Ennyanjula: Ensonga Lwaki Tulina Okunnyonnyola Ebintu

Constitution y'Amerika ebadde etteeka ekkulu mu nsi eyo okumala ebyasa ebisukka mu bibiri. Ebiwandiiko byayo biyamba okuteekawo enkola ey'obufuzi obwa gavumenti, okubala amaanyi g'amatabi gano esatu, era n'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Kyokka ekiwandiiko tekiyetongodde bwegasse. Abalamuzi, abawi b'amateeka n'abakungu ba gavumenti balina okukikozesa mu bukuubagano obubaane, era n'okunnyonnyola engeri gye kiyinza okunnyonnyola engeri gye kiyinza okukolebwamu mu buli kintu okuva ku ddembe ly'okulonda oba okufuga emmu.

Omuntu bw'aba ategeera engeri eyo, aba tagitegeera bumanya, wabula asinziira ku ngeri gye yeetegerezaamu ebyo kkooti enkulu bye yasala, okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi, era n'okutuula mu kuwa emboozi mu nsonga z'eggwanga nga mw'okka. Ekitundu kino kikebera ebitongole ebikulu ebinnyonnyola amateeka (ebiwandiiko bya mateeka), empandiika y'obuwandiike, n'engeri endala ez'enjawulo ezigobererwamu.

Okutandikibwako

Okusoomoozebwa kw’Okusooka

Ekiwandiiko eky'edda kigamba nti Amateeka galina okutaputirwa okusinziira ku makulu ge gaalina bwe gaakkirizibwa. Abawagizi bagamba nti enkola eno essa ekitiibwa mu kuba n'obuyinza bwa demokulase obw'okussaawo ekiwandiiko: kubanga Ekiragiro kino kyatandikibwawo okuyitira mu nkola ya demokulase, amakulu gaakyo gandibadde ga nnywevu okuggyako nga yakyuziddwa mu Mateeka V. Abasinga obuto ku njigiriza ez'edda bagamba nti okuva ku makulu ago ag'olubereberye kijjulula ekiwandiiko ekyo nga tewalina kkasemba bantu.

Amakulu Agali mu Buwangwa Obusooka

Mu nnukuta ez'omu sooka, mulimu obusande bubiri. Ekiruubirirwa ekyasooka eky'okutandikira ku nnukuta esooka essira balissa ku kigendererwa kya abo abagoberera etteeka nga bakola kopi zalyo mu kyamalanga. Enkola eno yalagibwa ku buli namba nga Attorney Génin Meese mu 1980. eririna amakulu aga bulijjo mu bantu gye baasooka okufunira mu kusooka [[, nga ekebera engeri etteeka lino gye lyanditawuliddwamu omuntu omutegeevu mu kiseera kya ratificity. K'octiveritical Sciana, oboolyawo n'oyo akyamanyibwa ennyo mu kiseera kino, yakkiririza ddala amakulu gaagifuula okuba nga geeyagaanyisiddwa era nga geego mu byafaayo bya byafaayo.

Ensonga Enkulu n’Ebyokulabirako

Endowooza eyo y'erina kye yakola ku kusalawo okw'ekika eky'enkyukakyuka. Ditional of Columbia v. Helder (2008), kkooti ey'okunaana yasalawo nti olukusa olw'okubiri lukuuma eddembe omuntu ly'okwefunira omutwalo. Endowooza y'Abalamuzi Scalia yeesiga ennyo ku byawandiikibwa eby'ebyafaayo. [FLT:]Endowooza y'abasinga obungi yeesigamya ku byafaayo.[19][18] Enzivvuunuzi y'ebigambo ebya bulijjo, okutandikawo obwa bulijjo n'okussaawo amateeka okusitula eby'okusinziramu ebyokulwanyisa. Mu ngeri y'emu, olukalala olwo, olusooka, oluyitibwa olukiiko olusooka (muteerezi oluwandikiro) lwe lwagobereberye olusooka.[FLT.[FL:2]

Abakugu mu by'enkola eyo bagamba nti kizibu nnyo omuntu okuddamu okutegeera amakulu g'ebyafaayo, naddala ago agakwata ku tekinologiya oba ebizingirwa mu mbeera z'abantu.

Okusoomooza Okuva eri Entegeka

Abalamuzi bangi abamanyi obulungi enfuga z'eggwanga bawagira okusala emisango mu kussaawo amateeka agaateebwa mu nkola eya demokulase okuggyako nga ekkomo ly'amateeka likyisiddwa ddala nga bwe litegeerekeka. Okutegeera okutuusa ku ntandikwa kuyamba abatuuze okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku nviiri n'okunnyonnyola enzivuunikidwa mu kkooti eziraga empaka ez'eby'obufuzi, oba okukuba obukulembezi mu kkooti ez'edda.

Okuwandiika

Empandiika y’Empandiika ku Lulimi Olutali Lutuufu

Ekiragiro kino kissa essira ku ebyo ebigambo bye bigamba, so si ku ebyo abawandiisi bye basuubira okutuukiriza. Omulamuzi omu yagamba nti: “Amateeka si kiwandiiko ekiramu; kye kiwandike eky'amateeka, era nga kiri nga nga kigoberera ebiwandiiko byonna eby'amateeka.

Okunoonyereza ku nnukuta

Mu nnyinyonnyola y'amateeka, enkola ey'okuvvuunula ebiri mu nnukuta ez'enjawulo bw'eba nga eyawukana ku , egezaako okutegeera ekigendererwa eky'amateeka. Abanoonyereza ku nsonga ezitali zimu bagamba nti ebiwandiiko bikubiriza abalamuzi okukakasiza ddala endowooza zaabwe kubanga ebigendererwa biyinza okunnyonnyolwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Okusobola okukola enzijjuvu mu mateeka, emirundi mingi, enzijjuvu mu mpandika zikwatagana n'amakulu g'amateeka: amakulu g'empandika eyo genkana n'amakulu ge gamu n'amakulu gaakirimu mu byafaayo. Naye, ebiwandiiko teby'edda bikwetaagisa okubuuliriza buli kiseera ku bikwata ku byafaayo.

Okusalawo Okukwata ku Buwandiike

Omu ku bawandiisi abamanyiddwa ennyo mu by'amateeka bagamba nti, Omulamuzi Hugo Black tak'akkiriza kusalawo kwa mateeka. Gye buvuddeko awo, Griswold v.Connectic (1965). Balalabu yagamba nti obwannannyini obw'okwetulikiti tebusangibwa mu mpandiika y'amateeka era olw'ensonga nti tebusobola kutongoza mateeka ga gavumenti agakugira okuzaala eky'okwegatta ku baana. [[FLT:]BHOCUTY[[FLT:][20], Justice Neil Gor Whook yawandiika endowooza egamba nti ekigambo VII kiregin'okusosola mu by'okwetaba. Wadde nga wazzewo oluvanyuso olw'okusanyukira obulwo oluvanyuma lw'ebifaananyirimu, era nga yeeyambisa amakulu g'ebiragirowo ebituufu ebya bulijjo.[Ger]

Amaanyi n’Obunafu bw’Okuwandiika

Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti ebigambo bisobola okutegeeza obutuufu bw'ensonga eyo. Abalamuzi bwe bagoberera obuwandiike obuli mu kyawandiikibwa, abagisoma n'abatuuze, nga balagula ebinaavaamu okusinziira ku lulimi olukkirizibwa mu mateeka. Naye abanoonyereza ku nsonga ezo bagamba nti amateeka mangi tegategeerekeka: kye kifuga oba ekibonero ekitali kiragibwa nga “etteeka erigenda likolebwa oba nga ligenda likolebwa omulundi gumu”?

Endagaano Ennungi

Okutuukana n’Ebitabo Byabyo ne Leero

Enkola y'amateeka ekkirizibwa, era emanyiddwa nga teri mu lukalala lw'amateeka, posit nti ssaakala eya bulijjo esaanidde okukyuka oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera okulaba nti emitindo gy'amateeka gikyukakyuka. Mu musingi guno, ekiwandiiko kigazi era ne kikomyawo ebiwandiiko. Ekiragiro kino kisiiga abaana ab'omulembe ogujja okujjuza byonna ebinaago. Omulamuzi William Brennan, omuwagizi omukulu, yagamba nti, obukugunjufu bw'amateeka obwo buli mu busobozi bwabwo okukikolera ku mbeera empya nga tewali kakwate kutereeza kiwandikiro.

Engeri ez’Okuvvuunula mu Bufumbo

Bannasayansi bakozesa obukodyo obuwerako. Kino kitegeeza ebigambo nga “obukuumi obwa bulijjo” mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. [ Endowooza ezikuutikidde zikwata ku mateeka [ Kino kitegeeza engeri ekiragiro gye kiyinza okukolebwamu mu ngeri entegeke obulungi. [[FLT:] Kino kitegeeza nti amateeka agategekeddwa gajja ku nsonga zonna eza bulijjo mu kkooti ey'ensi yonna obutak'ebiragiddwa mu bufunze. [[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]] geesigama ku mateeka agamaze okumanyibwa ku nsonga eziba nga zizzewo mu mbeera ez'omulembe. Okusinziira ku ku ku ku ku kutegeera okw'enjawulo mu kukolebwa mu ku lukiiko olukalala olwo mu [FLY'eyambisibwa oluvanyuma lw'enjigiriza.][Ft][5][5][5][5] EkFFFFt] Ekkulasettutionssion: [ediation proset][ecedt][ediation

Obufuzi bw’Etteeka Obukulu

Ebirowoozo ebisinga obungi eby'enkola enfuga z'abantu bisinziiddwa olw'okussa mu nkola amateeka agafuga enfuga. Roe v. Wade[773]] yazuula amateeka agafuga entegeka okuggyamu embuto mu nteekateeka ya Centrale Claus, nga zeyambisa ennyunzi ezikwata ku by'okwemalirira n'okwemalirira. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] Yategeera eddembe erya buli tteeka okuggyamu n'okugatta oba okugattuluzibwa, nga kye kyesigamye ku bisuubizo 14. Enkyukakyuka mu ngeri y'okwenkanya ey'okwemalirira. Mu nsonga zombi, endowooza ezisinga obungi zikkiriza nti ebireetera ebibuuzo, naye nga emitindo gy'egobereddwawo, emisingi gye gikola mu ngeri ey'okugoberera.

Okuvumirira Amawanga Amakulu

Abaziyiza amateeka bagamba nti amateeka gaago gawa abalamuzi obuyinza bungi. Bwe kiba nti ekiwandiiko kino kitegeeza buli kantu abasala emisango ke baba baagala okutegeeza, olwo ekiragiro kiremebwa. Abawakanya enjigiriza ez'eddaayaalyo bagamba nti enkola eno etegeeza okussaawo enkola y'okusala emisango. Abamu abagoberera amateeka bagaanyiyiriza nti enkola eyo ekyazingirwa ku mpandiika y'ebyawandiikibwa, ekyembalimba, n'obulombolombo. Abalala bakkiriza mu lujjudde ensala y'amateeka, nga bawakanya obusalibwawo, era nga bayinza okubunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku demokulaseeko.

Omuntu okusobola okutuuka ku nkola y'amateeka, n'enkola y'enkola eyo etera okukwataganyizibwa n'ebiva mu nkola ebigenda bikolebwa, naye kikulu nnyo okumanya nti abalamuzi aba bulijjo bagikozesezza emirundi mingi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Lochner v. New York [0] (1]] (05) yasaanyawo etteeka et'essaawa obunene nga bakozesa enkola ey'ekiragiro ekitaategese makulu gennyini. Okutegeera enkola eno kuyamba abatuuze abatuuze okumanya ennyinyo nga n'ennyinnyonnyolabujjuvu ekwatagana n'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu n'ebyawandiikibwa.

Engeri Endala ez’Okutegeera

Okutegeeza nti okozesezza obubonero n'obw'oteekako akabonero akatategekebwa oba nti tewakyaliwo nnukuta empandika n'obubonero oba mutwe oba mutwe oba mutwe ku bye biwandikiro

[[FF][10][FF:][10][FF:] Kino kitegeeza nti ekiragiro okusiimula eki''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ki' kitegeeza nti “kikkirizibwa ku bintu ebisaze".[N'olw'ensonga ez'enjawulo] Kino kisobozesa kkooti enfuze. Omulamuzi ow'oku sooka okuteekawo enkola ennywevu n'okulagula ekiwandikiddwawo. [[F][10][F][3][3]

Okunoonyereza ku Nnyumba

Ennyinnyonnyola y'olupapula eyoleka amakulu g'ebifaananyi okuva ku kuzimba ekiwandiiko mu nsi yonna. Mu kifo ky'okutongoza ebigambo kimu, omulamuzi akebera engeri ekiwandiiko gye kiwaamu amaanyi amatabi ne mitendera gya gavumenti. Agumenti y'enkola y'enkola era n'eraga nti ekiwandiiko kino kiwandikiro ku matabi. Mkloch v. Maryland[[[FLLY]] [18]] [18]], Kakiiko akakulu John Marshall gye yasinziira nti obuyinza obw'okussaawo banka buteekeddwa mu mateeka bukkirizibwa mu mateeka olw'ensonga ezifaananako 'FOK:] kubanga bukkirizibwa mu ngeri entuufu n'okukubaganya.[3][5][5][5][5]

Eby’Edda

Oluusi kkooti zikebera enkola za gavumenti ezimaze ebbanga ddene okugonjoola ensonga ezizingirwamu mu mateeka. Singa ettabi lya gavumenti limu libadde likola mu ngeri emu naye nga tewali buzibu bwonna, ekikolwa kino kiyinza okutwalibwa ng'obukakafu ku makulu g'amateeka. Enkola eno emirundi mingi eyoleka Oluyonaani n'ebiwandiiko bya dritandikwa naye nga zisobola okukozesebwa nga bw'oyawulibwamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu NLB v. Noel Leakkood , Kkooti enkulu yatwala obukwasisa ebikolebwako okumanyisa oba okujjuzaamu omutwalo gwa Prezidenti mu busokero. Kkooti yasalawo nti omukulembeze w'akakiiko k'akawuluubiina mu biseera eby'amasaze, si mu kiseera ekimpira mu kiseera ekimala, kubanga yakyusizzaamulala ekitundu kya mu byafaayo.

Okunnyonnyola mu Ngeri ey’Obusobozi

Ekiragiro kino kikebera ebiva mu kusalawo. Wadde nga tekitera kubaawo abalamuzi abaagala obutakyusa bye basuubira oba okuteekawo amateeka agatasobola kukolebwa. Kaseivu endowooza nti okusukka ku ngeri ey'enjawulo gye kikwata ku kintu, kuyinza okuleetera kkooti obutakozesa bigambo oba engeri endala ey'okukwata ku nsonga. Kino kye kiwandiikiriza endowooza nti okujjulula Roe obutuufu bw'amateeka, kusobola okuleetera kkooti okulemererwa okukozesa ebigambo oba enkola erongoosebwa.

Okunnyonnyola empandika kw'etima

Eno ye nkola eteri ya bulijjo naye esaanira, era nga n'eyo ey'enjawulo erina amakulu g'enkola nga egoberera emitindo gy'eggwanga. Emirundi egimu kino kiyitibwa “ethis” ey'amateeka. Enkola eno ekozesa omutwe ogukwata ku nsonga ezisinga obukulu mu kiwandiiko nga obwenkanya, eddembe, n'okulingana, okugonjoola ebibuuzo. Kkooti y'esaba ekintu nga mu Lawnce v. Texas [2003], bwe yawanjula okussa ekitiibwa mu mateeka ga bannannyini bannannyini ng'ensonga ey'okukubagasa. Abawakanya enkola eno batunuulira enkola eno nga gy'otaddewo obutuufu.

Engeri Okunnyonnyola Gye Kukwata ku Mateeka Leero

Rehnquist ne Roberts Courts Baddiŋŋana

Okuva mu 1980, Kkooti enkulu yeeyongedde okubunyisibwa abanoonyereza ku ngeri ebyayo gye byandiwandiikiddwamu. Okulondebwa kwa Judgers Scalia ne Clarence Thomas kwalaga nti wazzewo enkyukakyuka. Mu kiseera kya Mulamuzi Omukulu John Roberts, enjigiriza ey'okusibuka mu Byawandiikibwa efuuse enkola y'okunoonyereza ku balamuzi ab'ekikaasa eky'enkaasa. Mu kiseera kye kimu, abalamuzi abagoberera amateeka agakwata ku mateeka tegaasaana.

Okubuusabuusa okw’Omu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso

Enjawukana ey'amaanyi kati ekozesebwa mu nsonga ezikwata ku buto obw'amaanyi. BBS, abasinga obungi baakozesa endowooza nti Endagaano n'obuwangwa tebikuuma ddembe lya kuggyamu lubuto, naye ate abawaautize ku mateeka agannaalyo baakakala ku kusomera ddala eddembe erya nfuna y'enkyukakyuka. Mu ngeri y'emu, mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ery'okukuba emmu, abasinga obungi baayizza obujjanjabi bye bawandisa ebiva mu ku makomera agamu. Ku bikwata ku ddembe ery'okusookereza, okulabula ku kabi akayinza okuvaamu. Ku ddembe, abalambuzi, n'abalambuzi, n'obusobo, bakkirizisa ku bukakafu obunene obw'okukusiikiriza ebiva mu ku ku ku ku ku ddembe ery'okukulembedde.

Abatuuze Kye Basaanidde Okwetegereza

Abatuuze abaagala okugoberera empaka zino balina okussaayo omwoyo ku bintu bina. Ku mulundi ogusooka, omwogezi guwandiike. Ennyiriri zombi zigamba nti ziwagira ebigambo by'omu Mateeka. Soma olunyiriri olw'omuddiriŋŋanwa. [], ebiva mu byafaayo.[FLT:][FLT]]] Endowooza ez'enkadde zijjiddwamu ebigambo ebijulizibwa awamu n'ensonda ez'okusisitemu. Era, ziraga engeri enzijjuvu ez'okusalawo gye ziyinza okuleetawo ku bulamu bw'abantu. [FOT:]

Okufundikira: Okwenyigira mu kunnyonnyola Amateeka

Okutegeera engeri z'enjawulo amateeka gye gatwalibwamu kisobozesa abatuuze okwenyigira mu nkola ya demokulase. Kukuyamba okusoma endowooza za Kooti ey'oku ntikko, okwekennenya, okwekenneenya ebyo bannabyabufuzi abeeyita “abazimbi ba gavumenti” era n'okwesalirawo ku ngeri gye bayinza okugobererwamu.

Ekiragiro kino kikyaliwo mu ngeri nti buli mulembe kyeyongera okusengekebwa era ne kibumbibwa buli lukumbo. Naye engeri ezikozesebwa okubikkula amakulu gaakyo tezeesigamiziddwa ku ndowooza z'obufirosoofo. Zisibuka mu butakkaanya obw'amaanyi obukwata ku mateeka, omulimu gw'abalamuzi, n'engeri y'okugwamu wakati w'obulombolombo n'enkyukakyuka. Bw'oyiga engeri zino, tobeera bube mutunuulizi bunyi mu kukulaakulana okw'amateeka.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma, kebera Ekitongole ky'eggwanga ekikwata ku nsonga z'amateeka, ekiwa emboozi nga kiri mu mannya ag'enjawulo. Era osobola okukebera [Oyez[ okulaba engeri gy'okwatamu ensonga, era n'oddamu n'ozejjukanya [[[FLT:]] Control Enzikkiriza by'oteekako endowooza ez'omu mateeka ekitongole ekifuga en'omu mateeka[ Ebikompeerezo bino bijja kwongera ku ku kutegeera engeri enkola gy'okunnyonnyolamu.