanga erinafu wansi wa bino, abalabirizi baakola professor era nga pulezidenti omukulu nga akulira ekibiina, avunaanyizibwa okuteekawo amateeka. Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alondebwa butereevu okuyitira mu College [, ekitongole ekyamenyesebwa obukwasike eri wakati w'okulonda obutuufu n'okulonda okwa bulijjo.

Amaanyi ga Prezidenti mwe muli:

  • Okuweereza ng’Omuduumizi w’Eggye
  • Okusonyiwa omuntu ng'asobezza (kuggyako nga waliwo ensonga z'osaze)
  • Okukola endagaano (nga ziweebwa amagezi era ne zikkirizibwa ebitundu bibiri mu bisatu ebya Sekeriyo)
  • Abakungu ba gavumenti okulonda abalamuzi, ababaka, n’ab’ekkanisa (ebiwandiiko ebikakasa olukiiko)
  • Okussa Omusango ku Kiwandiiko Eky’Okusiiga oba Okugolola Ekiragiro Ekitegekeddwa Akakiiko

Omukulembeze era ye Mukulembeze w'olukiiko olukulu era akola nga Prezidenti (ateeka obululu mu nkalala za bantu) era asooka mu lukalala. Ekiragiro era kisobozesa Pulezidenti okuggibwawo okuyitira mu bugaanyi obukkirizibwa “olw'amakulu, obulyi bw'enguzi, oba obukyayi obulala obusukkulumye ku mateeka n'obukyasinze okubaamu obukyamu.”

Ettabi ly’Omulamuzi: Akatundu III

Ettabi ly'elamuzi lyogerwako mu Article III, gye kiba kipande ky'amaanyi mu kkooti emu era ne kkooti entono nga Congress bwe ziyinza okusemba. Ekiragiro kino tekissaawo namba za kkooti; omuwendo ogwo guteekebwawo lukiiko (kati mu 9,000). Abalamuzi bakola bulungi mu bulamu okuggyako nga bayimbi bagoberedde enkola ya gavumenti.

Obukulu bw'enkola ya kkooti z'ensi yonna bugazisizzaamu n'emisango egikolebwa wansi w'amateeka, amateeka g'ensi, n'obwakagwana wakati w'abatuuze oba wakati w'abantu ab'ensi ez'enjawulo. Amaanyi agasinga okuba ag'enjawulo mu kkooti z'empandika ze [ geempigi gy'empandika[[] obuyinza okulangirira amateeka oba ebikolwa ebiteetwalibwa. Wadde nga tewalina kkantu mu Mateeka ga gavumenti, amaanyi gano gaatandikibwawo kkooti enkulu mu buttoli.[1][18]]] era gafuuse ensonda y'amateeka.

Kkooti enkulu era efuga amateeka, era ejulirwamu ezireetawo ebibuuzo ebikulu ebikwata ku mateeka ga gavumenti.

Ebweru n’Obujjulukuka

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa ebikolebwako mu mpandika eya [[NKULA] ne bye biyitamu kwe kusobola okukomya amaanyi g'ebitundu ebirala. Ekiragiro kino si kitundu kirangiliddwa mu buli lukalala naye kikolebwa mu lukalala lwonna olwa Constitution. Sisitemu eno ekakasa nti tewali ttabi lisobola kufuga era nti gavumenti efuga nga ekkiriza ebigikonzeeko ne by'okekkiriranya.

Ebipimo ebisinga obungi mwe muli:

  • [[NKULA]] Okukeberebwa okw'omu buyinza: Consert esobola okufuga akakiiko akafuzi nga olulu wa gavumenti waakiri emirundi ebiri mu mayumba gombi. Kafuga entegeka y'entandikwa era kalina okusemba obulango bwa pulezidenti n'enzaanyi. Akakiiko kayinza okusazawo Pulezidenti oba abakungu abalala ab'omu mayumba go gamu.
  • [[NKULU:0] Ekirala kikebera ku mateeka: Prezidenti asobola okussaawo amateeka. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza okutandikawo oba okukomyawo akakiiko mu mbeera ez'enjawulo. Ng'omukulembeze, omukulembeze akyusa enkola y'amateeka okukolebwa.
  • [[NKULA] Obujulizi ku matabi gombi: Kkooti enkulu ne kooti eza gavumenti ento zisobola okuyisa amateeka agareetebwawo Prezidenti atataddewo kkansa oba obuvunaanyizibwa obukolerwako mu kunoonyereza ku nsonga. Kyokka, amaanyi ga judicary gayinza okukoma olw'okuba tegasobola kuleetawo nsonga; gayinza kusalawo businziivu obutakka kugattidwa okuzireeta mu maaso gaazo.
  • [[NKULU:0] Ziraga ku Lukiiko olukulu olw'ebiragiro: Consert eyinza okusazaamu abalamuzi ab'ensi eyo. Consert era eyinza okuwa kkomo lya gwanoloji enzivuvu zigigo ezifuga ensala za kkooti enkulu era esalawo enfuga ya Kooti enkulu. Prezidenti alonda abalamuzi, era Akakiiko akakakasa, ng'ateekawo obuyinza ku nkola y'eby'obufuzi ku kkooti.

Amatabi gatandika okukattululagana ne gamenya amateeka ga Katonda.

Ebiwandiiko Ebikwata ku Ddembe: Okukuuma Buli Muntu ng’Alina Eddembe

Ekimu ku butaka obw'amaanyi ennyo mu kukkirizibwa kwa Constitution kyali nti etteeka ek'entegeka teribaawo. Abalabe ba gavumenti z'Abajaasi baatya nti gavumenti ey'amaanyi yandifufuzza eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Abawagizi baasuubiza okugatta ku ddembe erina okulongoosebwawo. bye byava bibuuka ku ddembe lya ntegeka[, ebimenyesebwa obwa bulijjo ebigere ku mateeka ebyadda ku lukalala lw'amateeka, ebyatongodde mu 1791.

Ekiwandiiko ekikwata ku ddembe kyawa ab’obuyinza ekkomo era ne kikakasa nti eddembe ly’obuntu lirina okuteekebwawo:

  • [[AKIT:0] Omutemwa ogwasooka gukukuuma ku bubwe [[NKULA:1] okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly’eddiini, ery’okwogera, ery’okukuba ebitabo, ery’okukuŋŋaana awamu, n’ery’okusaba gavumenti.
  • [[Act:0] Omutemwa gwa kyo ogwateese okuteebwa gukukuuma n'okukwata ebyokulwanyisa.[[AKMENTI:1]
  • [[AKMENTI:0] [ Abasirikale abawerako mu mayumba g'abantu baayisayisa obukaanyi okugatta abajaasi kimu kya kuna mu bitundu by'ekitundu awatali kusemba.
  • [[Act:0] Mpukusa ogw'obugazi:[ Kino kikuuma obutanoonyereza oba okugwaka olw'akabubonero; kyetaagisa ebisaanyizo ebisaanidwa okusinziira ku nsonga eziyinza okuviirako omuntu okusalwawo.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] [ Kino kikakasa olukusa olw'abalamuzi, era kikuuma obuteeteeka n'okwerimbalimba, kyetaagisa enkola ekyetaagisa, era n'okugaana okufuna ebintu awatali kusasula.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] Omutemwa ogw'ekika eky'enkomeredde gukakasa [[[NKULU]] nti omuntu asobola okuwozesebwa mu bwangu era mu lujjudde, okusemba olukiiko olusalira omusango olutasosola, okubuulirirwa abajulizi, n'okubuulirirwa.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] [[[AKMENT:1]] Akuuma eddembe ery'okuwozesa omusango nga guyitira mu mbuga z'abalamuzi.
  • [[AK'AMULALA] Omutemwa ogw'empandika epembedde:[[AK'AWULA]] Akawayiro kaleetera ekiragiro okusasula ebbaasalo eziyitiridde obungi, okusasula enzivvuunula, n'okubonereza okw'amaanyi era okw'omusokero.
  • [[Act:0]] Omutemwa ogw'okumansuka mu kigambo ekitegeeza nti tewakkiriza oba tewakkiriza balala kubala ddembe lye balina.
  • [[Act:0]] Omutemwa ogw'okuterekawo: Obuwayiro obwatongoza ensi tebukwasa buyinza mu Amerika eri gavumenti oba eri abantu.

Ekiseera bwe kigenda kiyitawo, kkooti enkulu ekozesese ebiwandiiko ebikola ku ddembe mu masaza okuyitira mu DUE DUE DUTEE TEELT Process Claus[ ku kitongole eky'ekkumi n'ena, enkola emanyiddwa nga “okukyusizaamu.” Kino kikakasa nti gavumenti era zissa ekitiibwa mu ddembe lino ekkulu.

Endagaano y’Amateeka Ekola ng’Ekiwandiiko Ekikyakola mu Bulamu: Okukyusa Ebizingirwamu

Ekiragiro kya Ssande kyakolebwa okusobola okugumiikiriza naye abakkirizi baakyo baakitegeera nti waliwo obwetaavu obw'enkyukakyuka. Ekiragiro eky'okukyusaamu ekitandika enkola y'enkyukakyuka mu nsonga z'amateeka esobozesa amateeka okusaasaana n'eggwanga. Ebibyalimu ebikumi bibiri mu buli lukumi bisobola okusemba akalulu k'amayumba ga kakiiko akafuzi oba olukuŋŋaana olunene ebiyitibwa amasomero ga gavumenti abiri. Enkola eno ekkirizibwa mu macaayinja asatu n'enna ez'essomero.

Okuva mu 1789, ekiragiro kyakyusa emirundi kkumi . Enkyukakyuka ekkumi ezisooka (Ekiwandiiko eky'Eddembe) kye kiteereddewo enkola. Oluvannyuma enkyukakyuka zigaziyizza demokulase, zikomya obuddu, n'obufuzi obwa gavumenti obulongoosebwa. Ebimu ku ebyo ebisinga obungi bwe bityo:

  • [[AKIT:0]] 13paper size (1865):[[AK'AMULA] Yakozesebwa ng’omuddu ate nga n'okulagira omukozi okukozesebwa teyandiweereddwa buwaze.
  • [[AKMENTI:0]] Mpulment eya 14 (1868):[[[AKMENT:1]] Kitegeeza obutuuze obwali butegeeza nti amateeka gandikuumye, era kyasobozesanga omulimu ogw'okukuuma amateeka okuwerebwa.
  • [[NKULA]] Mpulment eya 1515 (1870):[ Okwegaana eddembe ly'okuvvumula okusinziira ku langi, langi, oba obwa bulijjo.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] Mpulment19 (1920):[[[AKMENT:1]] Bakyala bakkirizibwa okulonda.
  • [[AKITANDIKA]] Enkyusa ey'obwa bulijjo (1971):[[AKMENT:1] Yaleetera omutendera ogw'okukuba akalulu okugyako 18.

Wadde nga wazzewo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu nkola y'enkola, olukalala lwa ' lwamanyibwa okuyitira mu nnyinnyonnyola , amateeka, n'engeri y'okukwatamu enkola. Obubonero obwa kkooti enkulu (]]Marbury v. Madison[[[FLT]]]] [juct:3] [[FLT:]]]] [[FLT]]]MCloch v. Maryland] (kusingako obunene), [[FLTLT:]][FLT]] 'eball v.[FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] [ogment texttivelced transties translatement translatement translations], ne [[FFF][5]]

Obukakafu Obusinga Obukulu Obwakyusa Endagaano z’Amateeka

Endagaano zino zaagonjoola obutakkaanya obw'amaanyi mu ntegeka y'abagenyi:

Okweyawulayawulamu okw’Ekitalo (Okwawukana n’Okwonoona kw’Ebibiina)

Amawanga amanene gaayagala omusingi gwa Congress oguva ku bantu abaliwo okusinziira ku bantu; gavumenti entono zaasaba abakiikirira (Plan ya New Jersey). okwekkiriranya kwatandikawo kakiiko akayitibwa bameyal: Ekitebe ky'Ababaka ekyesigamiziddwa ku bantu, era Olukiiko oluwaabi lwalina obutuuti obw'enjawulo obukiikirira buli ggwanga.

Obusatu n'obusatu obw'okujeekera ku by'ogabukkusifu

Amawanga ag'omu bukiikaddyo gaayagalanga abantu abaali abaddu okubalibwa nga balinga abalabibwa (ekibawa ebifo ebirala mu Nnyumba) naye nga tebaweebwa misolo. Eggwanga lya Northern lyawakanyanga obutakkaanya. Obwesambajja bwasatu mu bantu abaakozesebwanga mu buddu olw'ebitiibwa n'omusolo.

Obusuubuzi n’Obusuubuzi Obuddu Byetongooza

Amawanga g'omu bukiika kkono gaayagala nti gavumenti z'omu Amerika ziremesezza okuyingiza abantu mu buddu mu nsi endala. Consell aw'okussaawo olukunkumuli lw'amateeka gaagigaana okuyingiza abaddu mu by'obusuubuzi naye ne kigaana okuyingiza abaddu okumala emyaka 20 mu ntegeka ya kabuyonjo (okutuusa mu 1808).

Okugabanyizibwa mu Ddiini: Okukwata Obuyinza bw’Eggwanga n’Obwa gavumenti

Ekiragiro kya ssemateeka bulijjo kibadde kikola ng'ekirabo eky'amaanyi era nga kyewakana. mu Article VI kissaawo amateeka g'ensi n'ekirango nga “Amateeka g'ensi,” okusala emisango egy'okugiwagira ne bwe kiba nga amateeka oba amateeka gayo gakontana. Kyokka, Amereka ey'enkola tegooleka obungi eri gavumenti, nga mw'otwalidde n'obuyinza ku by'obuyigirize, gavumenti, obufuga obulamu bw'omu kitundu, n'obusuubuzi.

Ebbanga bwe ligenda liyitawo, obuyinza bw'ensi yonna bwagenda bweyongera. Ekiragiro kyakula ne kiba nti gavumenti kyeyongera okugaziwa ku buyinza bwa Creace Claus. Ekiragiro ekyo kyesigama ku gavumenti okuggyawo entegeka ezifuga gavumenti. Gye buvuddeko awo, okuwakana ku by'obujjanjabi, entegeka y'obutonde n'enkwalo z'okulonda ebyabanga bigezesezza ekkomo ly'obuyinza bw'eggwanga n'eby'eggwanga. Ekiragiro kyateekawo enteekateeka ezigobereddwawo okugonjoola obutategeeragana buno.

Okusalira Omusango Omusanyufu n’Ebifo bya Kkooti

Tewali buyinza bwa lukiiko olukulu olw'ekitongole kino obwa waggulu ku buyinza obwa . Mu [FLT]]Marbury v. Madison [1803]), Omukulu w'ekitongole John Marshall yagamba nti “kiggumizibwa ku kitongole kya kkooti okwogera nga amateeka.” Kino kye kisalawo kyatandikawo Kkooti esinga obukulu ng'eyagasaamu amakulu g'amateeka n'ebikolwa bya bannannyini. Okuva bwe kiri nti, Kkooti eyo ejjuziko ejjuzizza enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi z'amateeka n'obukulu, era n'eyoleka bulungi ebyo ebisalibwa mu kiso kya kkooti.

Okwejjukanya kw'abalamuzi kukozeseddwa okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu (umg. Brown v. Board of Education okusiimula olukalala olw'emitwe gy'essomero, okunnyonnyola omuwendo gwa maanyi g'ensi (eg..]]MCloch v. Maryland[[[FLLT]]]]]] akkiriza amaanyi agateeberezebwa, era n'okukebera omuteebbeesiteesi (eg., ]] Obugunjufuku & Tube. [FLT]]]] ab'obuyinza obufuga mu kifo eky'okukalambira, ng'abavugibwa abavugibwa, ng'abalamuzi tebakkirimuko. Naye amateeka agafuga geegobeegoberezebwa mu Amerekamu.

Olugero: Omuntu y’Ani Asobola Okufuna Obuyinza n’Abufuna

Ekiragiro ekyo kyassaawo ekiwandiiko ekisobola okukulembera eggwanga mu nkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi. Okusobola okwawula ab'obuyinza ku matabi asatu, okuteekawo enkola y'enjawukana mu mateeka, okukebera n'okugobererwa, era n'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu okuyitira mu Bill of Rights, abakola ebiwandiiko ebitegeke ebisobola okukulembera eggwanga mu nkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi. Amateeka gaago gakikkiriza okumanyiira embeera z'amatabi ago ne k'ennyinnyonnyola z'amateeka okuzizza ebweyagaza ensi yonna, okuva ku kika kya kampuni ekitono okutuuka ku buyinza bw'ensi yonna.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma ku mitwe gino, kebera kopi eya 'SSALY' ku lukalala lwa 'FULT', olabe ebikongojjedwa mu ' n'ebiwandiiko eby'eggwanga'ebiwandisibwa ebiyamba mu kunoonyereza ku by'enkaayanaanyo [, osobole okuddamu okwekenneenya eby'eyambisibwa mu lukalala lw'amateeka.