Enteekateeka y'obwenkanya mu Amerika eri ku lukalala lw'amateeka agafuga amateeka agakugira buli muntu okunenyezebwa gavumenti era n'okukakasa nti buli muntu ayisibwa bulungi wansi w'amateeka. Obusobozi buno si bintu ebiteeberezebwa; bukuumi busobola okukwasibwa era nga bukola ku ngeri abapoliisi, abawoze, abalamuzi, n'abasomesa gye bagobereraamu. Abayizi n'abasomesa bwe bafaananya eddembe lino ery'enkwasisa, okusobola okutegeera amateeka, obuvunaanyizibwa bw'eggwanga, n'okulwanirira obwenkanya. Ekitundu kino kiwandisizza essira ku ddembe ekkulu erikuuma abantu abali mu nkola y'obwenkanya bw'ensi mu Amerika, okukebera ebiwandiiko byabwe, n'ennyinyonnyonnyo.

Eddembe ly’Etteeka Eryali mu Buwandiike

Ekiragiro kino kyassaawo sistemu ya gavumenti y'ensi eyo mu 1787 naye nga kirimu obukuumi butono nnyo ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Okusobola okugonjoola omuwaatwa guno, Consell of Rights, Conseil yawaanya okutereeza ebizingirwamu. Bino bye bikoma ku kukugira buyinza bwa gavumenti y'ensi mu 1791. Okussaawo okuwera okwo kulina obunene obwa kenne mu skumi, eky'omukaaga, ne eky'ekkumi n'eky'omusanwe, ebireeteebiri nga bireese enteekateeka ey'okufuga mu ngeri etegekebwawo. Oluvannyuma, Amereka obwa bulijjo bugaziya obungi ku buttuukirivuukiriziddwa eri gavumenti z'omuti nga zinnaavumba. Mu kiseera bwe kiyitawo, Kkootikko kya Ssenseteesa okutwalira awamu, enteko obweewo mu mateeka ga Bill, amakulu gaamu mu ggwanga lya United States.

Okukyusa Amateeka n’Obukuumi Bwago

Wadde nga ekitabo ekiyitibwa Bill of Rights kirimu ebitundu bingi, waliwo enkyukakyuka eziwerako ezikoleddwa mu nkola y’amateeka.

Omutemezo gw’Okusooka

  • [[AKM:0] Eddembe ly'okwogera, eddiini, ebikuba mu mpapula z'amawulire, ebitegeke, n'ebyo ebisabibwa. Eddembe lino likkiriza abantu okuvumirira etteeka lya gavumenti, okulanga obuwagizi ku nkyukakyuka mu by'amateeka, era n'okuwakanya mu lujjudde obutali bwenkanya obulowoozebwa.

Okugattika Ekibi n’Ekyokubiri

  • Kino kiyamba okukugira obukwafu obutakwata ku mbeera ez'ekika kya bulumi oba obutakasanya. Okulagira ku mateeka kuteekwa okufuna akabonero asinziira ku nsonga eziyinza okuba nga zeetaagisa nga tosoose kukebera muntu, amaka oba ekintu, wadde nga wabaawo bingi (e.g., konvumelo, okulabirako, embeera en'enkyukakyuka). Etteeka erya desitootary''ebitundu eby'enjawulo liteekeddwa mu [[FLT:]]Map v. Ohio[1961]]

Okukkaatiriza Okutaano

  • [ Okulabula okw'ekika kya Mirnda okw'omu olulyo okukolebwawo; okukuumibwa okuva ku nkola ey'okwefuga; obusobezi obwakubiri; obusobe obw'emisango emingi; obusobozi obw'ennamba ezitabangawo ku misango egy'empandika. Okulabula okw'ekika kino kukwetaagisa oluvannyuma lw' [Miranda v. Arizona [196]] Enkuumibwa ku kiragiro ekifuga enfuga engeri gavumenti gye eyinza okuggyawo obulamu, oba obusinzira ku bintu.

Enkyusa ey’omukaaga

  • O] Omwenge mu bwangu era n'ogwangu eri abantu okuwozesebwa, lamuzi atasosola, balagula ensonga, okuwakana n'okubuulirira. K'okabonero ku kintu Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963])]

Okulongoosebwa kw’Ensi Omunaana

  • [[KY'OKUKOLA] Okuwa enguzi ezisingako, okusasula enzijanjaba eziyitiridde, era n'okubonerezebwa okw'amaanyi era okw'ekika.[[KYUMENT:1] Kino kifuga buli kimu okuva ku lukalala lw'amakomera okutuuka ku kibonerezo eky'okufa, nga kyetaagisa ekibonerezo ekiba kyenkanankanankana n'obumenyi.

Enkyukakyuka ey’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ennamu

  • [[Act:0] Obukuumi obw'enkukunala n'engeri ey'okutuukirizaamu omulimu ogubindabinda. Kino kikakasibwa oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo ow'omunda, olukalala olw'ekkumi n'enamba lwe kiwandikiro kwe kukozesa ebitongole ebyo okukuuma eddembe ly'obuntu. Ekiwandiiko eky'enkomeredde kikozesebwa ku byuma ebyo. Obukuumi obuli mu ngeri y'emu bwe buko omusingi gwa Brown v. Agoobood Kkopi ey'Enjigiriza [1954]]

Omutemu gw’Etteeka gukola ki ku nkola y’Obwenkanya?

Ng'oggyeko okukuuma olulimi lw'eby'obufuzi abantu aba bulijjo, oluweredde olusooka lulina kinene kye lukola mu nkola y'obwenkanya. Olukiiko olusooka lusobozesa abantu okuvumirira ensala z'amateeka, okusemba enkyukakyuka mu mateeka, era n'okutandikawo ebiragirwa nga bawakanya ebiwandiiko ebikyamu. Kkooti enkulu ekuumye ebigambo ebirumya oba ebikyayibwa, ebisibye mu . Johnson[FL:1] [19] [19] (199]) olukozesebwa okusiba empigibwa nga ngeri y'olulimi olw'akabonero. Era bateeka obwesige ku kkomo erisooka okutegeeza ebigezo ebibamenyeddwawo, okukakasa oba okuvunaanibwa mu lujjudde. Wadde nga n'ensonga esobola okukuŋŋaana, kkooti zimanyisa ekiseera, ekifo, n'okukugira ebibagirwa, n'okutebesabikkuusibwako. Okugoonya okwo ku nsonga enkulu tekukuuma okuziganya okw'olulimi lw'olulimi lwo "ng'olulimi olutuufu, ate nga luba luba luba lwa waggulu, olwo olwo

Okwekuuma Okunoonyereza okw’Obusiru: Ekiwandiiko eky’Okuna eky’Okufuga Emirimu Kiragiddwa mu Ngeri Ennyo

Ekikolwa kino kiyinza okulagira omujulirwa okufuna ebbaluwa okuva eri kamasitiriti awatali kubaako ky'asalawo. Obudde obwo okusobola okubumanya, kiba kyetaagisa okuseesa ekigenda mu maaso. Kkooti okusingira ddala eteekwa okunnyonnyola ekifo eky'okunoonyezebwa n'ebintu eby'okukwatibwa. Naye, okusobola okukikuuma n'okukikuuma n'okukwatibwa mu ngeri ey'ekyamakulu. [[FLT:] mu lukalala][FL:][25]. [[FLT:] [1968] [1968]], Kkooti ekkiriza obujulirwamu n'endwadde nga yeyakwate okugwa mu nsonga eziteesa. [[FL:] era ne mu bujulirwamu obujulizi obunoonya mu ngeri eyinza okukireetera obujulirwamu okuziganya oba okukebera ebibamba ebiddukanyalala. [1945] Kkompolaagirome, obusooka, obujulizi mu bukireetera obutuufu obutuufu bw'obujulizi obwa bulijjo obutuufu obuva mu nsonga enkulu ennyo okukiikibwa mu nsonga ezinoonya obu

Entegeka era n’Omutemu ogw’Okutaano: Ebiziyiza Okuvuganya n’Obutali Bwenkanya

Mu Amereka ey'okutaano mulimu obukuumi obulaga nti obwenkanya bukola bulungi. Ekiragiro kino kigaana gavumenti okuggyako omuntu yenna obulamu, eddembe, oba ekintu awatali ngeri ya bwenkanya. Kino kitegeeza nti abawandiisi balina okuweebwa amabaluwa ge baba bavunaanibwa, omukisa okuwulirwa, n'okusala omusango ku nsonga. Mu nnyiriri eziriraanyewo, omumenyi w'amateeka era alina okuwozesa obujulizi ([Brady v. Maryland , 1963).

Enkizo ey'okwewala okusosola kitegeeza nti tewali muntu “akakasibwa okuwa obujulirwa ku mumenyi w'amateeka.” Etteeka lino litwaliramu poliisi okubuuza ebibuuzo, era okulabula okwa bulijjo eriyitibwa Miranda (“Olina eddembe okusirika...”). Singa abasirikale tebawabula abo abeekebuuka, ebigambo ebiba biwereddwa biyinza okuzibwa. Okugattako, akabenje ak'emirundi ebiri kayinza okulemesa omuntu okugezesebwa olw'ekibi kye kimu emirundi ebiri oluvannyuma lw'okuvunaanibwa oba okuvunaanibwa obukyasigibwa. Mu nkomerero, ekitongole ekitongole ekikola ekyo kiba kikwetaagisa omuwombe eky'okutaano okuzza omusango ogw'amaanyi oguvunaanibwa.[2]

Eddembe ly’Okusalira Omusango Omulungi: Etteeka ery’omukaaga Likakasa

Ekiwandiiko ky’Olukiiko olw’omukaaga olw’Amerika kiwa obukakafu obulaga nti okuwozesa omuntu kusaanidde era nti buli omu alina okuba ng’asinziira ku ngeri gye yayisibwamu.

Obuvunaanyizibwa bw’Okuwabulwa

Ekiragiro kino kyakolebwawo okussaawo enkola eya kugattibwa ku gavumenti nga kyetaagisa okuwabula abawayiriziddwa. Gideon v. Wainwright (63) Kino kyasobozesa enkyuuka ez'enjawulo okwegatta ku nkola ez'okukidduuka, nga z'okukiikirirako abawayiriziddwa. Enkola ezo zikkirizibwa okuzikkiriza okuzigobererwa singa okuwabula kw'okwerinda tekugudde mu mateeka. Obubonero obwo bulaga nti enkola ya gavumenti egoberera enkola ya bannayo tekulongoosebwa bulungi.[[FLT:]Sricklands v., 1984]

Okutwalibwa mu Kigezo eky’Amangu era eky’Enguudo

Kkooti enkulu ekozesa ekigezo okumanya obanga eddembe ly'obwannannyini lyonoonyi limenyeddwa, era elaba nti omuwawaabirwa atuuse ekiseera kiwanvu n'okusalawo ekituufu. Ennamba z'abantu zikakasa nti omuntu ayolesebwa, era nti abantu bakyayinza okuteeka obwesige mu bantu, wadde nga kkooti ziyinza okukomya ensonga mu mbeera ntono.

Okusalawo mu Buwangwa n’Omukago Omutasosola

Abawanguzi balina eddembe okuba n'omusango nga basinziira ku bavubuka bannaabwe abatasosola, abalondeddwa mu nkola egaana balamuzi ku nsonga ze baba bavunaanibwa era ne bakkirizibwa okuziggyawo. Akakiiko kalina okukikkiriza okukiikirira omusalabaane ogw'omusaalaba. Ekiragiro kikkiriza abawandiisi okubawa obujulizi obubavunaanibwa. Singa omujulizi tabaawo nga bawozesebwa, ebigambo byabwe eby'olubereberye bibeera tebikkirizibwa okuggyako nga omuwaayiriziddwa yafuna omukisa ogw'okunoonyereza ku misaalaba.

Nga bali wamu, eddembe lino ery’omukaaga likola ebbowaabi eriwakanya enzikiriza eziteekusiddwa oba ezikolebwa mu kyama, era liteeka emigugu emizito ku gavumenti okulaga nti evunaanibwa.

Obukuumi mu Ngeri ey’Obukambwe n’Eky’Ekyamagero: Okulongoosebwa kw’Ensi Omunaana

Ekitongole eky'omu makomera kigaana ebbaaso, ettuluba esukkiridde, era n'ekibonerezo ekitali kya bulijjo. “olubonero n'ebigambo” bireesewo okutaputa okwa Court Supper okunene, naddala ku bikwata ku biragiro n'embeera z'ekkomera. [[[FL:0] Furman v. Georgia[[[[FLT:]]][12]], Kkooti yasobola okubonereza ebiragiro ebippya, naye n'esalawo n'empala, eyinza okuzuula etteeka eriba limu. Abantu abamu bategeera ebireeteebuzi oba ebikongojjerwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. [FFFFFON][5][5] era nga teriwo emirundi mingi:[5]

Bwe kiba nga kyasalibwawo dda ogw'okufa, okutereezebwa okw'omunaana kwe kufuga engeri y'okusibibwa mu kkomera.

Emiganyulo Egiri mu Kkkomero ly’Etteeka ku Kyenkanya ne ku Sosayate

Obusobozi bw'amateeka si kwe kuleeta bukuumi mu ngeri ey'enjawulo; bukyusa bulungi nnyo obulamu bw'abantu mu Amereka. Olukiiko lwa Warren Court (1953-1969) olugaziya ennyo eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu okuyitira mu kutandikawo Bill of Rights, okukyusa enkola z'amateeka. Entegeka z'obuwangwa bw'abantu zeesigama nnyo ku ddembe ly'okuteekawo olukalala olw'entegeka n'okukakasibwa okuwakanya enzikkiriza entegeka z'enkola za gavumenti okukkirizibwa, era n'okuteesa n'okusoomooza ku ddembe ery'okugobererwa mu Amereka okuziganya, era n'okuteesa kw'abalagizigi n'okukwata ku ngeri y'okwekuuma obubeenkanankanankanankanankanankanankana. Ek'okuteesa n'okuteesa n'okufuga, era n'okunenya oba okumenya emitindo gy'enna ey'enna ey'okugoba enzigere ku kufa.

Okutegeera eddembe lino kiyamba abatuuze okumanya bwe liba limenyeddwa era bwe liba limenyese, era nga balina n'okwenyigira mu kukyusa enkola y'obwenkanya.

Enjigiriza Ze Zisobozesa Okutegeera Okusingawo

Abayigiriza n’abayizi abaagala okunoonyereza ku ddembe ly’amateeka bayinza okufuna eby’obugagga bingi okusinga ebitabo eby’enzikiriza.

  • [[Act:0]] Ebiwandiiko eby'omu bujjuvu ebya [[Act:1] BY'Ebigambo ebya '[[KITONDERWA]] BYA DGUUMENTI [[[FOLT:3] bisangibwa mu Tterekero ly'Etterekero ly'eggwanga. [ Ebiwandiiko ebya KKOOTI [[Akalute:]] [K'ENKUBA][AWATANDIKA]] Biwandikkulibwa ebiterekebwa ebiterekebwa.] Ebiwandiddwa mu kkooti y'etwalidwamu biwanulira eby'ennukuta.
  • [[NKUMBO:0]] Obuterekero bw'amateeka obw'ekika kya soketi:[[[NKUMBO:1] project Kano kawayirako agumenti ez'ennyimbo, enfunze, n'ennyinnyonnyola ez'ennukuta ez'ennukuta ez'ennamba ezigoberera enkola zaayo eziriwo mu mpandikaagiro, nga [[[FLT:]]Marnada[, Gideon, ne
  • [[AKYONGERA:0] Ebibiina eby'enjigiriza ez'ekika kya Abiviko:[[[KATANDIKA:1] [[KITABO]] American Library Association Biwa obulagirizi ku ddembe ly'abayige, ng'ate [ 'ACLU' Okumanya Entegeka Yo [[ olupapula olukozesebwa okutegeera ebikwata ku nkola za poliisi n'enkola za kkooti.
  • '[[NKULU]] Akawayiro kano tekakola: Weburuwa (yasisitebwa omuteesi wa webuyutaafu Sandra Day O’Connor) Kano kakola nga emizannyo egibeera ku mukutu ogwa Intaneeti era nga gigoberera enkola y'okugezesa ebiba biwandikiddwako.
  • [[AWULA:0] Obubonero obwa pulojekiti ne firidi:[[FULT:1] Firimu nga [[KITABO:2]] Gedion’s Geok [[[OKATANDIKA:3], Park ey'omu Ssekukkulu [, ne 1313 Kino kikebera ebifa ku n'obusobozi obwa bulijjo.
  • Enteekateeka z'okugezesa ebikolebwa ku puligaafissi: Ebitongole bya gavumenti bingi biwagira enkola ez'okuvuganya wakati ne siniya singa abayizi batandika okugezaako okuteebereza engeri gye kiyinza okukolebwamu nga bagoberera emisingi gya tteeka nga baliko be basinziira ku buyinza.

Bwe beenyigira mu bintu ebyo, abayizi bakwata bukwasi ensonga ne balyoka bategeera bulungi amateeka kwe gatambulira, era ne bategeera ensonga lwaki kikulu okukwata.

fundikira

Obusobozi bw'amateeka businziira ku kukuuma buli muntu kinnoomu mu nkola y'amateeka mu Amerika. Okuva ku ndagaano ey'okufuga mu Amereka ey'okuteekawo olukalala ku mateeka okusobola okubonereza n'empalana ey'amaanyi, enteekateeka zino zikakasa nti gavumenti teyinza kukozesa buyinza bwayo. Bakakaatika amateeka okukaka buli muwaabi asibibwa, okukaka buli munnamateeka, okwetaaza okugezesebwa okw'obwenkanya, n'okukukuuma obutakwatibwa. Wadde nga okutaasa obusobozi obwo butuukiriza byonna ebisalibwawo kkooti, ekigendererwa kyabwe ekikulu kisigala nga kikukuuma ekitiibwa ky'abantu era nga bafuga amateeka. Abayizi n'abayigiriza okutegeera obutuufu obwo si kusoma buyigirize obwa bulijjo. Omuntu ategeezebwa buli muntu, buli lunaku.