Ebyafaayo Ebiba Bigobereddwa

Endowooza ekwata ku nkola esaanira teyatandikawo mu bujjuvu mu Constitution mu Amerika; yatandikawo okumala ebyasa bingi nga balwanirira amateeka n'enfumo. Ebigambo ebyayo ebyasooka kulabika mu [[FL:0] Magna Carta [1215] [1215], gye yakkiriza nti tewali muntu yenna ow'eddembe ayinza okusibibwa mu bintu bye “kulekawo olw'okusalira banne omusango oba olw'amateeka g'ensi. Ekiragiro kino kyatandika okusimba ensigo gavumenti gye eteekwa okusibibwa n'amateeka. Ekiseera bwe kigenda kiyitawo, amateeka ga Bungereza gaakulaakulaakulanyizibwa enkola ng'eyo ey'okugenda mu kikolo, n'ensonga eya ddyo ey'okuwulira obujulizi, n'okusalawo okugaawula mu ngeri ey'okufuga. Abannamerika bwe bawakanya obufuzi obwo, baayogera ku mateeka ag'omutindo ogumu. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekitongole ekimanyiddwa mu mateeka ekipya, ekisobozesa okumanyibwa mu nkola y'okufuga enne. Era, engeri y'okumanyisa okumanyisa obulungi ey'okufuga okwo, eyinza okusobozesa okusobozesa

Okunokolayo Enkola Egeetaagibwa: Ebibumbe Bibiri

Emirimu gitera okugattibwa mu biti bibiri, nga buli kimu kikuuma eddembe ly’omuntu.

Tekisobose omulimu ogubindabinda

Empandika enoonya ebisaanyizo by'okutuukirizibwa kw'ebigendererwa by'omulimu ebuuza [ mu ngeri ki '[FLT] gavumenti gy'ekola nga emalako omuntu obulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu. Kyetaagisa enkola ez'obwenkanya: enkeebudde ez'amaanyi, omukisa okuwulirwa mu maaso g'oyo agisalirawo atali musosoze omu, era n'okusalawo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti bw'eba nga tennalekawo ddembe kuggya ddembe lya bazadde, eteekwa okutegeeza ekifo we kiyinza okuwa obujulirwa, oba okuwakanya ensonga z'eggwanga. Kkooti enkulu ey'eggwanga ereese okugezesa ebigezo mu Matherity. V.[FLT][FLD]] Kino kiyinza okusobozesa omuteesiteesi w'akabonerowo akawumpulirimu okumanyisaamu, okukebera ebiba ebiba ku ku ku nsonga, n'okukyusawoosebwa, n'okukakasa ensonga eziba ebiba ebibakuusibwamu, n'okugo n'okugoberebwa obu

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteetera Okukolebwa

Kkooti enkulu ewagidde enkola z'eggwanga okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'okuyingira mu ntegeka z'omulembe okutali ku mulembe. Ebuuza kiki gavumenti ky'eyinza okukola, si ngeri gye kikikolamu. Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti eddembe ly'okuwasa oba ery'okuyingira mu bufumbo lirina okukuza abaana, era n'eddedde ku ddembe ery'okwefuga k'okufuga k'okuba nga tewali ngeri yonna eyinza kukireetera kusamba kubonerezebwa kwekuusa kwabwe. Omukolo guno guyinza okuleetawo enkaayanyi, ne kyawula emisango egikwata ku obanga 'buteerezi oba nga tegweyagaliddemu eddembe.' ebibi bibiri ebikolebwa bisangibwa mu ngeri y'emu.[5] Obufunze:[5] era n'oseetuka olw'omuteeyagala:[5] Obufunze mu ngeri y'obufunze. Obufunze:[5] Obufunze:[5]

Enteekateeka y’Etteeka

Olukiiko olukulu olw'ebitundu eby'okubiri lugamba: “Tewali muntu n'omu... ajja kufiirwa bulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu nga taweereddwa mateeka.” Olulimi luno lwasooka kukozesebwa ku gavumenti y'eggwanga. Oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo 1, olufulumya olw'ekkumi n'ena, oluwereddemu ekiragiro kye kimu ne kiddiza mu mateeka: ‘ Omuntu yenna teriba na muntu yenna alimalako bulamu, ddembe, oba ekintu nga tasoose kuweebwa mateeka. ’ [FLL:] Ekiralagiro eky'okubiri eky'etteeka lya 145C [D [D] era kikakasa nti “obukuumi bw'amateeka, agatera okuba nga gamu nago, agakola mu nkola y'emu mu ngeri y'okuziyiza okusosola. Mu kyasa ekya 20, kkooti enkulu enzivumidde ennene zaafugenyi enneeyambisibwa mu ku ku ku ddembe lya Bill-gne, nga bwe liba ku ku ku ku kulabula kwanjula, era ne ku ku nsonga ezisinzibwa mu kkooti ezisinzibwa mu kkooti ezisukka mu kiro ezigamba okugo. Ek'okubiri, Suppeethe,

Ekikolwa eky’Okutaano eky’Okulongoosebwa

Ng'oggyeko ennukuta ekyetaagisa okutereeza ebigambo, omutemwa gw'ennamba ogw'okutaano gulina obukulembereza obutuufu bw'ekiwandiiko. Omukulu Jury Clause era kyetaagisa abalamuzi abakulu okuvunaana omuntu olw'omusango ogw'amaanyi, nga basooka kumuwa obujulizi obw'okulagirwa okuwozesebwa. [[FLT:] era nga kikkiriza omumenyi w'amateeka okuwawayiriza gavumenti okuvunaanibwa emirundi ebiri olw'omusango ogwo, n'okukwekereza abawayiribwa obutaddamu kutulugulwa. [[FLT:]]

Omukutu ogw’Ekkumi n’Ebiri ogw’Okukyusa Endowooza n’Okutongoza

Olukiiko olwa 144 olw'ebbaluwa olukulu bwe lwakkirizibwa mu 1868, ekigendererwa kyalwo ekikulu kyali okukuuma abaddu abappya okuva ku mateeka g'eggwanga. Naye mu kiseera kitono ebigambo bye byateekebwawo okusobola okuteeka mu nkola eddembe erya bulijjo erina okukozesebwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Gideon v. Wainright (1963),[FLD] [1963], kkooti yakkiriza nti Ekiwandiiko eky'okugobererwa mu mateeka kya Sixth kyatandika okuyisawo ensonga ne kiba nga kikwata ku ku kuyisa ebigezo ebibakwata ku nkola eya 147 Dementi. Mu ngeri y'emu, okusoosa omusango, okuwozesebwa okwanguyizibwa okwanguwa amangu, n'abajulizi abalala bonna bakulembedde mu ngeri y'okukukuuma. Kkookolo ekyo kikwata ku nkola y'okufuga mu n'okufuga mu ngeri ey'obulwonnafunze ey'obuyinza.

Engeri Enkola gy’Egobererwamu: Kkooti

Mu kkooti z'amateeka, omuwawaabirwa ayisibwa nga nnanyini wamu so si nga nnakyewa okuva mu buyinza bw'eggwanga.

Obuvunaanyizibwa bw’Okuwabulwa

Oboolyawo ekitegeeza enkola entuufu ey'ekiragiro ekiragiddwa wano y'egamba nti munnamateeka. Gideon v. Wainwright, kkooti enkulu yasala nti eteekwa okuwa munnamateeka yenna agiwandiikibwa atasobola kugigula. Omugabo guno gusobozesa okuweerera ddala bannamateeka abangi okukwatibwa okuva mu kiseera eky'okunoonyereza. Okubaawo kwa ku magezi kusobozesa okuweerera empakaanyi wakati w'omumenyi w'amateeka ne gavumenti, okukakasa nti empakaalwa z'amateeka ziweebwa mu ngeri entuufu era nti eddembe ly'omuwayizzi likuumibwa.

Okulonda Omusawo Atasosola

Ekitongole eky'omukaaga ekiwerezza ebiwandiiko kikakasa “etteeka eritaba na lusalulu.” era nga n'enteekateeka ekyetaagisa okukinyweza. Mu kulonda abalamuzi, enjuyi zombi zisobola okusoomooza abo ababa balondeddwa okusalira omusango omusango. Omulamuzi ateekwa okukakasa nti akakiiko k'abalamuzi keeyisa mu mulaladuko ogw'omukitundu era nti tewaali mulamuzi avunaanibwa olw'okulangirira nga teri mukyamu. Singa abalamuzi bakyasibyekosebwa, kiba kibeetaagisa okusala omusango ne bateekawo akakiiko akalala.

Nnabawa Obuyinza Obweyagaza

Abalwanirira balina eddembe okutuukirira abawaayiriza oba abajulizi okubalumiriza. Ekirabo kino, okuva mu era kiziyiza obujulizi obw'ekyama era ne kiwa aw'okwerwanako omukisa okulaga nti Abajulirwa bawaanyisa, oba eby'obulimba. Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti ne bwe batabaako bajulizi, ebigambo byabwe tebiyinza kukozesebwa okuggyako nga omuwandiisi alina omukisa okubakwata ku mmusokereza.

Obutuufu bw’Obukakafu n’Obukakasibwa

Wadde ng’abawaabi b’oludda oluwaabi bateekwa okulaga nti bavunaanibwa omusango awatali kubuusabuusa, abo abawozesebwa balina okuba n’omukisa ogw’amaanyi okuwakanya ensonga z’eggwanga.

Ekitangaala eky’Okusaba

Singa omusango guba gumenyese, oyo awayiriziddwa ayinza okujulira mu kkooti esinga obukulu. Wadde nga tewali mateeka ga mateeka okujulira buli musango, buli ggwanga ne gavumenti biwa omukisa waakiri olumu. Mu kujulira, kkooti eddamu okujulira ekebera obanga ensobi eziba zikoleddwa. N'olwekyo, mu ngeri eyo, abakungu bawaabirwa bayinza okutongoza ensonga empya oba okuzizza obujulizi obukyamu.

Obubonero Obukwata ku Misango Egibadde Ggyibwa mu Kkooti Ennyo

Ebyo ebisaliddwawo ku nsonga ezitali zimu biwa ekifaananyi ku ngeri gye bikolamu mu kkooti z’Abamerika.

Miranda n’ekitundu Arizona (1966)

Abapoliisi babadde bagezaako okumala ekiseera kiwanvu nga bawalirizibwa okuwaayiriza. Miranda, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti okusobola okuwummuza obulamu obwa bulijjo, kyetaagisa okukakasibwa ku ddembe lyabwe nga tebannabaako kye basinziirako. Omusango bwe gugamba nti “Mandanda okulabula okusirika, obwa ddyo eri omuwagizi, era n'okulabula kwonna okwabanga kuyinza okukozesebwa ku ggwe. Awatali kulabula kuno, obujulizi bwonna busobola okukakasibwa nti eddembe lyabwe tebulina musango. Kino kiraga nti abafuzi bannagwo okusalako enkola y'okulinda.

Wainwright (1963)

Clarence Earl Gideon yali musajja mwavu eyali avunaanibwa okumenya ekidiba eky'omu Florida. Yasaba kkooti okulonda munnamateeka; gavumenti yagaana kubanga mu kiseera ekyo obwali obwannannyini okuwabula kwaweebwanga mu kkooti bwava ku musango.Gideon yeewolereza era n'asalirwa omusango. Kkooti enkulu yasaanyawo omusango gwe, era n'eraga nti eddembe ery'okuwabula ekiragiro eky'omukaaga lirina okugobererwa mu ggwanga okuyitira mu Amereka.

California (1952)

Abakwasisa amateeka baayingira mu nnyumba ya Rochin, ne bamulaba ng'amira obusawo bubiri, era oluvannyuma ne bamutwala mu ddwaliro gye baateeka olubuto lwe nga tasoose kugoberera by'ayagala. Obutundutundu obwali bukola nga morphine. Kkooti enkulu yagamba nti ekyo “kinyiiza omuntu ow'omunda” era ne kimenya enkola esaanira, wadde nga tewali Bill of Rights yamenyebwa butereevu. Omusango gwatongoza enkola eya gavumenti ey'okunoonyereza eziyiza enkola ez'obukambwe oba ez'obusosoze.

Kelly (1970)

Singa embeera ya New York esooka okuggyawo emiganyulo gy'omuntu eyandiyimiriziddwa, yalina okuwa omuteesi w'ensonga. Kkooti yasalawo nti emiganyulo gy'obulamu bw'abantu b'abantu b'eba nga yeeyambisibwa mu nkola eya Centre Claus era nti abo abagifuna bagwanira okuwulira nga tennabaawo ekiseera kyonna, nga kino kizingiramu okuwa obujulizi, okuwa obujulirwa, n'okuwulirwa mu maaso g'oyo asalawo mu busosoze. Goldberg[

Mathews v. Eldridge (1976)

Okusobola okumanya enkola ekyetaagisa nga gavumenti tennabaako ky'ekolawo, kkooti enkulu yalangirira okukebera kwa bitundu bisatu: okwetaasa kw'abantu okubaako kye kwali nga kwa bwereere, era n'obulema bwa gavumenti. Mathews kati kye kipimo ekiragibwa mu nkola y'okussaawo enkola ey'okufuga n'ey'okufuga ebifa ku bantu, okuva ku miganyulo egiva mu ku kuba omutendekero gwa sipiidi.

Obuzibu Obubaawo mu Kiseera Kino

Wadde ng'emitindo emikulu gisigala nga minywevu, okunoonyereza okw'omu mateeka kulaga obanga omulimu gulina kukolebwa. Ekimu ku bintu ebisoomooza kwe kutandika kwa okugattika obuwagizi obwa. Abawaabi nga 95 ku buli kikumi bamaliriza okusaba, so si kuwozesebwa. Abawaabi bateekwa okulwanirira eddembe lyabwe nga bamanyi era nga bajjuzza eddembe lyabwe erisaanira mu kusalirawo bajulizi, n'edde ku ddembe ery'okusirika obusirisi. Abavumirira bawakanya nti okupikirizibwa okw'amaanyi okw'okukkiriza okusaba (emirundi egisinga bakkirizibwamu n'obuwaabiina obusinga obujulizi) kusobola okuwozesembeesa omusango. Kkooti zigezezzaako okukakasa nti okuwombega okwa kyeyagalire nga kusalibwa mu bujjuvu, ate nga buli nsonga ezisalibwa zirezebwa ziremu zo zo zoosebwawo oba nga ziresebwa.

Ensalo endala ye [[NKULA] steeka erikwata ku kugoba abantu mu nsi endala. Wadde nga okugoba abantu mu nsi kiyinza okubaviirako okugobebwa mu nsi. Kkooti enkulu ewandikiddwako eddembe erisaanira abantu abatali ba mu ggwanga eryo, gamba ng'eddembe okumanya oba okuwulira, naye obukuumi butera okulemererwa okutuukibwako okugezesebwa okw'abamenyi b'amateeka. Abawanguzi bayinza okukkirizibwa okugobebwa mu nsi eyo awatali kutuukiriza buvunaanyizibwa obwamala ebiseera bingi, era mu nsonga ezimu tebaweebwa magezi. Abakuutizi bawakanya ensonga bagamba nti singa emisolo gibaamu okwawukana ku b'ab'omu maka n'abantu, gavumenti esaanidde okuteekawo omutindo ogusingako ogw'okugobeegobererwa.

Obulumbaganyi bw'eggwanga era bukwatagana n'obuyambi obumala. Oluvannyuma lw'obulumbaganyi obunaakolebwa 9, oba 11, gavumenti yateekawo obukiiko bw'abalabe obuwanyi obusobola okuwa abalwanyi abalwanyi abangi ku Guantánamo Bay. Kkooti enkulu mu HAmdi v. Rumsfeld (2004) yakkiriza nti n'omutuuze w'eggwanga w'omu U.S. ateekwa okufuna amabaluwa ageeyitirizi age obutuufu ku nsonga ze zimusibeeko mu maaso g'omufuzi w'ekitongole ekiwandikiro. Kko awatali ku nsonga eno kiraga nti enkola eyinza okuzingirwamu ne mu biseera eby'ekizibu.

Tekinologiya atandika ebibuuzo ebippya. Enkola eya DNA] bujulizi, bulaga nti omuntu ky'amanyidwa, era ]] obwadikkusirwamu [[] mu kusaliriza kireetawo ebireetebwawo ebikwata ku ku ku kulaga obubonero n'obwa ddyo okubuusabuusa obujulizi obwa bulijjo. Singa omuwandise tasobola kuwerebwa ku lukalala lwonnamba lwa ssi lukalala olumu oba okutegeera engeri gye lukolamu. Kkongoolo zitandika okuzuula ebikwata ku nkola eya alwo n'okunoonyereza ku by'obujulizivuzi obwa bulijjo.

Okuyigiriza Okusaanira mu Kibiina

Abasomesa, omulimu ogugenda gukolebwa guwa ensonga enkulu ekwatagana n'amateeka, ebyafaayo, n'ebintu ebibaawo mu kiseera kino. Abasomesa bayinza okufuula abaana ab'ebbeeyi nga bakoppa ebiwandiiko ebiba biwandiikiddwawo nga bakuba obujulizi mu maaso ga kkooti enkulu oba nga balaga omutendera ogw'enjawulo ogw'okugezesa. Ebibuuzo nga byogera ku njawulo eri wakati w'amateeka n'ebisaanyizo ebiba byetaaga biyamba abayizi okutegeera obutuufu n'emitindo emingi egibarimu.

  • [[Akabonero:0]] Ebbeetu za bayizi bali mu kifo kya mulamuzi, olw'oludda oluwaabi, looya, oba olukusa abalamuzi.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Erase ekiwandikiro kikebera olubu olukalala olumu era ne kiwandiisa ebiwandiikiddwa ku kiwandikiro.
  • [[Act:0]] Obukuumi obusembedwa busaanidde kukozesebwa ku basenze? Kiba kitya mu masomero agayigiriza okukangavvula? Omusango gwa kkooti esingayo obukulu Gos v. Lopez (1972)
  • [[NKULA]] Kyogera ku bintu ebiriwo kati: Engero z'amawulire nga ziraga nti obumenyi bw'amateeka buteekwa okumenyebwa (um'okugeza, okusibibwa mu kkomera, oba programu ezikwata ku by'obwannannyini) era n'okubaganya obanga enkola ezikoleddwa zituukana n'emitindo gya mateeka.

Nga bakozesa enkalala nga `/' awateekebwa ebiwandike ebikulu'.' Kino kisobozesa ebiwandiikiddwa mu mpandika eya Gavumenti ey'okutaano n'ey'ekkumi n'ena, endowooza ezisinga obungi eziri mu Maranda[ era ne Gideon[[, oba ne ku ebyo ebisooka Magna Carta] ebiwandibwa abayizi abasobola okugattibwa mu butereevu n'olulimi. Eby'obugagga bingi bisangibwa okuva ku Kitongole ky'Ebyamateeka ekimanyibwa era ne [[FLT:] Eproct:].

fundikira

Ekiragiro kino kiwa obukakafu nti gavumenti teyinza kwesalirawo buwa buwa buwagizi. Mu kkooti, enkola esobozesa buli omu atwalibwa okufuna amawulire ageesigika, omukozi w'amateeka atalina musango, n'omuteesi atali musosoze. Kyokka, okuva ensibuko yaagyeko mu Magna Carta mu kiseera eky'edda n'enkola zaayo ezitongole ebigikwata ku bantu abangi, era n'eb'enkola za dipulogulamu ezikolebwako mu kiseera kino, omusingi guno gukukakasa nti buli muwaabibwa tayinza kwesalirawo bulamu, oba ebintu awatali mateeka. Mu kuyigiriza n'okutegeera emisingi gino, abayizi n'abatuuze abatuuze, buli omu ayinza okumanyibwa mu ngeri y'enkola esaanira. Kyokka, obweyawuwo obwenyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanya, obwetikyufu.