Ekiragiro ekifuga abafuzi mu kifo kya bannabyabufuzi ekiri mu nkola eyagobererwa ennyo mu nteekateeka z'eggwanga nga lirina, naye nga kisigala nga kimu ku bintu ebiteeberezebwa buteeberezebwa bwa Amerika. Ebiragiro bino, ebyawanyibwa ab'obuyinza era ebiwandikiddwawo White House, biwa obulagirizi bw'amateeka era bisobozesa prezidenti okutegeka ebitongole ebifuga, era byeyisa mu bizibu nga tewali kukkirizibwa. Abasomesa n'abayizi ba bye bayiga ebyafaayo bya Amerika n'ebitongole ebikola, nga bategeera engeri ebiragiro ebya bannabyabufuzi gye bituukana n'eb'eb'eb'eb'amatwalo ebirala ebiba bikulu bye byetaagisa. N'okaakalimu ku by'obufuzi obwa bulijjo.

Entegeka z’Obwetoowaze Kye Ki?

Ekiragiro ekya kampuni ekiwa obulagirizi okuva ku mukulembeze w'eggwanga ekifuga emirimu gya gavumenti. Wadde nga Amateeka tegawa kalonda yenna agakwata ku nkola ya gavumenti, gabadde gakozesebwa okuva ku ntandikwa y'eggwanga eryo. George Washington yawa ekiragiro kya kakiiko akakulu ekyasooka mu 1789, era nga akubiriza abakungu ba kampuni okuteekateeka ebibakwata ku butongole. Okuva olwo, badayirekita bafunye enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi z'amateeka ng'ago, nga kino kiva ku nkola eya bulijjo.

Ebiragiro by'abafuzi b'obuyinza bikubibwa mu Register era ne bibaako kye bikola ku mateeka ku batabi abafuga. Kyokka, tebasobola kukola mateeka mapya oba ssente ezisaanira; obuyinza bwabwe busibuka mu mateeka agaliwo oba ku buyinza bwa pulezidenti. Prezidenti bw'aba asalawo ekiragiro ekisukka ku mateeka ago, kkooti ziyinza okukikuba.

Ekisinziirwako mu Mateeka Okufuga Obukulembeze

Ekitundu Ekitundu II eky'omu mateeka kiwa obulagirizi bwa bakungu mu mateeka ga Amereka. Ekitundu 1pandes mu kampuni era Ekitundu 3 kigamba pulezidenti nti alina omulimu ‘ ogw'okukuuma amateeka gabe nga gattiddwa n'obwesigwa.” Emirala gino gyonna giwa pulezidenti eddembe okuddukanya gavumenti era ne kikakasa nti ekigendererwa kyago kituukirizibwa.

Ebintu Ebyakozesebwa mu Biseera eby’Edda

Ekiragiro kino tekikyogerako butereevu biragiro bya ba buyinza. Naye endowooza ey'okutandika obunene obwayogerwako, yagimanyisizza mu Mcloch v. Maryland (1819)] .Maryland akkiriza pulezidenti okukola kyonna ekyetaagisa okutuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa bwe yalina mu ntegeka za gavumenti.[FLT][FLT][FLT]][FLT] [193]] (1966). Kkooti eyo era emanyidde ddala ekko n'etandikwa mu [FFFOK'ebac.] Cowmown , nga bwe kirabikira mu [bb'''''ekibiina kya Centercerreaa, [5][5][5]

Okutegeera ensonga eno enkulu ennyo: ebiragiro by'abakulu b'amateeka bikulu nnyo naye buli kiseera biba biri wansi w'emikutu egyateekebwawo amateeka ga 'Gy'amateeka,' Congress,' ne kkooti. Ebitundu ebiwerako nga byogera ku nsonga zino: “Kayisa bulungi” genda ku nsonga y'ekitongole Ekiwandiiko eky'Enkyusa ya K'amateeka ekiwandiikiddwa eki'Akaasa II

Engeri Gavumenti gy’Ekolamu Entegeka

Ekiragiro ekiwa abakungu ba gavumenti ya Amerika tekikola mirimu gisukka mu gumu.

Okugondera Amateeka agateekebwawo olukuŋŋaana

Ng'ekyokulabirako, oluvannyuma lw'okuteekawo akakiiko akafuzi akafuzi akafuga ekitongole ekigaba obuyambi, ba prezidenti baateekawo ebiragiro ebiwa obulagirizi ku ngeri y'okukwatamu ebitongole ebitegeka embeera z'eby'obudde n'okussaawo ekiseera ekigereke.

Engeri y'Okuddukanyaamu Ebitongole

Pulezidenti, nga y'akulira ofiisi y'ettabi, alagirwa okutegeka obukiiko obukola emirimu, okuteekawo obukiiko obukola emirimu oba emitindo egikwata ku ngeri ebintu gye biddukanyizibwamu. Ekiragiro kya kampuni ekikola ku by'okuddukanya ebizimbe (Empandika y'obudde) 12866 (1993), ekiwereddwa Prezidenti Clinton, kiba kyetaagisa ebibiina by'eggwanga okusengeka ebiwandiiko ebikakasa ekyetaagisa okusobola okukebera ebitongole ebikulu.

Okudduukirira ebiteeso by'eggwanga

Ekimu ku biragiro ebisingayo obulungi ebikolebwa ku bakungu be bannabyabufuzi kwe kugonjoola ebizibu ebiri mu nsi yonna. National Emerciounts Act (1976) ekkiriza pulezidenti okuyisa mu nkola y'ekitongole ekyetaagisa mu ggwanga mu ngeri esobozesa kampagiro okuggulawo amatwale g'ensi yonna okuba nga gakkirizibwa. Okuva mu 1976, bakulembeze baasaze ebintu bingi eby'aw'amangu ku nsonga eziva ku bannalukalala ne ku mbeera z'obulamu obwa bannakyewa. Mu mwaka gwa 202020, Pulezidenti Trump yakozesa ekiragiro embalirira ssente ez'okukyusa enkambirira y'okuzimba ekisenge eky'ensalo ekyo oluvannyuma lw'ego ne kigwa butaba nga kko awwo

Okusobola Okukyusa Ebitongole Ebirala n’Ebikwata ku Milimu gy’Ensi Yonna

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa bakulembeze okukulembera ebiwagizi mu nsi yonna era n'okuddukanya enkola za bannabyabufuzi. Bayinza okukomya eŋŋendo oba okusiigako eb'amawanga amakovu. Mu kifo eky'okukakala, K'ekitongole eky'ensi kiwagidde abantu okukola omulimu gwa kompyuta. Ekiragiro kyawa ba pulezidenti Obama ebikosebwa Prezidenti Oma, nga kiwa olukusa abo abeenyigira mu nkola y'enkola ya Internet. Olw'okuba bannaakyewa eno teyetaazeeko bannaaludde kiyinza kutuukiriza mateeka okuzza etteeka ku n'obutebebwamu.

Ebigereko n’Ekeberedde ku Nsengeka y’Ekitongole

Ekiragiro kino kikakasa amatabi amalala nti gayinza okukugira obuyinza bwa prezidenti. Bino wammanga bikulu nnyo naddala eri abayizi ba gavumenti okutegeera.

Okwejjukanya Okusala Omusango

Kkooti ezifuga obutonde ziyinza okukomya ekiragiro kya bakungu singa kimenya amateeka ga gavumenti oba singa kisukka ku mateeka. Ebizibu mu mateeka bitera okujjawo amangu ddala nga waakabuulibwa ekiragiro. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Omukulembeze wa Trump yakkirizibwa okukulembera ekiragiro 13769 (Olunyiriri lw'olukiiko olukulu olw'ekika kya “Travel Ban”) byazibizibwa kkooti za disitulikiti nnyingi mu maaso ga kkooti enkulu mu ngeri y'enkola. Mu ngeri y'emu, ekiragiro kya Pulezidenti Biden ku mateeka ga bannabizina bannabiziina, kyazibibwako kkooti enkulu mu mwaka gwa 2022.

Ekikolwa eky’Okukuŋŋaana Ennzikiriza

Consert esobola okuyisa etteeka erikwata ku bafuzi nga ayisa etteeka eriggya eridda mu kifo kyalyo. Wadde nga pulezidenti asobola okusasula ebbanja ng'ezo, abantu nga babiri mu bitundu bisatu mu mayumba gombi basobola okuwangula etteeka eryo. Consert era esobola okukozesa amaanyi gayo ag'ensawo: singa kiba kyetaagisa okusaasaanya ssente abakwasi b'amateeka ze bagaana okuteeka mu byuma, ekiragiro kino kiyinza obutakkirizibwa kufuga. Ate era, Congration Rece Act ekkiriza enkola y'obukulembeze mu kibiina okusiikiriza ebizikwata ku nkola mu kiseera ekigereke.

Okupikirizibwa mu by’obufuzi

Ekiragiro kya bakungu ba gavumenti kifugibwa enkola y'abakungu ba gavumenti. Okuziyizibwa okw'ensi yonna kuyinza okusaanyawo ekibuga ekikulu ekya prezidenti n'enkyukakyuka. Okunoonyereza ku by'empuliziganya, kaweefube ow'okussa pulogulamu, n'okukyusa emikutu gy'amasannyo, bireetedde bannabyabufuzi okuddayo oba okukyusa ebiragiro. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omukulembeze Obama, ekiragiro kya Prezidenti ku ky'obukkulembezi ku bannamerika (Dered Action for Parents of America, oba DPA) okugobererwa mu by'obufuzi ne kiba nga tebwalibwawo ddala, era n'ekkootikko kya Ssekufulumente mu 2016 kireewaanyi okuko obwetaanya

Ebitongole Ebikola ku Budde n’Ebitongole by’Abapoliisi

Ne ku bakungu b'estabi, ebiragiro bisobola okuziyizibwa abakozi abasobola okumanyibwa ekikolebwa nga baddiŋŋana oba nga basaba obulagirizi obubalagira okutambula. Okusobola okukola entegeka, kitera kusinziira ku nkola y'abakulu b'ebitongole n'abakulu b'emirimu, nga bangi ku bo bakolera wamu ne bannabyabufuzi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abakungu ba Trump baatwala ebiragiro ebya Prezidenti Trump nga “biyingidde mu kidibaala eky'omu nnyanja” nga banyoolibwa abannamateeka abawaabi baatwala ng'abataputa.

Ebyokulabirako eby’Ebyafaayo eby’Entegeka Ennungi

Okusobola okutegeera engeri obulagirizi obuvudde ku bakulu mu byafaayo by’Amerika gye bukutte ku bulamu bw’abantu, kiba kirungi okwekenneenya emisingi egiyinza okuvaamu eby’olubeerera.

Olukalala lw'ebiragiro 906: Internament y'Amerika mu Japan

Byawandikibwa Franklin D. Roosevelt mu Febwali 1942, Ekiwandiiko ekyawandikibwa Abajapaani nga 9066 ku lukalala lwa gavumenti. Baalagira ne balondamu Abajapaani ababeera ku lubalama lw'ebugwanjuba. Abatuuze ba U.S. nga bibiri mu nharhu, baatumibwa mu nkambi z'abasibe. Oluvannyuma ekiragiro ekyo kyasalibwa ng'okumenya amateeka, era Congress yayisa ekitongole kya Civil Libertes Act ekya 1988 eky'okuteeba nga basabye okwetonda ebibiina. Ekiwandiiko eky'etterekero kyalina enzigirowo n'okusobozesa okufuna eby'okuyigiriza abantu abo abaasooka.

Ekiragiro ekifuga abawandikiro 9981: Okugaba obusosoze mu magye

Pulezidenti Harry Truman yayisa Olukalala lw'Abakungu mu mwaka gwa 1948, nga galangirira “okwenkanankana era n'okuyisibwa mu ngeri ey'amaanyi eri abantu bonna abali mu magye awatali langi, langi, ddiini oba ensibuko y'eggwanga.” Ekiragiro kino kyatongoza amagye g'omu U.S era kyateeka akabonero ku kiseera ekikulu mu kibiina ekikola ku ntegeka y'eddembe ly'abantu. Kyayolekaganye n'okuziyizibwa okw'amaanyi okuva eri abakulembeze b'amagye n'abafuzi b'omu maserenge, naye Truman okwewaayo eri eby'okufuga obwa nnamba ku ku matwale (*) tekiri nti okulinda amateeka galinaategekebwa. [[FLTY:0] Etterekero lya Truman liwa abayizi b'enkola emirimu egisookerwawo okusobola okwekenneenya ekiragiro kino[FLD:1]

Olukalala lw'ebiragiro 13769: “Tervel Ban”

Akabonero kaayogeddwako omukulembeze wa gavumenti Donald Trump mu Jjanwali 2017, Olulambo olw'obwannakyewa 13769 lwalekebwawo mu Amereka, olw'amawanga okuva mu nsi musanvu nga zijjudde Abasiraamu. Ekiragiro kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa amangu ku mannyo g'ennyonyi g'ennyonyi mu ggwanga lyonna era ne kibuusibwabuusibwabuusibwa mangu mu kkooti. Oluvannyuma lw'okuz'okuzikubisaamu ennyinyonnyonnyola ez'emirundi mingi, kkooti enkulu yawagira eky'okusatu mu Trump v. Hawaii[FLT] [20:8]), era nga kizuuliddwa nti pulezidenti alina obuyinza obw'okuyingira mu ggwanga wansi w'obuyinza bw'etteeka lya Immageast ne National Act Act.

Ekiragiro kya Abakugu mu Ddirisa 14008: Okukendeeza ku Kkalu ky'Enkyukakyuka y’Ennyanja

Pulezidenti Joe Biden, ku lunaku lwe olwasooka mu ofiisi mu Jjanwali 2021, yateekako ekiteego eky'okuteekako obulagirizi mu kifo kya bannabyabufuzi mu 14008, ekyalagira abakwasisa enkola y'obutuuti bw'obutonde obwasooka. Yazzaawo olukiiko lwa Prezidenti ku Ssaayansi ne Technoloji, era n'eteerawo ekiruubirirwa eky'okuterekako ensi ne amazzi nga 2030 mu mwaka gwa U. Ekiragiro era kyalagira nti obwenkanya bw'enkola zonna ez'ekitongole kino bulaga engeri pulezidenti omuppya gy'asobola okuteeka mu nkola ebiragiro eby'obukungu mu bwangu nga talindirira kkaluumbi bw'ekibiina kya Cresstukko.

Olukalala lw'ebiragiro n'olw'ebiragiro bya puloguramu 12866: Okwejjukanya

Wadde nga kiri kitono, Olukalala lw'abafuzi 12866 (Clinton, 1993) lwalina eky'amaanyi kye lwakola ku nkola y'okussaawo amateeka. Byali byetaagisa abakwasiddwa bankani ku b'ebbeeyi n'emiganyulo egy'ebiragiro ebikulu era ne babissa ku Office of Information and Reguration Affairs (OIRA) okusobola okuzeekenneenya. Buli pulezidenti okuva ku kibadde akwasizza ku nkola eno ey'okutegeka. Ekiragiro kyakola enkola ey'ebbeeyimirimu esigala nga y'ekulu mu mateeka amatuufu leero.

Obukulembeze bw’Ebitundu eby’Eby’obufuzi eby’Omu Kiseera Kino

Mu myaka egyakayita, enkola y'obutongole ereetera okukolebwa olw'enkyukakyuka mu gavumenti era n'olw'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu gavumenti. Bannabyabufuzi bombi basazeewo obutassaawo mateeka buli omu.

Omulimu Ogutannakolebwa Gutandika

Okuva mu Franklin Roosevelt, ennaku 100 ezisooka, ekyalabibwa abakungu ba gavumenti, okutuuka ku baalack Obama “tetuyinza kulinda” kaweefube ow'okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'okuyingira mu ggwanga, enkola y'abakulu efuuse ekisinziirwako okuziyiza okufeebezebwa kw'amateeka okufulumya ekitongole ekiwambiddwa ekiwayi. Abawakanyi bagamba nti enkola eno ereetera obuteeze bw'okwawula ku bufuzi; abawagizi bagamba nti eyoleka bukakafu nti prezidenkola bw'empala bw'alemererwa okukola nga Congress.

Ekiragiro kino kiraga nti omuwendo gw'abafuzi abafuga mu Amerika gukyukakyuka buli mwaka, naye era n'amakulu g'amalaanyi gaakulaakulanye. Ba prezidenti ab'omu kiseera kino batera okufulumya ebiragiro ebikyusa ennyo enkola y'embeera y'obudde(on, eby'obujjanjabi, eby'okuyingira mu nsi n'entegeka y'abantu obufuga obutereevu) okusinga ebiragiro by'obukulembeze.

Obukyayi obw’Ebyakayita n’Ensalo mu Bizimbe

Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekibiina ekifuga amateeka ga Trump kwalaga nti nga 40 ku buli kikumi ku ebyo Trump bye yakola, byasalibwa omusango nga bigeraageranyizidwa ne 10% ku abo abayitibwa Obama ne Bush. Abaddukanya baasazebwako okumenya amateeka agakwata ku malala, okusonyiwa n'amateeka agakwata ku nkula y'obutonde bw'omulembezo.

Ekiragiro kino kiwandika olukalala lw'ebiragiro bya bamaneja okuva ku George Washington okutuuka ku kiseera kino. Yanjula Americanoderency Project [

Mpaasa: Okutegeera Ensengeka y'Ekiragiro n'Ennyiriri eziriraanyewo

Ekiragiro kya bannakyemalira tekirina buyinza kufuga bunnaakyemalira; kye kibiina ekifugiddwa amateeka era nga ba prezidenti kye babadde bakozesa okuva lwe baatandikawo Lexament. Obufuzi bwabwe tebuva mu namba emu naye mu ngeri nti baweebwa bannakyewa mu Katundu II era nti beetaaga entegeka entegeke obulungi. Kyokka amaanyi ago gaziyizibwa amatabi amalala.

Eri abasomesa, ekiyinza okubayamba kwe kuba nti abakungu ba gavumenti tebeetaaga kusomebwa bokka. Obuyigirize obwa bulijjo tebulina kunoonyereza ku mateeka ge bwokka, naye era n'engeri gye gagobererwamu, gye gasoomooza, era n'engeri gye gakyusibwamu. Nga beekenneenya ebyokulabirako ddala nga [1] Okuva ku ngeri embi ez'Abajapaani okumanyira ku mitendera nga batambula okutuuka ku girembe erya mu kiseera kino, abo abagenda mu Amerika basobola okulaba amaanyi n'okuleetawo akakyamyanyuma kw'obufuzi bwa Amereka.

Mu kiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi, kikulu nnyo okutegeera engeri abakungu ba gavumenti gye bawagiramu enteekateeka zaabwe ez'eby'obufuzi.