Ebyafaayo ku Kutandika kw’Essaawa

Okutandika kwa ssemateeka w'amateeka mu Amerika kwateekebwawo mu nnaku ezasembayo mu Convention of Constitution mu Philadelphia, Ssebutemba 1787. Omulimu omukulu ogwa Convention gwali gwa kudda mu kifo kya Speciation of Confederation , akakiiko akakola ku mulimu akaateekebwawo ne Gouverneur Morris." kaateekamu olukalala olwo "Abantu"[FL:] . Morris, atwalibwa okuba omuwandiisi omukulu, n'aggyawo ebiruubirirwa bye n'aggya ebiruubirirwa bye n'abawandiisaamu, n'akyusa enzivvumbowa ze zifuuke enjereere wakati w'abantu mu ggwanga lyonna. Kino kyayoleka bulungi nti: abawandikiro tekyusizza b'ensonga endala mu ggwanga lyonna ery'omu Amerika, naye nga terimu na mawanga amalala amalala agatali gaayawulibwamu.

Okunoga tekwalimu ku kiwandiiko ekyasooka ekya Kkaadi. Kyagattibwa ku ddakiika ensembayo nga Ssebutemba 8, 1787, akakiiko ka Scount we kaatuula era nga kaliko ennyimba eya Morris bwe kaafiibwako okukubaanyisa ebigambo. Akakiiko ka Scort kaalimu Alexander Hamilton, William Samuel Johnson, Rufus King, ne James Madison, naye omukono gwa Morris gweyoleka lwatu mu maanyi ga Pregedgery's Resource. Enkyusa ya Morris yajja oluvannyuma lw'okukuba ne bayizi batono abatono, era nga bannabyanganga mu kutandika oluyimba olw'amateeka era n'okulangirira okugatta. Mu myaka egiddako, Pregging yafuuka ensonda z'obuyigirize n'abakulu b'abakulu b'ebigo mu Amerika, nga bayimba era nga bayimbi bayimba mu kiseera kya Preginageygey ne bannaaweego mu kiseera eky'okuyimba.

Mu byafaayo, Pregeargery eteeka essira ku bulombolombo obw'edda obw'okutandika n'amateeka ga puligaant. Omusingi guno gwatandika okukozesebwa mu biwandiiko by'amateeka ebya bulijjo mu Lungereza nga Magna Carta (1215) ne Bill of Rights (1689). Kyokka, U.S signory kwekali okuggumiza obufuzi obwa bulijjo. Endowooza egamba nti obufuzi bwa gavumenti buva ku bufuga. Omusingi guno gwali gwa njawulo mu kiseera kya ssaayansi mu matwale ga monal ne persona, era nga gweyongera okunnyonnyola okugezesa okw'obwemaliri mu Amerika mu ngeri gye weefuga. Pregenance'etaa.[0]

Ekifo ky’Okwanukula Okutegeera Obulungi

Ebigambo " Ffe Abantu, ge bigambo ebisinga okukozesebwa mu byafaayo by'eby'obufuzi bya Amerika. Bikyusa Endagaano wakati w'amawanga okufuuka endagaano mu bantu. Enkyukakyuka eno ey'eby'obufuzi erina amakulu amakulu mu bantu. Ekiragiro kino kizuula ensibuko y'obutuufu bw'ebyobufuzi mu bantu, so si mu matendekero aga waggulu oba enkizo ekisikire. Abamerika bwe baddiŋŋana ebigambo Pregit [“'okugatta ekibiina," mu kutongoza embaga, oba mu kutongoza obukulembeze bwa gavumenti. Ekiragiro kigamba buli munnaka nti, "Gyyy'ebigendererwa byammwe bikolerwako."

Akabonero kalina kye kalaga si mu mateeka; bukakafu obw'ennamba obufuga enneyisa ya muntu mu kitundu oba mu nsi. Okunoga kw'ensonga kunyweza obuvunaanyizibwa obwo nga kusengeka ebiruubirirwa ebigatta awamu abantu ab'enjawulo. Ekigendererwa kya "Okwawula Omusango" kijjukiza abatuuze nti enkola y'amateeka okukuuma enneyisa n'okubonereza obutali bumu mu nsi. "Okukubiriza ab'omu maka okukolagana obulungi n'okuleetawo obutategeeragana, n'okuleetawo emirembe mu kifo eky'emirembe." Bikubirimu okutegeeza nti obutebenkenkevu ate ne ssaddaaka emu, naddala mu biseera eby'entalo. "Okugatta enteekateeka za Javity ," kikukubiriza okukolagana n'okuleetawo obumu mu mbeera ez'enjawulo. Gavumenti eyo tesaanidde kuganyula buli omutawanya, so tojja Manya. Ate era "Siverences Rebust" ejjukiza eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu era n'obusika obw'omu biseera eby'omu maaso.

Amasomero galina kinene kye gakola mu kumanyisa abantu engeri eno. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Amereka mu 2020, nga si kimu kya kubiri eky'abantu abakulu abasobola okumenya amatabi ga gavumenti gano gonna esatu, kyokka 89% be basobola okujjukira ebigambo ebiggulawo Preget. Kino kiyinza okuleetera abayizi okuteeka mu nkola enkola y'obuwangwa. Abayigiriza bakozesa enkola y'obulango. Okutandikawo enkola eyo okumanyisa endowooza y'obufuzi, okwawukana kw'obuyinza n'enkola amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, baayinza okubuuza abayizi okuddamu okuwandiika ebigambo byabwe, nga bakaka abantu abo basinziira ku makulu gaabyo. [FL:0]

Embaga ez'okuzibya enfuufu era ziggumiza ekifo eky'okumanyisa abantu bonna. Abatuuze abappya batera okusabibwa okuddiŋŋana ebigambo ebyo nga bagoberera obulombolombo bwa Ayath of Allegiance. Akalombolombo kano kakakasa nti okubeera Omumerika kitegeeza okukwata emisingi egy'obwenkanya, obukkakkamu, okwerwanako, obutebenkevu, n'eddembe. Abasenze, basobola okukola ng'olutindo wakati w'eggwanga lyabwe eriva mu nsi ne amaka gaabwe amapya agasinga eddiini, oba olulimi. Mu ngeri eno, abanyatteekiso beeyongera okukolagana n'abantu abappya mu bulamu bw'Abamerika.

Ennyanjula n’Okuddamu Okutegeera Obulungi

Akabonero ka 'Civic' tekakoma ku butaka; oluvannyuma keeyoleka ng'eggwanga liyolekagana n'okusoomooza okuppya. Mu ngeri y'emu, okukyusa kwa Pregergey'ewandisizza okuzza amakulu mu mirembe egyava mulembe. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abakuutivu ba New Development" baasaba abawagizi ba New Development mu 1930 okulaga nti programu zijuliziddwa, ate oluvannyuma ne bawagira Great Society mu myaka gya 1960. Mu ngeri y'emu, ekiragiro kino "Cugustruct" kiwandisizza ekkulembedde ekkulembedde ku ddembe ly'abantu, svunnabwo, ne ku mpaka ezibaawo mu kiseera kino teziwandikibwa olw'eggwanga.

Mu myaka egyakayita, abakugu mu by'amateeka batuuse ku ngeri gye bayinza okuleetawo enkyuuka ekwata ku bantu abawawula mu mawanga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, munnabyafaayo Danielle Allen akozesa "Foursety" okutegeeza obutuuze obwa demokulase nga enkola ey'okuwaayo ssaddaaka n'okukolagana awamu. Omwekenneenya w'eby'amateeka Cas Sunstein agamba nti okussa essira ku "Ly" ne "Leberty" bisobola okukozesebwa okukakasa nti gavumenti ewangudde okuggyawo ekiteesobozesezza ekiwayi ky'enjawukana mu by'ensi. Bwe kisobozesa Pregaget, abatuuze b'ebiwawawaatwa byonna eby'ebyawe by'ebya bufuzi okuzza obulombolombo ebyo mu lunyiriri olwo kiyamba okuziyiza ekiwandiiko ekyo okumenyawo.

Engeri Ekwata ku Bulagirizi bw’Ensi

Buli kiruubirirwa ku ebyo omukaaga ekyogerwako mu Pregesage, kyenkanankana n'omuwendo omukulu ennyo ogw'eggwanga nga likozesa emboozi ya bonna.

Obwenkanya

" Omulamuzi olukusa okusala omusango" kye kiruubirirwa ekisooka. Mu 1787, obwenkanya bwategeeza enkola eyadda mu ntegeka eyadda mu ntegeka z'abakaafiiri ne bassa ku nkola z'amateeka, enkiiko ezitasosola, n'obukuumi eringa obutuufu ku musango. Leero, omusango guzingiramu buli kimu okuva ku kusala emisango mu bwenkanya okutuuka ku bugolokofu era n'obukuumi bwenkana wansi w'amateeka. Ekiragiro kino tekikola kalonda kalonda yenna alaga bwenkanya, ne kivaamu amakulu gaawuliddwa okuyitira mu kuteesiteesi. Kyokka, ekikolwa kyennyini eky'okuteekawo ebiragiro eby'omusango mu kusooka kisobozesa abakungu bannagye okuzza emisango oba okusasula emisolooza emisolo. Abatuuze mu kifo kye kimu ku mateeka agasooka.

Obulungi

" Insureence for Family Tranquility" Kino kiraga obukyayi bw'abalimi mu Shays' Regivern (1786-1787), obukyayi obw'amaanyi ku balimi ab'omu kbanja mu Massachusetts. Gavumenti ey'eggwanga wansi w'enkalo ya gavumenti tesobola kuziyiza bujeemu, okulaga obwetaavu bw'obuyinza obw'amaanyi mu ggwanga. N'amaka, si kwe kusaawo butaba na mpaka naye obusobozi bwa gavumenti obw'okukuuma eddembe nga bukyali ku ddembe. Mu kiseera kino, omuwendo guno tegweragibwa mu mpaka ezikwata ku bannaawula bannaago, ebibamba ebigwa bitasobola kuziyiza okuziyinja ebiva mu ku mateeka. Enteekateeka z'eggwanga zikubiriza abatuuze mu ku nsonga ez'okugoba obubenjenya. Omuntu okujjukiza abantu nti obujanjanjabi tebulina buvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti, so si buvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti.

Eby’Okulwanyisa Ebitera Okukozesebwa

" Kino kyongera ku kkomo eri'obukuumi obwa bulijjo" kulaga omulimu gwa gavumenti ogw'okukuuma eggwanga okuva ku kabi ak'abagwira. Abakola k'ekitongole kino baakitegeera nti gavumenti teyinza kukkirizibwa kuwangula oba kukakasibwa. Omuwendo guno gulina kye gukozesezza enkola y'ensi ya Amerika okuva ku NATALO, era gusigala nga mu kifo eky'okukaabirizibwa ennyo okusobola okukuba empaka z'amagye, enviro, en'okukomyawo n'okukozesa amaanyi mu nsi endala. Mu kiseera kye kimu, ebigambo "Crecurity" bitegeeza nti omugugu gw'obukuumi obuva mu Amerika gulina okwegattirwako.

Teriginey

[[NKULU:0]]" Nkola ku kifo ekirala eky'okubeeranga mu kifo ekirimu enkyusa eya bulijjo, kye kimu ku bigambo ebisingayo okuba eby'amaanyi mu mateeka. Kkookeddwako okuzza obusonga ku buli nsonga okuva ku ntegeka z'eby'obutebenkevu okutuuka ku butebenkevu, Medicare, ne enkola z'eby'obulamu eri mu bantu bonna. Okusobozesa abantu okufuna obugasaasaanyizibwa mu bantu bonna, n'okuba obulungi mu ngeri y'ensonga ez'enkola, so si mu kuyambamu. James Madison yakkiriziga mu Omugattikiti No.[41:3] Kino kitegeeza nti "obulungi obwa bulijjo" tebuweebwa buyinza ku buyinza naye tewandiika kakwatego ka maanyi agataawula ku kigendererwa. Wadde nga wazzeewo okuleetawo enkaso ku ngeri y'okuleetawo enkaso, nga mu ku k'obutebe bw'obutebe bw'ebyafunze.

Eddembe

[[AKMENT:0]] Kino kiyamba okuzuula emikisa gy'entebe y'eddembe era n'okunyweza gye tuli. Omulimu gwa Control gukwatagana n'omulimu gwa 'buwangwa' ne kikuuma eddembe. Liberty, eri abakwasiddwa, tegulimu buteefu ku buteetwanyisi bwa gavumenti (eddembe ery'enkomeredde) kyokka naye era n'obusobozi obw'okwenyigira mu kwenyigira mu kwemalirira okw'enkalakkalira. Abakozi baddooza nti eddembe terina kusiimibwa mu mulembe ogugenda okubaawo mu biseera eby'omu maaso; liteekwa okukuumibwa okusobola okuwanirira ebiwandikiro ebizingirwamu.[5] Ate era n'obuyigirize obuva mu ngeri gye baayungi ennyo mu by'obuyigirize obwa waggulu, ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebinoonyezza enjjululwamu.[5][3]

Amakulu g’Enjigiriza

Ennyanjula y'etera okuba ng'emboozi esooka mu masomero agasooka okusanga abayizi mu Amerika nga bagoberera Amateeka. Obumpingi bw'amateeka n'obusobozi bw'okugonjooza ebigambo bigifuula kyangu okukwata, ng'ebiruubirirwa byayo eby'okusembyayo eby'okusomera mu kibiina bwe bisikiriza. Abasomesa mu mitendera gyonna egy'omukitundu bakozesa ennyanjula okwanjula emitindo gamba ng'obwenkanya, eddembe n'obutuuze. Mu masomero agasooka, abayizi bayinza okunnyonnyola nga bakozesa empapula z'amateeka. Nkujjuzibwa okusobola okweyimirizaamu eddembe ly'okutuuti, enziba ey'okwekuuma obutebenkevu. Mu masomero egya waggulu, abayizi bagezaako okulaba oba nga ebigezo ebikolebwa mu kkooti enkulu tebyawulibwawo.

Ennyanjula era era era era era esangibwa mu bannamateeka abassa essira ku kuyiga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, programu "Ffe Abantu, programu, ekozesebwa ekitongole ekiwandikiro ekiwa obulagirizi obwa CBIG, ekozesa essomero erisooka eri abawuliriza abasekerera. Abayizi banoonyereza ku mateeka era ne bawa obujulizi mu maaso g'abalamuzi, nga bayiga okukwataganya emisingi gya Pregailgery's ku nkola za poliisi ez'omu kiseera kino. Programume nga zikubiriza olukalala olw'ensonga z'eggwanga nga zissawo olulina kye lwosososo nga bakko abaana bassoosa obulamu bwabwe. Okusinziira ku ku ku by'ayize ebya CFGULT [[F:], abayizi abali mu nteekateeka ng'ezo, balaga okumanya okw'eby’eby’obufuzi, n'okwegatta mu nsonga z'eby'eby'eby'obulamu.

Empalana mu by’Omulyango ne mu by’Eby’obufuzi

Wadde ng'ennyanjula eba tewa buyinza oba ntegeka, kkooti zikozesezza okulaga nti mu nsonga ez'enjawulo amateeka gaamukkirizisa. Mu nsonga ez'enjawulo nga Matricybury v. Madison [1816], Kkooti enkulu ey'enkulu eyeyambisa ebigambo "Lguildice" okwewolereza olukalala. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT]. Maryland[FLT] [1819], Omukulu John Marshall yayogera ku bigambo ebisooka" okuwagira okunnyonnyola amatwale g'obuyinza. Gye buvuddeko awo, mu n'obumanyifunze, mu n'obumanyirimu obusinga obungi obwa waggulu. [FLT]

Mu by'obufuzi, Pregeargery kikobera abakulembeze, abawi b'amateeka, era abalwanyi. Buli ndagiriro eggulawo abantu leero eyita "Formants" okulaga obumu n'ekigendererwa. Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln's Gettys Scerey(1863) yayogera ku gavumenti ya "abantu, okuva ku bantu." Pulezidenti Franklin D. Rooselt's Four Conferences (1941) yajuliza ku kwolesebwa kwa Preamlyn's Getysburgh (193) okw'eddembe n'obukuumi. Mu kiseera kya 2020, abakungu baalanga ebiwawaguzi nga bajuliza okulayira eggwanga okulyingirira nti abantu batuukana ku buwambi. Olulimi lwa Preganyumaldagedri lukozesebwa mu by'eby’obufuzi bwa Amerika nga lukozesebwa mu nsi enfumo enfumo ze.

Ennyanjula mu Buwangwa n’Obulombolombo Obukyamu

Empandika ya producted teri mu mateeka ga Amerika okumanyibwa ng'ensinziro. Oluyimba lwa 1975 "Pregear" olwatandikibwa abaana ku biruubirirwa by'amateeka okuyitira mu bigambo n'obugambi bw'apping. Oluyimba olwo lugamba nti:" Ffe Abantu... tutongoza era ne tuteekawo olukalala luno olw'amateeka olw'eggwanga lya Amerika".[1] Ddaakikkiriza obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu nga baakamala okuluwulira. Mu ngeri y'emu, Pregingle alabika mu firimu, programu za ttivi, ne mu bya bya bufuzi ng'obulango. Okuyimba okwo kufuuse okutongozaamu obulombolombo ku mikolo gya ggwanga, okutongoza ebigenda mu Amerika, era n'emizannyo nga gye gisomebwa mu bifo ebimu mu luyimba olwo.

Mu mpisa z'abantu abo mwe kiyamba abaana okumanya ekifo kya nsuso mu nsonga z'eggwanga. Abatuuze bwe basanga ebweru w'ennyiriri ze baba bayisiddwa nga bayisiddwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo nga bayimba oluyimba, nga boogera oba nga firimu, bajjukizibwa ebyo bye baakola ebisinziirwako ebigatta eggwanga. Okutandikawo kwa bannabyabufuzi era kiwa ekifaananyi ekyo obutukuvu. Abazannyi ba bya politistiki bwe baagiwakanya mu mateeka, era ne baleme okuwakanya enkola ya pulintalo, era ne bannabyabufuzi ne batandika okugaana "Justice" oba "Lebert" ng'emitindo gy'enjigiriza. Kino kifuula ekikozesebwa ennyo okumanyibwa mu kusosola okw'abantu abangi.

Okugeraageranya Ennaku Eziri mu Kibiina: Amannya n’Ekifo Ekituufu eky’Ensi Yonna

Amerika si ye yokka ekozesa enzivuunula y'amateeka okutereeza emitindo gy'amawanga. Amawanga mangi gakoppye ebigambo ebigamba nti biruubirirwa ebituufu n'obulombolombo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, obusosoze bwa Buyindi, obwa nnaakalyako anti, obwa demokulase, obwa demokulase, obwa dreek', obwa dreek'enkola ya Cetagractive, obuggumiza "obwenkanya, eddembe, okwenkanankanankana, n'obumu." Buwanjufumbo bwa South Africa bw'etaanyiseerako ddala n'ebiruubirirwa bya buwakanya okusosola ekikaawuka, nga bugamba nti "ye enjawukana z'edda n'okuteekawo enjereere ey'enkola eya demokula, n'ensonga enkulu mu bantu." Ekiteekirabo kya Canada ekitongole ekigamba nti kitandikira ku n'okufuga amateeka, era nga kinnyonnyola amateeka, nga kiragira okutuukirizibwa kw'eggwanga lya yunimazmazma z'eddiini.

Okugeraageranya ennyanjula zino kulaga emirimu egikolebwa: zissaawo ensibuko y'obuyinza (emirundi egisinga obungi Ffe Abantu"), n'emitindo egitali gimu egya bulijjo era ne ziwa obukakafu mu byafaayo ebya tteeka erya tteeka erya tteeka erya tteeka erya productive. Kyokka, U.S. Pregetry ya njawulo ku bumpimbo bwalyo, okussa essira ku bufuzi bw'abantu, n'okwewala ebigambo eby'eddiini oba eby'okwemulugunya okwa mu byafaayo. Kino kigisobozesa okumanyira ddala embeera ne zigonjoota. Okwawukanya okwo kwalina kye kwawula ku "socirosocirosource" ne "socialm, "ssocial,'okussa essira ku nsonga z'eggwanga. Okugobejja kw'amateeka gaayamba abantu okumanya engeri gye ziyinza okuganyula abantu mu ggwanga lyonna.

Ebisoomooza Ebiyinza Okubaawo mu Kiseera Kino

Mu kiseera eky'enjawukana ez'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi, Preget ewa ensonga enkolagana wakati w'eby'obufuzi. Ku ludda olw'obwa kkono n'olwolw'olulululululu.[1] Ekiragiro kino kissa essira ku misingi gya "ganeral Welfare" ne "Justice" okuwakana ku mirimu gy'abantu era n'ennamba z'abantu; ku ludda olwa ddyo okukkaatiriza "Leberty" ne "Obufuzi obw'obuwagizi" okuwagira gavumenti n'amateeka n'entegeka. Ebigambo ebyo bisobola okugobererwa mu ku nsonga ezizimbi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu kizimbe, enkuŋŋaana z'ekitongole kiyinza okutandika okusomera abantu nga bagoberera enkola ez'enjawulo.

Kyokka, Pregearry era eyoleka okusoomoozebwa. Abavumirira bawaanyi nti ekisuubizo kino ekya "Liberty" mu kusooka kyali kya bazungu, bannabyami, era nti okutandikawo kwa Pregail kwakozesebwa okusonga ku bantu ab'omu nsi endala, aba Afirika abaaddu, n'ebibinja ebirala ebigwa wansi. Ekiwandiiko kino kyakkirizibwa: "Fourgation" ey'omu 1787 teyazingiramu bakazi, n'Abamerika ab'ennannyini, oba Abalaaya abaddu ab'Amerika. Kyokka, olulimi lwa Pregaygey lwakozesebwa okunnyonnyola nti olubalwa olubalwa olubawandiikivu oluba abantu abangi. Frederick Glas yakajja olugamba nti oluva mu ggwanga eririmu obuddu. Sfujjuffras Suffatton lwali nga Elizabeth Stdyton lwakozesebwa kugin'abantu bannamira ku kkootippecir de desitions.

Mu kyasa ekya 21, empalana eyo yeeyongera okukyuka okuva ku bantu bwe bategeera amakulu gaayo. Ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kuyingira abatuuze mu nsi endala, oba ku mbeera z'obudde, n'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, byonna biwandiike ebiruubirirwa bya Pregegger. Abawagizi b'eby'obwenkanya mu butonde bagamba nti, "general Welfarel" y'ezingiramu eddembe eri ssekusikire ku nsi, ate abawagira enkyukakyuka za poli nga bagamba nti abapoliisi bavunaanyizibwa ku ebyo ebiba bireetebwawo. Okuwonawo kw'eggwanga kw'abantu kusinziira ku busobozi bwabwe okubuulira buli mulembe. Olwosemba abantu mu Amerika bwe baba nga bakkirizibwa okuwakanya amakulu gaagwo, okujanjaga kw'eggwanga lijja kweyongera okubeera n'okwemanyiramya.

fundikira

Mu kuzuula obufuzi mu "Ffe Abantu," Pregeargent yakubiriza buli mutuuze yenna okwenyigira mu mulimu ogw'okwekolera yekka. Ebiruubirirwa bye mukaaga, 'Juliance', ne Conference' bikyusa engeri y'okumanyisaamu Amerika okumala ebyasa bibiri. Mu kuzuula obufuzi mu "Ffe Abantu," Pregegesary by'ekubiriza buli mutuuze okwenyigira mu mulimu gw'okuyimba ennyimba eza bulijjo. Ebiruubirirwa bye mukaaga . Bino, Ekiragiro , , Commoractive Deferation, Leal Weverfective, and Liberty, ne Liberty, bijjukiza abantu b'omu Amereka akawuuntaneti okumanyibwa mu n'ensonga ez'eby'ebyobufuzi. Okuva mu bibiina ebitongole ebikola ebyo, biyamba okuwanirira obumu n'ekigendererwa mu kusobozesa abantu okumanyisaamu, era n'okujjulula obusokeromenti abo abali mu nsi yonna, bajjukiza nti, basigala babadde tebategeera bulungi ku nsonga za bufuzi ebibamu, naye nga bannamu ku nsonga ezibadde mu nsi.