Obukulembeze bw’Eby’Amateeka: Bufuga

Ebibiina ebifuga amateeka byesigamizibwa ku mateeka agaayisibwa Congress, enkola emanyiddwa nga entegeka y'abafuzi. Munsi ya ssemateeka wa Amereka, Consert ewa obuyinza okussaawo amateeka, naye enkola ey'amaanyi mu mateeka ag'omulembe guno.[1] Ebibiina ebyo biggya ku nkola y'obukuumi bw'eddagala ne biggya ku bukakafu obuva ku nkola y'eddagala. Bwe kityo, Akakiiko kassaawo amateeka agasobozesa abafuzi okuteeka mu nkola amateeka mu nkola y'amateeka. Ababaka bano si banywevu; enfugezo zeetaaga okukola mu nsalo eziteekeddwawo mu mateeka g'ebyuma, era n'ebikolwa byabwe bisengeke mu ngeri y'okunoonyereza mu nteekateeka z'eby'amateeka ebikolebwa mu ngeri eyo ey'obwengula, era n'okulagira okufulumyawo n'okulagira obutongole. produrancesting Actives Actives of the Regigisterers (AF.) era n'enkola mu nkola y'enkola y'enkukkiriza mu nkola eyo ey'enkufulumya y'enkufulumya y

Ku kusalawo kwa Kkooti ey'omu 1984 mu Chavevron U.S.A. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. era yanyweza ekifo ky'obukiiko mu kunnyonnyola amateeka. Mu kusalawo [[FLL:2]] Chrovron [[[[FLLT:3]] Enjigiriza, enkiiko ezissa essira ku n'empalo z'ekitongole ewandikiddwawo olukalala, singa Konqueror tezoogerera butereevu ensonga eziziwandikibwawo, singa Konquisi teyogerera ddala mu nsonga ezigo ezigobera ddala amateeka. Ekyo kye kisalawo okusobozesa obukiiko obukola entegeka obulungi okuzikwata ku mateeka. Abasekererezaanyi abo abagooza ensonga ezo okuzikulembera obugobeeyisa mu n'enkola y'eby'obukujjukanya obuyinza okugo mu n'enkola y'enkola y'amateeka.

Okutegeera omusingi guno ogw'amateeka kikulu nnyo okutegeera engeri ebitongole gye bifugamu enkyuuka z'amateeka. Olw'okuba abatongole bamanya ebintu eby'omunda era nga basobola okuwa amateeka agakwata ku mateeka, abateesiteesi batera okugeegeka okusobola okufuna obulagirizi mu ngeri y'okukwasisa amateeka. Era, bagoberera enkola era bagoberera enkola za bannaago [[[FLT:]] ezikola ku mateeka, ebiweremerera, ebigasa, n'ebivaamu ebiteeso.

Engeri Enteekateeka gye Ziyinza Okugobererwamu: Okugukola mu Bulungi n’Ekiteeberezebwa

Ebitongole ebikola ku nkola y'amateeka biyamba okuteekawo enkola y'okussaawo amateeka n'enkola ez'enkalakkalira. Ekintu ekisingayo okulabika kwe kuba nti ebitongole bikolera ku nkola y'amateeka mu nkola y'enkola y'amateeka mu APA. Ekitongole bwe kifulumya etteeka eriteerekebwa mu mateeka ne mu nkola za gavumenti. Ebigambo bino bitera kuva ku b'ebitundu bya Congress, gavumenti, ebibiina by'amakolero, ne ebibiina by'obuteempanisitikitikitiki. Ebiruubirirwa bisobola okubikkula ensobi ez'amaanyi oba ebiteeteeka mu nkola y'ekitongole ekyo. Singa ekibiina kizuula ekyo ne kizuula nti ekikisobozesa obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza obw'okugo, ne kiyinza okugattira ku nkola endala ey'okugikolako.

Mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, ebitongole biwagidde buyambi bwa ' obuwagizi obwa bulijjo. Buli kitongole kikuuma obukiiko obukola ku nsonga z'abateesiteesi ne bannassaawala. Abakugu mu nkola bawa bujulizi ku bujulizi obulaga ebikwata ku nkola za gavumenti n'obusobozi bw'ebiyinza okuzigonjoola. Obujulizi buno bukola ku ku ndowooza eziba ziteekeddwa mu kutegeka ekibanja. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Congresssion bwe yatwala ekkomo eriba n'obukuumibwa bwa glusuku, Evenctionment Agement Agement (EPA) buwandiking'okusobozesa okussaawo obujulizi obw'enjawulo obulaga ebizingirwa mu ku nkola ez'okunoonyereza eby'eby'eby'obuterekero.

Ng'oggyeko empuliziganya wakati w'abantu kinnoomu, ebitongole era byenyigira mu ntegeka nga bikolagana n'ebibiina nga bikozesa Office of Management and Baltary (OMB) ne White House Office of Information and Regural Affairs (OIRA). Okuyitira mu mikutu gino, abakwasisa bamanya bye batwala nga bikwatagana n'ebyo ebikulembezebwa gavumenti, ebisobola okusobozesa okutegeka ebitongole ebikola ku ku ku kkaluubirwamu.

Engeri Ezisinga Obulungi ez’Okugoberera

  • [[AKM:0] Obukugu n'okwekenneenya ebikwata ku nnono: Ekiragiro kino kiwandika okunoonyereza okwakolebwa bannasayansi, okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'eby'enfuna, n'okuteekawo enkola eziyinza okukozesebwa mu kussaawo enkola eza gavumenti.
  • [[AKM:0] Appliisi era n'okukebera: Abakungu ba kibiina kya Senema balengera mu bukiiko obukola ku ntegeka, nga baddamu ebibuuzo era nga bawa obulagirizi ku biragiro ebyateebwa.
  • [[Akatundu] Okuzza ebigambo ku mpandiika y'amasandisi:[ Emirundi mingi, bannamateeka n'abakugu mu nkola bakola olukalala lw'amasandisi agatali gamu, oluvannyuma ne batandika okuteekawo amateeka agafuga engeri y'okukwatamu amabangi g'amasawo.
  • [[NKULA]] Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga kye kisobozesa amateeka okugobererwa:[ Akakwakkuliro bwe kaleetawo etteeka erireetawo okukaayana, Consert eyinza okuyisa etteeka okusiimula, okukyusiza oba okusemba ekiragiro nga "/'.' Kino kitegeeza nti ekitongole kisimbye obukwasiddwa omulimu gwa mateeka butereevu.
  • [[Act:0] Ekiragiro kino kiyamba okulonda ebikolebwa mu kifo eky'okukikoleramu okuwakana n'okulayirira: Ekiragiro kya mampuku ne kampuni ezisobozesa abantu okuwulira, enzigi, n'enkola ez'enjawulo okukola. Bino bisobola okuleetera ekitongole okussaawo amateeka okugooleka.

Okunoonyereza ku Buzibu mu Bulagirizi

Agency y’Enkuumi n’Emitego gy’Empewo Egirongoofu

EPA ewa eky'okunoonyereza ku ebyo ebiva ku nkola y'ekitongole ekitegeka amateeka mu kifo eky'okuteekawo amateeka. Congress bwe yakyusa ekitongole kya CAA mu 1970, 1977, ne 1990, EPA yawa ebiwandiiko bya sayansi ku ngeri gye kiyinza okukosaamu obulamu bw'abantu nga sulfor dioxide, nitrogen . projectives. Mu 1990, ekitongole kyanoonyereza ku nkolagana wakati w'obusosoze obw'empewo n'empewo kyawagira butereevu okukolebwa kw'obw'ekiko kya [FL:0] Nationalal Ambfient Securety Sces (NAQS) akawayiro akaleetera ekiragiro okuteeka mu nkola eya 1990 empewo eya asidi n'empula okuteeka mu nkola y'obusooteempukufu, era ne mu nteekateeka y'eby'eby'enfuna ebya EPA byayoleka obusuuka obutuufu bw'omukerootheri nga bisobola okusobozesa okusala mu mu ngeri ey'ennyonyitoma y'entulo eya bulijjo.

Gye buvuddeko awo, EPA ewagidde okussaawo amateeka agafuga omukka ogutenseni ensi. Wadde nga ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde ekoleddwa ku sistemu y'eggwanga, ekitongole kino kitandise okussaawo enkyuuka y'obudde mu 2009 era nga kiyisiddwa mu kitongole kya CAA kyakaka ensonga eyo okussaawo amateeka agakwata ku nkola enzijanjaba y'amateeka nga kifundikira nti carbon dioxide eteeka obulamu bw'abantu mu kabi. Mu ngeri eyo, ebbanja eziwerako zireeteddwawo oba ziko obuyinza EPA okutegeka omukka ogw'ekikongo kya graasi, kiraga engeri obuko kaweefube omu ku by'okukubagattirawo ekiwandikiro gye kiyinza okusobozesamu okuwakana enzikkiriza okuzzaamu.

Ekitongole Ekikola ku by’Endya n’Emirimu n’Ekirabo eky'Okugaba Emmere

Food Safety Security Act (FSMA)] ekiwandiikiddwa mu mateeka mu 2011, kitegeeza okulongoosebwa kw'eby'emmere mu bitundu eby'emyaka. Amateeka gaalekerawo okukola ekiteeso okukugira okukosebwa. FDA yakola kinene mu kusengeka FSMA nga eteeka essira ku ku kumanya ebikwata ku ku kwatuka, okusengeka ebbeesa ebbeesaawo, era n'okusemba ebiragiro ebikuziyiza okutangizibwa kw'emmere mu bavubibiga, n'okubuganya n'abatambuzi b'abatambuzi. Nga tewandikiddwawo mu by'emmere ebikolebwamu mu mateeka. Era, ekitongole ekitongole ekyo kyatandika okunnyonnyola mu lulimi olupya olugattifu ku [FFB:] ne ku PLAtemplet-S, ebitongole ebikola ebirongoosebwa mu bungi obwa 'SCheednerty'.[3][FF][FF]

Ekiragiro kino tekikoma ku kuteekako n'ebigambo. Mu mpandika ya FDA, eteekwa okuteekawo amateeka okuteeka mu nkola amateeka, era n'amateeka ago gatera okukola ku byetaasa ebireetebwa ebigguddwawo akakiiko akaaw'okussaawo akakiiko akaawulu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, FDA bwe yawa obulagirizi FDA okukola programu esobozesa abalaguzi okukebera ebitundu eby'okusatu, ekitongole kyakozesa enkola ey'okunnyonnyola emitindo egikwata ku biyingizibwa, okukebera obungi, n'okutegeeza ebisaanyizo bye balina. Mu ngeri eno, FDA yanyweza ebiwandiiko eby'enkola enfuze nga bigoberera amateeka agakola ku n'okutereeza ebifaanaganyi.

Okuteesa kw’Abakungu n’Obutali Bumu mu Kibiina

Ekitongole ekigendera ku nnyimba z'obuwangwa (FCC) kibadde mu kifo awatakkirizibwamu ku nsonga z'obuwagizi okuva mu matwale 2000. Mu 2010, 'FC' yatandika okussaawo olukalala lwa Internet. ', olukubaamu olukalala ng'olwogerwa wansi wa mutwe gw'obukulembeze bwa Ssomero. Ekiragiro ekiragiro bwe kyagoondebwa mu lukiiko, D.C. VRIZIN]VC][20], olukiteekamu ensengeka ng'oludda olugazi, ng'oludda oluba nga lukozesebwa mu nteekateeka enkulu ey'okukwata eby'okugattira, naye olumu olumu mu n'omulembelo wa FCCC'ebuvunna. Wadde nga wataddewo akakiiko k'omulembe mu n'omuyaga mu n'omuyaga mu n'omuyaga mu kifo kya 2015, nga kiwandikiddwamu ekiragiro ekiwandimu nga kiwagibwamu nga kiwandikiddwa mu kifo eky'omuti, nga kiwagigi

Ekyokulabirako kya FCC kiraga engeri abakulembeze gye bayinza okukubirizaamu enkola ey'okussaawo amateeka nga bakozesa obuyinza bwabwe.

Obuvunaanyizibwa n’Enkyukakyuka mu by’Enfuna

Oluvannyuma lw'obuzibu bw'eby'enfuna mu 2008, Securence and Exchange Commission (SEC) yayamba nnyo mu kutereeza Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation ne Consumer Protection Act mu 2010. Ekiragiro ekya SSEC kyateekako alipoota ezikwata ku bukwasiro mu kabusuubuzi, okulemererwa n'obusobozi bw'eby'okuteeka ssente mu k'enguzi. Okusinziira ku by'akerowo, Dodd-Fractive Active Activess by'om, amateeka agakkiriza abasuubuzi okuwandisa ebitongole ebigaba ebibaliraawula ssente, n'okubitonderwamu ebitongole ebikola ebibibibiina ebibibibikyungiddwa okuzza obuterekebwa ku by'omululu.[FLT:] procentierces .[FFF3]] mu N'existem'erric'esooso . proric'erl Lea

Okuva ku kya 'Dodd-Frank', ekiwandikiro kya SEC kyeyongere okussaawo amateeka g'eby'ensimbi nga kiwa alipoota z'omwaka ku mirimu gyayo era nga kissaawo n'amateeka agakubiriza abakwana ku kiwandiiko kino okukiddamu wansi wa Confortalial Review Act [CRA]. Okugeza, etteeka eri 2020 SELC ku policessorcessss aget aget'acront lirreant lir arrectory by'oppost n'eteeka amateeka.

Eby’obufuzi: Obutujju n’Enkaayana

Enkolagana wakati w'ebitongole n'enkola ya kizimbe bulijjo teri n'eyo ekwatagana. Okunyigirizibwa kwa bannabyabufuzi, okutaataaganya eby'enkola n'okuvuganya biyinza okuleetawo obutakkaanya. Engeri emu ey'okufugamu eyinza okuleetawo obutakkaanya. Kino kitegeeza nti ekitongole kya 'Curgenoral Review Act[ mu 1996], ekisobozesa Consert obutakkiriza mateeka ag'amaanyi okuyitira mu kuteesoososo, agagoberwako pulezidenti ne pulezidenti nga gaa. Okuva mu 2017, amateeka mangi gasazesebwa okukozesa CRA, nga mw'otwalidde n'awerebwa obwetaagibwa obwetaanyirimu. CRA awadde Concervery obutereesa, ate akabuvu, eky'ekitongole ekigo ekigo ekigo ekigo ekigo kigattiza ekiragiro ekyo kiga amateeka kigako awatali ku bulagirizi obutuufu.

Ekintu ekirala ekireeta obuzibu bwe bukulu bwa ' Office of Information and Regatorial Affairs mu White House. OIRA era yeekenneenya amateeka agatali gamu okusobola okukakasa nti gatuukiriza ebitataandikirwa ebya pulezidenti, okusobozesa obukiiko obugendera ku nkola yaabwo okubutuukiriza. Ekiragiro bwe kitandika ku nkola y'obukulembeze, OIRA kiyinza okuyimiriza, okukoma, oba okukyusa amateeka okuva ku bannaago nga bufuga ebitongole ebikola ku kakiiko akafuzi nga bigoberera enteekateeka z'obukulembeze. Ng'ekyokulabirako, entegeka za Trump zaakirina bye byetaagisa ebitongole ebikola ku buli mateeka amapya, ekiragiro ne kikyusa engeri EPA gy'ebaddemu ku mateeka era ne ku nkola y'amateeka ebinoonyezzaamu.

Obutategeeragana Obukwata ku Kwegomba n’Obuddu

Ebitongole ebimu bwe biva mu makolero oba bwe bisuubira okuddayo mu byamakolero, bayinza obutamanya ebifo ebya kampuni mu kussaawo entegeka oba okusemba amateeka. Kino kiyinza okusobozesa abawagizi okukakasa olulimi olugobererwa oba okukweka obusongasonga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abakungu ba bannabyamakolerwa bagootaanya enkola za makolero mu makolero ga 1990 nga bakubirizibwa bannabyabukolero ne bannaa bannabyamakolerwa ebitongole ebiwandibwa mu bya makolero. Abawakanya enkola eno baaweerwa olukalala lw'eby'eby'amateeka mu makolero ne baaweeteeka mu buyinza ku buyinza okunafuyamye mu ku bufumyo bwonna oba okukweka obuteesa oba okukwekereza obuwa oba obuwawa obuwampulibwa.

Ku luuyi olulala, ebibiina ebiyamba abantu okwagala okumanya ebisingawo biyinza okukwasa ebibiina ebikola emirimu, nga bikakaatika etteeka ekireetera abantu okusasula ssente ennyingi awatali kuganyulwa. Obwegugungo obuliwo wakati w'enkola ez'enjawulo ezikwatibwa butegeeza nti gavumenti tezirina buyinza ku nkola ya tekinologiya yokka; era ziwaayiriza nnyo gavumenti.

Okulonda Ab’Eby’obufuzi n’Obulagirizi

Bakulembeze baalonda abo abakwasiddwa emitwe gy'ebitongole ebikulu ebifuga embeera z'obudde era abo abalondebwa okussaawo amateeka agafuga entegeka. Enkyukakyuka mu ntegeka y'ekitongole eyinza okukyusa ennyo entegeka y'ekitongole ekifuga enfuga oba enkola y'obukulembeze. Mu nkola y'obukulembeze bwa babbama, EPA yakola olukunkumuli lw'amateeka g'obudde, olukulembeze olukulembeze oluva ku mateeka g'obudde. Mu mpandika y'obukulembeze bwa Trump, eempandika z'obukulembeze bw'ekitongole enziina oba enzijamu amateeka ku mbeera y'obutebe bw'obutebe bw'amateeka, eyinza okuggyawo oba okugobeesaawo amateeka, era ne kisobozesa ekitongole ekitongole ekikolera ku n'ebitongole okuddukanyanyinyirira omulimu mu ku ku n'okuddukanyanyabikkulembedde.

Ebitwetaagisa Okufuga Empisa z’Abantu

Ku luuyi olumu, ebitongole biwa obulagirizi obusobozesa abo abasalawo okussaawo amateeka okusobola okugonjoola ensonga eziba zizzeewo, era n'okuteekawo amatwale ga demokulase.

Eri abasomesa n'abayizi ba gavumenti, okutegeera enkola eno kikulu nnyo. Enkola y'amateeka si yangu, si ya bulijjo okutandikira ku mateeka; mbeera nzibu nnyo ezisobozesa ebitongole, ebitongole eby'emyoyo, eby'amampuku, ne kkooti okuba n'obuyinza. Wabula, abakwasi b'enkola z'okufuga si bawagizi bakugu mu mirimu gyabwe n'enkola za bya bufuzi. Obusobozi bwabwe obw'okuwandiika amateeka agannyonnyola ekigendererwa, okugawandiisa mu mpawaatwa, n'okuleetawo obubaka obukwata ku by'amateeka okuyitira mu bikolwa byabwe.

Okumanya kino, enkola ezisingayo obulungi ez'okukwata ku nkola za mateeka, zitwaliramu obulagirizi obutuufu obukwata ku ntegeka, okuziwandiisa, n'okulabiriza obukiiko obukola ku by'enkola. Obukiiko obukola ku by'empandika mu kugattika obwa Government (GAO) n'obukabonero Obuweereza obw'okunoonyereza ku mateeka obukolebwa mu kiseera nga[CRLF][FLT]]][FLTY]] buwandikiro obulagira obutakola mu kukebera ebitongole ebigo. Mu nkomerero, enteekateeka eza demokulasebwa za demokulasebwa zisobola okulaga obukwakkugule n'obulawumbi okumanya eby'enkola mu by'enkola.

Eby'okwerinda [[:0][[AK'AWULA:1]

  • [[Act:0] Olukiiko lw'eby'obufuzi olwa Amerika[[[AKMENTI]] – okunoonyereza ku kussaawo gavumenti mu bitongole.
  • [[Act:0] Alipoota z'Omulimu ogw'okunoonyereza ku Mateeka g'ekitongole [[[KY'OKUKYAMU] – enzigule ezikwata ku njigiriza z'abayingi n'empandika ez'ekika kya Chevron.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Office – Alipoota ku kussaawo mateeka agaba ga freety Treasus [[FORT:1].
  • [[Act:0] Akawayiro[[[FLT]] – ekkomo okulaba ebifuga oba ebyo ebiwanyisiddwa mu lujjudde.
  • [[AK'AWULA] EPA Amateeka n'amateeka[[[AKZIK:1]] – ebitongole bisalawo ku nkola y'amateeka.