Enjigiriza Ekwata ku Kukyuka kw’Ekyasa 20 mu Kibiina ky’Amerika

Enjigiriza eyo y'eyo ekola ku kukyusa etteeka erifuga ensi ne gavumenti za Amerika. Enjigiriza eyo y'esalawo bukodyo ki obwa Bill of Rights, obusobozesa gavumenti y'eggwanga okuwaliriza gavumenti y'ensi yonna okuzza obutuuze bwa gavumenti. Okuva mu kyasa ekyamakumi abiri emabega, Kkooti esinga obukulu ezze eyongera okugaziya obuwagizi obwa gavumenti z'abantu kinnoomu, era ereetera abantu okuteekawo eddembe lyabwe mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Mu ngeri eyo, enkola ya kkopi okuva ku ntandikwa y'ekitongole ekya 14 mu Amerika ebaamu okukubagattika obutongole obwa bulijjo, obufirosoofosoofo n'ofirosoofo n'eby'eby'ebyobufuzi ebiva mu nsi ya gavumenti z'ensi eno.

Ensibuko: Okuva ku Barron Okutuuka ku Kiwandiiko eky’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri

Enjigiriza ey'enkyukakyuka teyava mu butaka. Enjigiriza eyo yali ya maanyi oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo w'omunda era n'okutongozebwa kwa Giramu mu 1868. Nga tennakola ekyo, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti okukomyawo okwo kwalina ekigendererwa ku . Balmore [1833]. Kino kyali kitegeeza nti Lill of Rights yakolera ku gavumenti yokka, so si ku masaza. Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yagamba nti okukomya kw'amateeka gaayo gaali gateekeddwa ku buyinza bw'eggwanga obwakaatondebwa buppya, so si ku buyinza obwava ku bufuga obwava ku ntandikwa y'obufuzi. Kino kyali kitegeeza nti embeera y'eggwanga, okuteekawo eddiini oba okunyagaanyanjula oba okunyanyisa eddiini awatali kugisasula, nga buwamu ereeteddwawo.

Ekitongole eky'omukitundu kimu kyakola enteekateeka eyo okukuuma abaddu okuva ku kuyigganyizibwa gavumenti. Naye Cases-Nnyumba[[FLL:1] [1873] Kkooti enkulu yasobola okuleka obusika oba okuzaala obwa Claus, era yakifuula kyakugirwa okukuuma obuddu obwali bukyasinze okubaamu obutuuze obwa bulijjo. Ekitongole kyasala Kko kya 'Cesaawo' nga kikuubirira ddala obutono obwa Clausce', nga kikugifudde sirimu ku butono obukkirizibwa mu ggwanga okuteekako eddembe ly'obutuuze oba ery'eggwanga (ng'okukaatwalizo ng'okukaabira akakwakkirizo akaberezo). Ekyo kyasalawo kyaziba ku luggi lwa Bill olw'obuyinza olukalala olukwata ku ddembe olwa Claus, era ne kigaana abantu okufuna eddembe eriva mu nteekateeka ya Claus, oba mu mateeka.

Okumala amakumi g'emyaka, kkooti yagaana ek'okubaako obukakafu obulaga nti enkola ya SSEMENTID Claus esobola okukozesebwa mu kukyusa ebiwandikiro ebigikwatako. Hurtado v. California (1884], yagaana okwetaaza gavumenti okukozesa etteeka erivunaanibwa abalamuzi, ekiyinza okukuumibwa mu kukyusa ebikongojjedwa mu mateeka. Endowooza eyaliwo yali nti, "sembambili" nnukuta mu misingi egikulu egy'obwenkanya obwasooka, so si mu nteekateeka y'obwannannyini ey'okuzza emisango egyakaagasiike. Ekiragiro kino ekyewagidde nti abalamuzi balina eddembe lingi okunnyonnyola enkola zaabwe ez'obumenyi bw'amateeka n'enna.

'Ecorpoition' ekutwala nti ennyunzi emergets

Enkyukakyuka yajjawo mu kyasa ekya 20. Kkooti bwe yatandika okukitegeera nti eddembe erimu lyali kkulu nnyo ne kiba nti "Lirina okuba n'eddembe erya nnamaddala" era nga kyeyoleka kaati nti erina okukuumibwa eri ekikolwa kya gavumenti. Enjigiriza eno, emanyiddwa nga enkalala, gye yafunira obutuuti. Ekitongole ekisooka kye . Gitlow v. New York[FLT] [25] [1925], gye kiteeberezebwa nga teyagaliddemu mu bujjuvu, era nga tewaddewo kusalawo nti eddembe ery'okusooka ery'okwogera lyagobererwa mu bigambo ebikolebwa mu ngeri egoberera e Processood Clausle [Ge] Warvity [Gy Git] enkolvitysss wansi w'amateeka ga New York, olukiiko olukulu olw'openzuma lw'omusango olumu olumu.

Maaki Omugonvu: Emisango egy’Ekikumi 20

Okuva mu 1920 okutuuka mu 1960, kkooti enkulu yakola olukalala lw'amateeka okugatta omwandiko ogwa ddyo mu kiseera ekimu, nga mu kkooti. Engeri eno eyawagirwa omulamuzi Benjamin Cardozo ate oluvannyuma Omulamuzi Omulangira Hugo Black (Aw'Akaddumbi yakkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okuyitira mu ntegeka oba mu lukiiko olukulu olwa Immunion Clause), yateekawo amateeka amangi agaaweza obukuumi mu ggwanga mu mwaka gwa Chosseka.

Okuteebwa kw’Emitego egy’Okusooka

Oluvannyuma Getlow[, kkooti yateekawo mangu eddembe eddala erikkirizibwa mu kukyusa ebitegeke. Nearbor v.Minnesota[[FL:3] [1931]) yakkiriza okuyingiza kwa Free Plaise Plaise okuddise etteeka eryakugira empapula z'amawulire okufulumya. [[FLT:] Cantwell] v.[[FLT][FLT]][FLT] [1940]) yateekamu ekiwandiiko ky'eddiini ekya Free Esocificce, ekikukkiriza okubunyisa kwa Claus, n'okukukkiriza okwetooloola ebikongojjero ebirala ebyamu mu n'ebyo ebikolebwa mu ddiini. [[FL:] Kikiiko kyamalwo mu lukalala ekitongole ekigamba nti ekirongoosembye "Essoluuula amateeka gasobola okusobozesa okuteekawo mu ngeri ey'okuteekawo olutuufu." ekituufu. amadiini okumanyibwa.[F

Obukuumi Obuva ku Mumenyi w’Amateeka

Kkooti y'e Warren (53-1969) yalabirira okugaziwa okw'amaanyi okwali kubaddewo mu kukwataganya enkola z'obumenyi bw'amateeka. Emyaka nga tennatuuka, emyoyo egyasooka gyalina okussaawo amateeka agago ku bwabwe okunoonyereza, okubuuza ebibuuzo, n'okuwozesebwa. Ekyo kyakyuka nga kuliko emirala egy'enjawulo:

  • [[NKULA][[NKULA] Mapp v[ (11961]] Kkooti bwe yagattawo ekitongole ekyo n'eteekamu enkola ey'okuna ey'okuwummuzaamu obukwafu okunoonyereza n'okukankana, era mu ngeri enne, ekiragiro okusala emisango kigoberera etteeka erikugira okukwatibwa. Obujulizi obwafunibwa poli tebwasobola kukozesebwa mu ngeri emenya amateeka, oba enkola ey'okukwata amateeka mu ngeri ey'enjawulo.
  • [[NKULA:0][FULT:1] Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): [ Kino kyasalawo nti emmunyisibwa ey'omukaaga erimu eddembe okuwabula, nga kyali kyetaagisa gavumenti okuwa abawayiriza abawayirwa abaali batasobola kugula omu ku ssente. Okusalawo okwakyusa enkola ey'okwerinda era ne kulaga nti okusinziira ku mateeka, kyetaagisa obubonero obw'amakulu.
  • [[NAMBA:0][[NAMBA]] Mira v [.Arizona [66]] ( Wadde kyali nga tekyetaagisa kugatta biragiro bya gavumenti ne gavumenti okukuutisiza ekiragiro ku bukwasiddwa amateeka agafuga enfuga, ku ku kuteefuze ey'okutaano n'ey'eky'omukaaga mu mitemwa, [[FLT:]]Marna]
  • [[AGUMENTI][[:1][.[FLT]] (1968): Yagattawo ekitongole ky'abalamuzi emirundi mukaaga okuwerebwawo mu musango ogw'amaanyi, nga kyetaagisa gavumenti okuteekawo olukiiko lw'abalamuzi olw'abantu nga mukaaga mu misango ng'egyo.

Ebirala ebyagattibwamu mu kiseera kino byalimu Omuteende ogw'Okutaano ogw'okufuga n'okufuga obutonde bwonna (] Malloy v. Hogan, 1964; eddembe ery'okutuukirira abajulirwa ([]] Pornter v. Texas, 1965; okusoosa oba okukosebwa okwa mangu ([[[FLT:]4]].][FLT]], 1967]; okuwalirizibwa okufuna abajulirwa ([FLT:]6]]],[FLT]], 1967], n'okukulwanyisa obusobozi.[FLT][5]][5], obutuufu obw'okumanyirindirira ddala obutuufu.[5]][5]]E]

Omulongo ogw’Okubiri n’Ebisingawo

Ebbanga ly'okuyingizaamu ebigambo lyaddirira oluvannyuma lw'emyaka gya 1970 naye teryakoma. Omusanvu ogumu gwasigalawo: olukalala olw'okubiri olw'okukwata n'okukwata emikono. Okumala emyaka mingi, kkooti entono zalowooza nti okusumulula okwokubiri tekwali ku mateeka, nga kwesiga olukiiko olw'amakumi abiri ag'ennamba olusooka, [[FLT] United States v[FLT]. (20]). (206] [18]], olukiiko olu waggulu lwalina endowooza nti obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okusigikolera mu ggwanga si nkizo ya maanyi. Kino kyakyuka mu [[FLT][FLT][5], mu ngeri y'ensonga ey'okubiri, era nga mu ngeri ennyonnyola mu ngeri y'ekiteeragiro kya Clauston:] era ne mu ngeri eggudde mu nsonga enkulu ey'omukimu mu nsonga enkulu ey'omukimu.[5]

Mu ngeri y'emu, okugattibwa kwa Ssanded Recouncilles Claus Claus ey'oku Amereka ey'omu Seveni kwayingira mu Timbs v. Indiana (2029), kkooti bwe yasalawo nti gavumenti tezisobola kusalira bantu ssente nnyingi, gamba ng'okumenya amateeka.

Ebintu Ebitagattibwamu: Bye Bitono Ebyali Bimu

Wadde nga wabaddewo okukyuuka kw'etteeka, Bill of Rights etonotono tewateekebwa mu nkomera. Etteeka lya Third Amend Reefment lyagaana abajaasi okutongoza ebitundu bya kkumi na kimu kya taano mu maka gaabwe. Ekiragiro kino tekinnakozesebwa kuwera kubanga terinnawerezebwa. Ebiwandiiko bya nnamba ebitegekebwa okusalirako omusango mu bujulizi obw'amaanyi okusalirwa omusango. [ California [[FLT]], 1884]) tezibadde nga zikozesebwa ku gavumenti; amasaza mangi gakozesa obujulizi obujulizi obunene mu kifo ky'okujjuulizo. Omutemwa gwa nnamba ogw'okusaze tegulwamu mu kkooti. Ate, ebitongole ebikola ebisatuukirizibwako bisobola okussaawo amateeka mu kusalira omusango omusango. Ate, mu lukumi lukumi lwa 80 biwandikiro olwo teziganya luba nga teziganya lukujjukko lw'okukusemba olunene.

Ekiragiro kino kiraga bulungi engeri gye kiyinza okubaamu n'okugattaamu enkola eyo. Kkooti tekkirizza endowooza egamba nti "Bujjuvu" eyayigibwawo Omulangira Black, eyandibadde ekola ku buli kawyiro k'e liyaka za Rights Councils. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, yeesigama ku Cewandikiro ClausCece era ne ku nsonga emu okukakasa obanga eddembe ly'okwesalirawo lirina okusobola okufuna eddembe n'obwenkanya.

Empakalu z'Abasomyo: 'Foratic v'.' Agumentis' Kyenkanankana

Enjigiriza ya Inshorporation Enjigiriza ebadde mu kifo ekiwanyisirwa ennyo endowooza ezikontana ezikwata ku nnyinyonnyola za mateeka. Abawagizi ba balonda enkola , ebadde enkola ya kkooti ey'oku nti esobozesa okugonjoolebwa, era nti esobozesa abantu obutakkiriziganya ku bikwata ku nkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi ate ne bakuuma emitindo gy'ennusu egya musingi. Kyokka, abanoonyereza ku nsonga bagamba nti enkola eno egobererwa mu ngeri enfugedde, oluusi ne baagaziwaza eddembe erinaakulanye, ate oluusi ne bagaana okukola ekyo okusinziira ku ndowooza y'ensonga ezikwata ku "Franda."

[[NT:0] , nga bwe kiragibwa mu lukalala lwa Jujusenti Black, amawanga gandigasse emitindo gya driuti y'enfuna eza ddembe mu kifo kimu ne gavumenti y'ensi eyo, ne gaggyawo obwawulukuse. Banka baawakanya nti enkizo oba enfuze za Claus zaasooka zigendererwa kukola kino, era nti engeri eyo Kkooti gye elondamu yaleetawo eddembe erya n'erina akawayiro akatakkirizibwa. Wadde nga tewandikiddwako gavumenti ewera n'abasinga obungi, egenda mu maaso ng'eyagazaamu ekifo eky'okukyusizaamu omusango Clarence Thomas, eyagamba nti obusika oba Immu bw'obusobozi bw'enkola ya Claus ekiikirira enkola y'enkola y'enkola eya bulijjo.

Enkola ey'okusatu, [[NKULU:0]] emirundi egimu ekozesebwa okunnyonnyola ensonga olukalala oluba luteekeddwawo kkooti ey'okutumbula eddembe ly'ensi n'etongodde mu nkola eya gavumenti nga ekkiriza olukalala olw'enkola eya 14 mu Amereka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, olukalala lwenkana olukalala olw'enkola eya Claus (BLing v. Truppe] Enjigiriza ey'okuva mu nkola eya GPUPUMENT. Gavumenti esobola okuzza obukwasikeko nga gavumenti ezza obukwakkusike obw'emu n'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'enkola ya Amerekawo ku kutegeka ebirengo.

Ebyatuuka ku Kuteebwa kw’Abamerika

Ebiva mu kugatta ebiwayirizibwa biba bya maanyi nnyo. nga tewannabaawo, empewo zisobola okutegeeza nga jjuuso `/'. Era bangi baakola bwe batyo `/' mu bikolwa ebyandibadde tebya bulijjo: okutandikawo amakanisa ag'omu butongole, okunoonyereza awatali bukwasi, okugezaako okubuuza abawayiriza awatali kuwabula, era n'okubonereza okw'amaanyi. Okussaawo etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu mu ggwanga, nga bakakasa nti buli muntu w'abeera, balina obukuumi bwe bumu eri eri eri eri eri eri eri erigobeewa gavumenti.

Okufuula eggwanga kuno tekuliimu nkaayana. Abavumirira gavumenti bagamba nti okugatta amaanyi mu lukiiko olukulu olw'amateeka, okunafuya obufuzi bw'eggwanga n'okuteekawo eby'okulonda ebya demokulase. Omulamuzi John Marshall Harlan II, yayawulwa mu kkooti nnyingi eza Warren Court Compatiations, ng'alabula nti Kkooti ya Bill of Rights ekola nga "bukwakkulizo bw'amateeka agafuga enfuga gavumenti. Ku kkono, abakugu abamu bagamba nti okugatta ettuuti n'okugattira ku mateeka tekuvuddemu, okuleka ebifo nga ebiteeso, oba eddembe erya bya bya bukungu bya gavumenti.

Etteeka lino likyusizza eddembe ly'obuntu okuva ku kiwandiiko ekiwandiikiddwa ku mateeka ga Amereka.

Ebibaddewo mu Kyasa 21 n’Obulagirizi Obunaabaawo mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Abasinga obungi mu kkooti ey'oku ntikko mu myaka egyakayita beeyongedde okugatta awamu, wadde nga emirundi egisinga obungi tekisuubirwa. McDonald v. Chicago (2010) (2010) kyeyoleka bulungi olw'okuba nti omutemwa ogw'okubiri gumanyibwa nga guva mu kuyingizibwa. Timbs v. Indiana] (2029), kkooti eyo yakolagana bulungi, naye Justice Tomas yakozesa endowooza ye okuddamu okugamba nti enkitonzizo oba okugatta ekiragiro kya Immu kiwandikiro kya Claus ekireetebwako.[FLTY] ekifo ekiyinza okuddamu okukkirizibwa mu kugibwawo.

Ekibuuzo ekirala kyeyoleka bulungi singa kkooti ebaamu eddembe ery'okuteekamu emikono ku lwokka ( New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bren, 2022, eriko ensonga eri mu kkooti entono naye nga teziriiko n'eggulo, oba oba ebitundu ebimu eby'Enkyusa ey'ensi oba Empandika y'Abalire Biric Clauslee bijja kukkirizibwa. Kkookeromenti era yaleka obusobozi obw'okutakkirizibwa mu Bill of Rights ([3]) nga bwe kiri nti ensonga ez'okufumbiriganwa za kika kya ddyo zireetebwa ate nga zireme okuziribwa mu nkola y'omulala. [5]

Ekiragiro bwe kigenda okusoma ebirala ebikolebwa ku kugatta, Ekitongole ekikola ku by'ennono mu nkozesa y'amateeka kiwanyisa engeri ennukuta ey'omu bufunze. Eproject Oyez project[[ Kino kiwawa obufunze ku nsonga ezikwata ku ku kusalawo okw'amaanyi. Okumanya ebisingawo mu byafaayo, laba Bill of Rights: Creation ne Convention[FL:5] [FLT:] Project [YPress University, 1998], ebikebera amakulu agasooka ag'enkolagana wakati w'enkola ya KGUMENTINUP]

fundikira

Enjigiriza y'enkyukakyuka teri n'akamu. Enjigiriza eyo bw'ejjawo mu ngeri empya nga ku Kkooti ey'Empaka ey'oku ntikko era ng'ebuuza ebibuuzo ebippya ebikwata ku kweyingiza mu bantu bokka, tekikyuka. Enjigiriza eyo ejja kweyongera okukyuka. Etaasaasaana ng'empandika entono ennyo ey'okukwata ku ddembe ery'enfuga ery'e 1448 Emperances era nga teriiko ky'esuubiza kyokka eriwo mu Amerika, era nga teriwo ddala gyeri mu kifo kya bulijjo eri abatuuze b'eggwanga bonna gye babeera. K'okajja okubaamu entegeka y'ensonga ez'eggwanga zonna ez'omu biseera eby'omu maaso, ewayitiddwa olukalala lw'enkomeredde mu mateeka, okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku ngeri etuukana ku ku ku bikwata ku mateeka g'ensi mu kyasa ekyakaagaana mu matulu abiri mu kugo.