Enjigiriza ya Immunity Enjigiriza erina kinene nnyo ky'ekola mu kukyusa engeri gye batwalamu obuyigirize obwa gavumenti nga bassa obutendeke. Omusingi guno ogw'amateeka gukuutira ebibiina bya gavumenti nga mw'otwalidde ne yuniva za yunivasite za gavumenti, ebizimbe ebimu ebikongoowa, mu ngeri eyo ebikola ku bayizi, ebitongole ebirala ebinoonya okuzzaawo obutuufu bw'amateeka. Okutegeera enjigiriza eno y'emu nnyo eri buli muntu yenna abaako olukusa mu yunivasite nga muyizi, omukozi, oba kampuni y'ayitiribiriza kubanga y'esalawo obanga ekitongole ekyo kiyinza okuvunaanibwa mu kkooti olw'akabi oba okukola ekibi.

Okutegeera Enjigiriza Etategeerekeka

Enjigiriza eyo yasibuka mu kiwandiiko eky’ekkumi n’etaano eky’Amateeka ga Amerika agakkiriza abantu obutakkiriza mateeka ga ngeri nnyingi.

[[AKMENT:0]] “Eddembe ly'okusalirako emisango mu Amerika terijja kutwalibwa ng'eriraga empalana yonna mu mateeka oba mu bwenkanya, era terijja kutongozebwa oba okuwerebwa omu ku batuuze mu Amerika okuva mu ggwanga eddala, oba Abatuuze oba Abatuuze mu ggwanga eriri mu nsi endala.”

Ekiseera bwe kigenda kiyitawo, kkooti zitegedde nti ekyo kitegeeza nti ebibiina by'eggwanga, nga mw'otwalidde ne yunivasite, tebiyinza kuvunaanibwa okuggyako nga gavumenti ekkirizza oba ng'emaze okutangira obuwagizi bwabyo. Enjigiriza eyo eraga omusingi nti nnannyini (gavumenti) tayinza kuwerebwa awatali lukusa lwayo. Endowooza eno egoberera amateeka aga bulijjo agaaggibwa mu Bungereza.

Enzigi z'eggwanga zino zitwalibwa nga “emmemba z'eggwanga” olw'okuziyiza obusosoze. Kino kitegeeza nti omuyizi bw'asaabaza e Yunivasite y'eggwanga olw'obusosoze, yunivasite eyinza okukugira obusosoze obwa bulijjo. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika ebaddeko endowooza nti amawanga tegalina kye gakolawo okuggyako nga gaawuliddwawo gavumenti oba nga gaawuliriziddwa gavumenti.

Ekikwata ku Kuzimba Ebizimbe

Enjigiriza eziziyiza obusobozi bw'okukwatibwa zikugira nnyo abantu okutongoza amakompusa mu kkooti z'ensi mu nsonga gamba ng'obusosoze, obuteefiirayo, oba okut'agoowa endagaano. N'ekivaamu, abakungu bazibuwalirwa okusasulwa oba okukuumibwa kw'eddembe ly'abalala. Obutafaananako yunivasite ezabwe ku bwabwe, yunivasite za gavumenti zisobola okuvunaanibwa nga buli kibiina kya nnakyewa, zo zirina ebbutu eritayinza kuyingira mu mbeera nnyingi.

Ebiremesa Abasosoze

Ekivaamu ekivaako amangu kiri nti, sseminsite z'ensi ezikola ku kabi akangi ennyo, gamba nga akabenje aka splet-faase ku yunivasite, oba ebisago ebireetebwa abasawo ku yunivasite nga obutakola bulungi, biyinza okuwerebwa ddala. Ssemazinga zireme kumanya obanga gavumenti ekkirizza okuvunaanibwa obusasiro obwo. Kino kitwaliramu okuyisa amateeka ng'ago agaawebwa State Tort Acts, agayinza okuteekako obuwambe obw'enkomerero naye ne gasigalamu ebifiibwa byagwo.

Okusosola mu Ngeri y’Okukoleramu n’Empalana Ezibaawo mu Kukolera

Abakozi mu yunivasite za gavumenti nabo boolekagana n'obuzibu obw'amaanyi. Abo abawandiisibwa wansi w'amateeka agafuga enkola ey'okugoba abantu mu nviiri za gavumenti (umg... , Tittut VII, Amereka agakolamu Akakwakkulizo ak'obulema) bayinza okubuulira abakozesa ba gavumenti kubanga Consert alina okukugira ebisago ebikugira okutakwatibwa mu mbeera ezimu, naye Kkooti enkulu ereme okukugira okusasulwawo. Okusinziira ku mateeka ga ADA. Okumenya endagaano kuyinza okuko nga tekukkiriza kwateesiteesi mu University of Alabalmas v. Garret[FLT] (2001], kkooti egamba nti abawandikiddwa abakozi b'amasasiro ge basasula mu kifo eky'okusasula ssente.

Emitindo gy’Eddembe ly’Obwannannyini Kitundu Ekyasooka mu 1983

Ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ebisobola okukozesebwa mu kugoba obubonero bwe buno bwe 42 U.S.C. 1983, ekikkiriza empawa ezisaze eri abakungu ba gavumenti (so si ggwanga) okumenya amateeka ga ssemateeka. Mu nzikiriza eyatandikibwawo mu Ex pacee Young [1908]), abantu basobola okusaabaza abakungu ba gavumenti mu kifo kyabwe nga baagala okufuna obuweerero. Kino kitegeeza nti omuyizi ayinza okusemba yuniversite y'okutongoza ekkomera eriba lirina ku by'ewandikiro.

Ebikyusiddwa

Wadde nga kikozesebwa mu ngeri engazi, waliwo okusoberwa kwa maanyi okusobola okwewala endwadde.

Omuwi w’Etteeka

Gavumenti ziyinza okusazaamu obuteefu amateeka nga zigoberera amateeka. Ekiragiro kino Ebikolwa[ Biwandiikiddwa nti empalana ezikkirizibwa okutakkirizibwa bitongole bya gavumenti nga mw'otwalidde ne yunivasite. Ng'ekyokulabirako, espeesa lya California likkiriza enkola ya Tort Apentiers okutongola ewawa olukalala olulibwa ku yunivasite ya California naye liragira ddala ekyetaagisa okusiigattidwa n'obubenje. Gavumenti ezimu zikkiriza abasuubuzi n'abazimbi b'okusasula kkampulizo.

Okulya Ebibala

Congress esobola okugobererwa singa egoberera enkola ya gavumenti ey'okufuga ekitongole kino nga kigoberera enkola y'okugikwata mu Kitundu 5 ku kikumi eky'emperamya. Ng'ekyokulabirako, akakiiko bwe kayisa akaawunti Akakwakkuliro ak'eby'ekisawo [FLT]], olukiiko olukulu mu , Navada Depart of Human Resources [ [2003]], olukulembedde oluko olw'okwekuuma olw'okulaga obusosoze mu mubiri. Kyokka, olukiiko olukulu mu [FLT:].NKULAN] okuva mu kitongole kya Marylandland [FFFFF:5].[202], olukiiko olukulu olw'okukulembeza olumu olw'okulaga olukiiko lw'obujja (2007:3]).

Ennyambala Ezikwata ku Bakungu ba Gavumenti

Nga bwe kyalagibwa, enjigiriza [[NT:0] Ex Young ekkiriza empandikiro ezikwata ku bakungu ba gavumenti okufuna obuweerero. Kino kya buyambi kya maanyi nnyo okusobola okuwereza eddembe erya bulijjo, gamba nga eddembe ery'okwogera oba omulimu ogugwanira. Kyokka, tekukkiriza kutuukibwako kabi okuva mu ggwanga. Abakugunja abakungu era bayinza okusasulira abakungu kinnoomu mu busobozi bwabwe okutaasa ebiva mu bizibu, naye nga balina ebisaanyizo bibakuuma okuggyako nga bamenye amateeka agaategekebwa.

Eby'okubanja

Amawanga agamu ga njawulo ku mirimu gya gavumenti (mungi) n'egyetaagibwa mu kifo ekikuumibwamu obuwangwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okukola ku ddwaliro oba ekifo ekipakira emmotoka kiyinza okutwalibwa ng'ekipangisa. Kyokka, mu bitundu bingi, emirimu gya yunivasite egisinga obungi gitwalibwa nga gavumenti. Enjawulo eyinza okuba ya njawulo ku nkola y'ensi yonna.

Okubuulira n’Obuwabuzi Kukkiriza

Singa komputi ey'omuwawawa elemererwa okuziyiza obulumbaganyi eri gavumenti singa yeeyongera mu kkooti era n'ewozesebwa ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga nga teyenyigidde mu nsonga, singa essomero ery'omuwayiri terisobola kuziyiza mbeera eyo nga waakayita ekiseera kitono, eyinza okutwalibwa ng’ewambiddwa.

Amateeka n’Ebyokulabirako Ebikwata ku Bannamwandu

Ebyokulabirako ebiwerako ebyoleka engeri enjigiriza eyo gy’eziyizaamu endwadde gy’ekola ku yunivasite.

Mu [[NKULA:0] HANS v. Louisiana (190), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti okugaana okw'okwefuga tekusukka ku mpandiika eya Ekkumi n'omusanvu ey'empandika n'empandika enkalu ey'ebiragiro okusobola okuziyisa mu mbeera ey'eggwanga eriba nga eriko abatuuze.

Bd. Bya Trusestees of Univ. of Alabama v. Garrett (2001] lukusanyako butereevu ku yunivasite. Kkooti yagamba nti abakozesa mu ggwanga tebasobola kuvunaana bannannyini gavumenti olw'ebisagwa ku mutwe gwa Ssente ze I ku ADA kubanga gavumenti tekkirizibwa kukugira kukuumibwa mu Amereka. Ekiragiro kino kisala obulema obw'amaanyi ku ba yunivasite eza gavumenti bwe butyo.

[[NKT:0] KIMEl v. Florida Board of Regents [2000]) yatuuka ku kusalawo okufaananako okwo ku kusosola abantu mu myaka nga basosolwa ku myaka gyabwe wansi wa ADEA Act. Kkooti yagamba nti ADEA teyakkirizibwa kukugira bannabyabufuzi kufuga, bwe kityo ne kiremesa ebiva mu yuniva mu mateeka okusosola abantu mu myaka gyabwe.

Ku luuyi olulala, [[NKUML:0]Nevada ekitongole ky'obusobozi bw'abantu v. Hibbs [2003]) kyawagira enteekateeka eya FMLA ey'okwefaako, esobozesa abakozesa mu ggwanga okusasulwa olw'ebyo ebiva mu buteeso bwa FMLA singa olukalala lukwata ku ku kulabirira ab'omu maka. Kino kiraga nti okukkirizisa kuyinza okutuuka ku buwanguzi bwe kiba nga gavumenti ekiraze ekitongole ekifuga obusososoze mu by'eyisaamu.

Ekyokulabirako ekikakasa embeera y'ensi: Mu 2019, omuyizi omu yasasuza University of California, Los Angeles, oluvannyuma lw'okufuna ebisago mu yunivasite. Kkooti yagaana omusango kubanga omukungu wa gavumenti ya California yalemererwa okugoberera etteeka lya Tort Aments Act. Ekiragiro kino kiyamba abakuumi b'obuteefuga, era nga kye kimu ku biragiro ebirina okutambula nga bigoberera etteeka erikwata ku ku kuziyiza obuwanguzi.

Okusoomooza mu by’Omu Mateeka n’Okukyuka

Abawakanyi bagamba nti abo abeekenneenya amateeka, abakwasisa amateeka n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bakyewawanya abantu abasobola okulwanyisa endwadde nga tebasoose kuyambibwa, nga baleetera abantu obutateeka bwesige bwabwe mu buli kifo.

Okusala Emisango

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika yalaga nti teyagadde kufuga kisobyo kya muntu akyetongoza. Singa okusalawo kwonna okwakakolebwa, kuyinza okuddamu amaanyi. Allen v. Cooper (2020), kooti ya kika kya Conset tekkiriza nti gavumenti tesobola kukugira basommoota kufuga lukalala lw'eby'okwefuga nga etteeka lisooka okuyisibwa mu mateeka nga tegatandiikiddwawo tteeka. All] All enjjululev] All[FLT][20]. Kkooti eyo yali ezingiramu okukomya kkopi ez'ekikongookero, era kkooti yagamba nti nnannyini gavumenti tasobola kutwala gavumenti okuba nga teyazibwa.

Enkyukakyuka ez'Ekiseera kya Gavumenti

Gavumenti eziwerako zikozesezza okusobola okutaasattulula enkola ez'okwerinda oba okuzza ebikolerwako mu nkola. Kkooti ya New York ekkiriza gavumenti okusasula ebisago eby'enjawulo nga mw'otwalidde n'ebyo ebikolebwa mu yunivasite za gavumenti. Texas ewadde obuwagizi mu nkola za Texas Tort Penaties Act, naye teziriiko buwanguzi bungi. Gavumenti ezimu zikoze enkola ez'enjawulo ez'okugonjoooooooolwa, gamba ng'okukwoola oba okugobererwa kw'ebyo ebikwetaagisa, okukendeeza ku bwetaavu.

Mu myaka egyakayita, wabaddewo ekiwagizi okuzza obukujjukujju ku bufuge obutuufu ku bakungu kinnoomu naye nga ensonga eyo ya njawulo okuva ku abo abaziyiza obusobozi bwa gavumenti. Kyokka, ebifo bino byombi ebiwerako nga abamenyi b'amateeka baagala okusussa mu kkooti.

Omusango Gufuga Obukulembeze

Kkooti enkulu ekiraze bulungi nti Akatundu I Amaanyi (omutondo, Cream Claus) tekakkiriza kukkirizibwa; Ekitundu kimu kyokka ku kimu ku binaasembayo Kibalikkirizibwa nga kimaze okulongoosebwa. N'olwekyo, enkyukakyuka yonna eyandibaddewo mu kiseera eky'omu maaso erina okukolebwako esaanidde okukolebwako okusinziira ku mateeka.

Ebintu Ebiyamba Abo Abagenda Okugenda mu Kisibo

Abayizi

Abayizi abalowooza ku kussa omusango ku yunivasite ya ssemazinga bateekwa okusooka okumanya obanga gulina kukozesebwa mu ngeri eyawukana ku eyo. Enjigiriza ezigattibwa zizingiramu obutakola bulungi ku by'enjigiriza, okukosebwa ku mubiri ku masomero, okutyoboola obuntu, okusosolwa kw'enjola, n'obulema.

Abayizi bwe bamenya amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, basaanidde okulowooza ku Ex Young enkola ey'okulagira etteeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuyizi agooleddwa nga tasoose kukola bisaanyizo, ayinza okunoonya ekiragiro ekiyinza okuzza okukangavvula oba okuziyiza okutyoboola kw'ebiragiro ebigenda okukolebwa mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Kyokka, okusasula kw'ensimbi tekusobola kugyamu singa oyo agaana okukola ekyo tabaddewo.

Okulabika ng’Abakozi

Obusosoze n'abakozi ba gavumenti tebasobola kukola ku nsonga za mirimu. Okusosolwa mu mirimu nga bagoberera amateeka g'eggwanga kuyinza obutakkirizibwa olw'okutawaanyizibwa okuggyako ng'eggwanga limaze okumenyebwa. Obusosoze bulaga nti obusosoze bulina ebbibi ku mateeka nga bwe bulabibwa mu .GRATB[ era [FLT][FLT]] era [FLT]K]K'AWULAKO] KIYIMU[[[[FLT] Kino kitegeeza nti ekiwandikiro oba omutwe oba mutwe gwazo ogumu gukkirizibwa mu kkooti entono. Kyokka, okuwozesemba ebisalibwa wansi kuyinza okuyimirirako obulungi kubanga Kkoluti eyo ekkiriza olumu olukalala olumu oluyitibwa 'FLY'.

Abakozi abalina enkaayana ezikwata ku mikono batera okusoomoozebwa ennyo kubanga mu yunivasite nnyingi mu nsi eyo mulimu olulimi olugonzeddwamu era ne kiviirako abakozi okukoowa ennyo mu by'obufuzi.

Abasuubuzi n’Abasuubuzi

Kampuni eza kyama ezikola mu matendekero ga gavumenti nazo ziyinza okuziyizibwa okusobola okuwona okusasulwa oba okufiirwa endagaano.Emitengo egimu gireme okulemererwa okukola endagaano, naye emirala tegirina. Abakola emirimu ba yunivasite balina okukebera n'obwegendereza obuyinza bwa yunivasite okusiba gavumenti era bategeere nti gavumenti eyinza okuziyiza okulwanyisa endagaano ne bwe gimala okukolebwa.

fundikira

Enjigiriza ya Immunity Enjigiriza esigalamu ensonga enkulu mu kukkirizisa gavumenti za yunivasite. Wadde nga ziwa obukuumi gavumenti bwe zikola, okuwakana mu by'amateeka n'okukyusa enkyukakyuka byeyongera mu mateeka, ebisobozesa abantu okunoonya obwenkanya kutuuka ku ddembe lyabwe. Ekkubo erisobozesa yunivasite okuvunaanibwa mu nsonga lya gavumenti okuba ntono era nga y'ebalirira ddala mu nsonga eza bulijjo, nga yetaagisa okwekenneenya etteeka eriri mu mateeka, ekireetera gavumenti okuteekawo emitindo egigobeesaawo, n'obuweeyambi obw'eyambi obw'enkanankanankanankana wansi w' .Exp Young

Enzijanjaba z'eby'obuyigirize obwa waggulu bwe zigenda ziyongera, obusosoze wakati w'obukulembeze n'enkizo z'abantu kinnoomu bujja kweyongera.Attikiti, bayizi, n'abakozi balina okubeera nga bamanyiddwa ku mateeka agakwata ku nsonga ezizingirwamu n'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa ku mateeka. Mu nkomerero, enjigiriza ey'okuziyiza obulyi bw'ebizingirwamu tetegeerekeka bulungi.

[[NKULA] Okusobola okwongera okusoma, kookerera ebiwandiikiddwa Evension ku k'ebitundu ebitongole ekikola ku by'empewo eby'amateeka ebitegekebwa mu Cornell Leginformation Institute, okuzuula obutundutundu bw'empandika ey'okwetongodde okuva ku [.S. Ekitongole ekya Kkookeromenti[[FLT:]]] era n'ongera okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikyungiddwawo ku Kkooti enkulu [FLT:]]