Ennyanjula n’Ekiragiro Kyayo eky’Olubeerera

Ennyanjula y'Etteeka erifuga Amerika y'emu ku nnyiriri ezimanyiddwa ennyo mu bulamu bw'Amerika. Ebigambo byayo amakumi ana n'ana bikoma ku bigendererwa bya Levituniyoniya empya era byeyongera okumanyisa engeri eggwanga gye liddukanyaamu amateeka n'enkola z'eggwanga. Wadde nga Pregerigation tewawa bantu buyinza oba nga bateekawo eddembe, emisingi gyayo gisangibwa mu mateeka ga Amerika. Okuva ku kkooti enkulu okutuuka ku mateeka aga bulijjo, endowooza ez'obumu, obwenkanya, obukkakkakkakkamu, obutebenke, obutebenkenkevu, n'eddembe tebikyuka nga bikola ng'ebyaweeyambi ebisinziirwako ku mateeka ga Amereka.

Ebyawandiikibwa n’Endagaano Ebiri mu Byafaayo

Ennyanjula egamba:

[[AKMENT:0]]]“ Ffe Abantu ba Amereka, nga tugoberera enkola eno, tukolemu obwenkanya, okusobola okuleetera ab'omu maka okusinziirwako obuddukiro obwa bulijjo, okutumbula Entegeka Entebe y'okwekolera, n'okukusobozesa okufuna emikisa egy'Eddembe, okutongoza n'okuteekawo ssemateeka n'okuteekawo steeka lino mu Amerika.

Ebigambo ebyo byalondebwa n'obwegendereza akakiiko k'enkola y'eggwanga akayitibwa Constitution of Sceription, akaalimu Gouverneur Morris, James Madison, ne Alexander Hamilton. Ebigambo ebyaggulawo ebigambo bino: “Ffe Abantu” twava ku mpandikaaano eza kampuni ezaali zitandise n'olukalala lw'amawanga. Kaalangirira nti tteeka lyalina obuyinza bwalyo butereevu okuva ku bantu so si ku gavumenti. Kino kyatandikawo obufuzi bw'eggwanga.

Ebitundu ebisigadde mu nkalala za Preagery birimu ebigendererwa mukaaga ebigazi. Ebigendererwa bino tebiri mu bigambo; bamanyisizza amateeka mangi n'emisango egisaze mu byasa bibiri. Etterekero ly'eggwanga[ likuuma ekiwandiiko ekyasooka, era entikko y'enkola esigala nga y'ego.

Emisingi egy’Omunda n’Engeri Gye Gikwatako ku Mateeka Amalungi

Buli kimu ku biruubirirwa omukaaga ebiri mu kitabo ekyo kituukana n’amateeka agaava mu nkyukakyuka ezajjawo buli luvannyuma lwa kiseera.

Obumu Obusinga Obulungi

Ekiragiro kino kyava ku “bumu obw'enkola eya kabonero obutuufu obwakolebwa mu kussaawo alipoota eza Confederation. Mu kugiteekako, gavumenti zaateekawo enkola esobozesa gavumenti okuba n'obuyinza bw'eggwanga awamu n'okufuga bokka. Amateeka agakubiriza eby'obusuubuzi mu ntegeka wakati wa gavumenti, gamba nga Interstate Commerce Act:quement, mu 1887 ne mu by'obusuubuzi Cejurisprance ebyava mu [[FL:] [FL:0] [MCulloch v. Maryland [18], kyeyolese ekiruubirirwa kino. [[FLT:] CMENTE] Clausce Clauscee[FFLD:3] kye kimotoka ekikulu eky'okuva mu [FON] ekibadde ekiddukano kya Cerrentsy'okita ya Cerce mu processssssssssssourcedroant, kikakasa nti eggwanga lifuga ergobee ligobe mu nsi yonna, ligobe

Mu kyasa ekyamakumi abiri, ekiragiro New Decrate (okugattako akakwakkulizo ka Social Security Act ne National Labor Relations) kyalina essira mu ngeri emu ereetera obumu mu by'enfuna. Endowooza ey'okuba nti “Ekibiina ekitegeke obulungi” era ewagira enjigiriza ez'amateeka eziziyiza etteeka obutasosola bannaggwanga ku bantu ab'amawanga amalala, gamba nga n'obusika bwa Claus. Leero, amateeka g'ensi agafuga buli kimu ku mitindo gy'obutonde ne ku byetaago bya kompyuta, galaga obwetaavu bw'eggwanga okukolagana.

Okussaawo Obwenkanya

Obwenkanya ndowooza nti Amateeka ga ga mateeka gaateeka enkola mu nkola y'enkola y'amateeka, enkola esaanidde, n'obukuumi bwenkana. Ssabbiiti yakolebwa Akatundu III, naye engeri gye bassa essira ku bwenkanya y'erina akakwate n'amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu. Akakwakkulizo ka 1964, akalaga nti eddiini ekola ku ddembe lya nnamba efugibwa gavumenti (Voning Rights Act of 1965), n'akakwakyirizo aka Fair Horicale aka 1968 kalaga nti tewali muntu yenna aweerwa okuyisibwa mu ngeri y'emu wansi w'amateeka.

Kkooti enkulu emirundi mingi yeeyambisanga enkola ey'obwenkanya okutaputa amateeka nga gagobererwa. rown v. Board of Education (1954), kkooti yagamba nti ekika ky'eggwanga mu masomero ga gavumenti kyamenya ekiragiro kya Claus eky'okussaawo aw'okussaawo amateeka agaba tegobererwa. Kkooti za wansi ziwandisizza omusingi ogukwata ku mateeka, obujulizi obusosoze mu nsonga, ne kusalirawo omusango mu bwenkanya. Wadde nga okusosola okw'ekitongole tekikakasibwa ku kukakaatizo ebyo ebikolebwa mu matendekero, kibawa ebiva ku ku ekyo ekikolebwa abantu bonna.

Okuyisa Obulungi Abafumbo

Emirembe gy'amaka kye kimu ku bintu ebikolebwa mu mirembe n'entegeka ez'enjawulo. Mu ngeri etegeerekeka obulungi, omusingi guno gusimbye amateeka agakwata ku kukuuma obukwasi, n'okugootaanya obutujju. Act eya Posse Comitatus ne Insurrection Act, gavumenti w'eggwanga okusobola okusindika amagye mu Amerika okuzzaawo emirembe. Abakuumi bagobererwa buli kiseera okusobozesa obubenje n'obukujjufu, nga bikkirizibwa “okusobozesa amaka okugonjoola ebizibu."

Wadde nga wabaddewo eby'obutyabaga, emirembe mu maka gikutte ku mateeka agafuga obutemu mu gavumenti, nga mw'otwalidde Lacketer Ipueffer and Rebit Organizations Act (RICO) ne Waldo Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act mu 1994. Ku mulembe gwa gavumenti, buli mateeka gakuusibwa ku mateeka agategekebwa okukuuma abatuuze b'eggwanga obutatuukibwako bikolwa bya bukambwe oba obutategeeragana. Entergery akuuma obuvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti obwasooka ku bukuumibwa ku bukuumi bw'abantu baayo.

Okuyamba Abo Abatagondera Bukulembeze

Ebigambo “obukuumi obwa bulijjo” (bwogerwako mu ngeri ey'omukumi n'omunaana) biraga obwetaavu bw'eggwanga okukuumibwa ebika by'abayingirizibwa okuva ku bagwira. Amaanyi okuteekawo amagye, okukuuma eggye, era n'okulangirira entalo gawagiddwa mu kakiiko akatuula akasonga I, Ekitundu 8. Olulimi lwa Pregagear lwayogerwako mu mpaka ezikwata ku kusaasaanya eby'amagye, eby'okulwana, n'obungi bw'entalo za Prezidenti. National Security Act mu 1947 yatandikawo ekitongole eky'efekiti n'eky'obuteeyambi bwa ba mapuligaa, nga kiwandikiddwawo ekitongole ekigamba nti abakuumirwa ku by'obujanjabi.

Mu kiseera kino, enkola ya Homeland Security Act eya 2002 yagatta wamu ebitongole bya gavumenti amakumi abiri mubiri mu bibiri ne biyingira mu kitongole ekikola ku by'obukuumi mu nsi eyo. Ekitongole kino kikakasizza nti omulimu gw'okulwanirira obujaasi gulina okusobola “okulwanirira obuddukiro.” Ekitongole kya USA PATRIOTT Act, ekyayisibwa nga wayise akaseera katono oluvannyuma lw'obulumbaganyi obwa 11 Ssebutemba, kyayongera amaanyi n'amateeka okugobererera abakuumi nga kisinziira ku ndowooza y'emu. Oluusi kkooti ziwagidde nti enkola ey'okwerwana tezirinaawula ku n'ensonga ezireetebwawo mu mateeka.

Okuleetawo Obulamu Obulungi

Ekiragiro kino kigamba nti: “Olupapula olusinga obungi olukiyita olunyiriri olukulu olw'okuyitako, luyinza okuba nga lwakubaganye nnyo ebigambo ebikontana mu mboozi eno. Mu kifo ky'okukakaatika obuyinza obunywevu ku kibiina kya gavumenti, olukalala lwe kisobozesa Congress okusasula omusolo n'okubukozesa mu Katundu k'ekibiina. Ekimu kisobozesa Kooti eyo okusasula essoosa ssente z'ensi yonna. [[FLD][FF:1].[3] [196], Kkooti, yannyonnyola nti obuyinza obw'okusasula omusolo n'okusaasaanya obugattiddwawo tebuliwo mu kaweempewo, obubagirwa mu katundu.[FFF][3][3][FFFF][3][3][3] era ne [FFFFF]][3]

Olukiiko olukola ku mbeera z'obulamu luwagira programu z'eggwanga eziva ku Medicare ne Medicaid ne ze ziwa obuyambi mu kunoonyereza.

Okutuukiriza Emiganyulo Egiva mu Ddembe

Liberty kye kigendererwa eky'okusembayo ekiragiddwa, era egatta wamu abalala bonna. Ekiragiro kikuuma eddembe okuyitira mu kubalibwa awamu eddembe, obwawufu n'obw'obuyinza. Bill of Rights.=ekkumi ebisooka bwe bikomyawo,(*) byeyongerwako nga wayiseewo ekiseera kitono nga gavumenti empya teyetongodde ku ddembe ery'okwemalirira. Ek'okuteeka kwa “Learty mu ffe ne ku Bukulembeze bwaffe” bitegeeza nti eddembe liteekwa okuterekebwa emirembe egya buli lukya.

Emirimu egiva ku bantu gigaziyiziddwa okuyitira mu kukyusa amateeka n'amateeka: okumalibwawo kw'obuddu (Mwendi mujijiji), okukakasibwa okw'engeri y'emu ey'okukukuuma okutali kwa mu nfugenyi (ko nga kuno kw'okuwerebwa kw'amateeka), n'enkwaso z'abakazi okulonda omusolo (ku ku kukyusa kwa 24 okugattiddwawo), n'okugaana okusasula emisolo (ku disitulikiti 24). Enkambirira z'awamu ezakasaze ezaakayita emabega ku nsonga ezikwata ku kwesumulula obwamako, eddembe ly'ennamba, n'okuzaala bitera okutegeeza obuvunaanyizibwa obwa nnamba ey'eddembe. [[FURF]berged v v. Hodge b's[FLT:] (2015, kkooti enkulu ey'okukwata ku mateeka ga n'okugatta obufumbo obukkirizibwa mu mateeka, endowooza egamba nti, obunywevu kweyongera ku ku ku mateeka ga mu ngeri y'okwagala.

Ennyanjula mu Kunnyonnyola Omusango

Wadde nga Preggy tewawa ddembe lya ntegeka ya 'FLT', kkooti zikozesa eddembe eri'enkola okusobola okutangaaza ku makulu g'enkola eza bulijjo. Enkola eno oluusi eyitibwa “essomero liyamba mu kuzimba,” linywedde bulungi. Omukulu w'abalamuzi John Marshall yawandiika mu [FL:0] Mcloch v. Mary [[FLLT:1]] nti “tetwerabiranga, kubanga ssemateeka [kateeka mu buyinza obwa bulijjo], era yatunuuliranga Preatryingssss okutegeera amaanyi g'obukulembeze. Omusango gwali guzingiramu Banka eyokubiri ey'omu Amerika, ne Marshall yagamba nti, “gweera wabaawo ebiseera nga tutuuka ku bizibu." n'ensonga ez'enjawulo ezikwata ku ku ku nkola y'okuzimba ebitongole.

Mu Jacobson v. Massachusetts (05), Kooti enkulu yawagira etteeka ery'okusala akasawo, okujuliza ekigendererwa kya Pregail eky'okulabirira ab'omu maka oba abaami bago. Era “okusobozesa abantu okufuna entebe y'okwerinda mu bya bulijjo.” Kkooti eyo yalaga nti buli muntu alina okukkiriza okufuna obulamu obulungi n'obutebenkevu. Ekikolwa kino kikwata ku mateeka agafuga enfuga, ate ne ku ku kutandika kwa Pregay kiwandikiro kiyamba okugonjoola ebizibu ebibalukana.

Gye buvuddeko awo, empandiika eyo yayogeddwako mu ngeri ez'enjawulo mu NFIB v. Sebelius (202). Awawandiikirwa Justices Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, ne Atalito gye baawakanya nti Affordcable Care Arecure Adrity Adriant yali asukka ku gavumenti z'abafuzi ezaasalibwa. Baasonga ku ku ku ku bwo bujulizi obulaga nti tteeka lya mateeka gaatandikawo gavumenti eriko ekkomo. Gensburgh, mu k'ak'ak'ak'ak'ategeezza Preging'okussa proso, gye baatongoza Preging the “generalvel Requence.

Kkooti z'ensi era zoogera ku Preget. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu California, mu Serrano v. Paapa (1971], yagamba nti enkola y'ensi eno ey'okuwaayo ssente ereme okukuumibwa mu ngeri y'emu, era nti abalamuzi bagoberera enkola y'obuyigirize obwa gavumenti.

Etteeka Ery’Olubereberye n’Ebibiina Leero

Ekikolwa kya Preaget tekikoma mu kkooti zokka. Mu lukiiko, abakwasi b'amateeka batera okujuliza ennyanjula bwe baba batandika amateeka oba enkola ey'okutandika. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ennyanjula ya Pertient Protection and Affordal Care Act Act ... okutumbula obulamu obwa bulijjo.] Era kiyinza okuba eky'amazima mu kuteekamu amateeka aga'ebifayiro ne okuwanirira Amerika nga kiwandikibwawo enkola ey'okuleeta ebikolerwawo mu ngeri esobozesa entercept ne Obrustrust (PAT) ekikolwandikio [[FFFFFOL:3]], nga erinnya lyago litegeeza okusosola oba okuteekawo olubala.

Ebiragiro n'ebiragiro by'ebitongole era beegayirira okuyita Preaston Lyndon B. Johnson ateekewo “Sosayate ennene” nga bisobozesa obutebenkevu n'eddembe okubuna. Okulangirira kwa Prezidenti ku lunaku olw'Amateeka oba olw'Olunaku ku Mateeka kujuliza ennyanjula eyo okujjukiza abatuuze ebyo bye baasuubiza. Bwe kityo, ekiwandiiko kino kikola ng'enjigiriza y'eggwanga, ebigambo ebikubiriza enkola y'amateeka.

Buli mwaka, abaana b’essomero bakwata mu mutwe ebigambo ebyo, era programu z’eby’enjigiriza ziyigiriza nti ensaalwa y’okutandikawo ennyonnyola ekigendererwa kya gavumenti, era ekakasa nti ensaalwa y’okutandikawo esigala egoberera emitindo gy’empisa egya Amerika, era nti abantu aba bulijjo bategeera bulungi emitindo gy’empisa egy’okugoberera.

Ebikugira Abantu n’Enkaayana Ze

Amaanyi ga Congress, Presage gawa Preagent ne kkooti obuyinza ku gavumenti y'ensi yonna ne gawa gavumenti obuyinza obwa buli kika. Empandika za gavumenti teziyinza kukozesebwa mu bifo birala mu Mateeka. Empandika eyo teyinza kukozesebwa kussaawo mateeka ageesigamye ku mateeka. Ekyokubiri, ebigambo bya Pregegedge tebitegeerekeka bulungi. “General Welfarer” ne “Okuwandiisa eddembe” biyinza okutaputabuusibwa mu ngeri ezikontana, ne kiviirako enkaayaalwano z'ebyobufuzi okukkirizibwa mu kifo ky'okugoberera obulagirizi obutuufu obw'amateeka.

Abalamuzi ne bannabyabufuzi bagamba nti abalamuzi n’abafuzi bwe baba baagala okuteeka ebiwandiiko eby’amateeka nga bagezaako okunnyonnyola ensonga lwaki z’atandikawo tezitegeerekeka, abalala bagamba nti okutandikawo kw’ebigambo ebyo kusobola okuyamba omulembe guno okuzuula amakulu gaabyo.

Ate era kikolobero kirala nti ekisuubizo kya Pregear of Eddecut tekibaddeko bantu ba Amerika bangi. Amateeka ga Buwandiisibwa mu kusooka okukozesebwa ng'abaddu, era nti “Ffe Abantu” tetwawandiisa bakazi, Bamerika oba Abafirika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, okusoosa n'okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi bye baazuula byakoma. Bwe kityo, ebiwandiiko ebiyitibwa Pregeagerigago biraga nti obuddu obw'ekikero mu madiini byali bituukiriza ebigendererwa byabwo era nga tebinnaggwaako.

fundikira

Okutandika ku mateeka ga Amereka si si si si si si si si si si si si si si sinzitidde, wabula amateeka g'ensi n'obutebenkevu nga gateekawo ebigendererwa ebiwa obulagirizi amateeka, okuteesa kw'ekangaanya n'emboozi. Okuva ku New Deance okutuuka ku War on Terror, okuva ku ddembe ly'abantu okutuuka ku bulamu obwa bantu bonna, ebiruubirirwa mukaaga, obwenkanya, obutebenkevu, obutebenkevu, obutebenkevu, n'eddembe ebya Amerika bye bikola nga birina emitindo gy'amateeka egifuga eggwanga. Wadde nga tewalina mateeka gaatuukiriza bikkiririzaamu, abo abassa mu nkola ebibakwatako.