Etandika: Kizibu Okubeera mu Maggwa

Omwaka gwa 2050 we gwatuukira, 70 ku buli kikumi ku bantu abali mu nsi basuubirwa okubeera mu bibuga, ne bongerako abantu obuwumbi 2.5 ku bibuga. Obubuga buno obw'amangunguko gavumenti okuleetera ab'obuyinza okuleeta ennyumba, entambula, amazzi, obuyonjo, n'amasannyalaze. Obusobozi bw'okuteekateeka, eb'eby'ensimbi, n'okusaanyawo emirimu gisinziira nnyo ku ngeri ensi gye yeefugamu. Ebintu bino ebikolebwamu mu biko obwengula obwa waggulu, obuwumbi bwa bikumi bibiri obwa waggulu obunene obunene obuyitibwa //farralsal ne unitary",shape Kino kye kiyinza okumanyisa obuzibu bw'okumanyisa, eby'okunyanyisa amakolero, n'okumanyisanya enkola, n'amasannyalaze. Okutegeera enkola zaabwe zaanya okw'ebyuma eby'obugunjufu, ebikolerwa mu bibuga, ebibuga n'okunoonya obutegekebwa mu ngeri ey'obusuubinjanjabibwa.

Enteekateeka za directal zigabanya amaanyi wakati wa gavumenti y'eggwanga ne gavumenti ez'ebifo oba amasaza, nga buli lukalala lwa mateeka, ziteeka obuyinza mu gavumenti emu enzivuunvu z'obufuzi bwa gavumenti. Enteekateeka zino zisobozesa gavumenti ez'ekika okusiiga gavumenti ez'ekika nga zigoberera enkola za gavumenti ez'ekiwandikiro. Ebitundu bino bireetawo engeri ez'enjawulo ez'okufuga ebibuga, ez'eby'ensimbi, n'okutuukana n'ebiruubirirwa eby'ebiruubirirwa eby'ebifo eby'enjawulo. Ekitundu kino kikebera ebitundu ebyo byombi, kigeraageranya bye bikola, era kiyigiriza ebikolebwa okusobozesa ebibuga okweyongera okukula obulungi.

Gavumenti Ezifuga Obuwagizi

Mu nsi nga Amereka, Buyindi, Bugirimaani, Canada ne Australia, enkola n'eby'okutereka ebibuga bitegekeddwa bulungi. Gavumenti oba gavumenti z'amasaza bye bisimbye obuyinza ku kukozesa ettaka, okutegeka ebikolerwamu, okutegeka eby'entambula, amayumba ga bantu, n'emirimu egikolebwa mu kifo kyazo. Enteekateeka eno esobozesa gavumenti ez'ebifo okumanyisa embeera y'omu kitundu okuzimbira embeera z'omu bitundu nga Phoenix eyinza okuteeka essira ku ku kulondoola amazzi, ate ne kitebe ekikulu nga Chicago kissa essira ku ku kulongoosa nkyukakyuka mu by'obuwandikiro.

Kyokka, okukyusizaamu kuleetawo okukyukakyuka. Gavumenti ez'omugagga ziyinza okuleetera abantu okufuna emisolo egya waggulu era ne zibaleetera okugula ssente, okuzimba enkola ey'obulaguzi n'amayumba ag'ebbeeyi. Eggwanga ly'abaavu, nga gannyinyinyinyiziddwa n'eby'enfuna ebinafu, nga zifuba okukuuma enguudo, sistemu ez'amazzi, n'amasomero. Ofiisi ya gavumenti y'Akaawulizo ga gavumenti mu Amerika, ewandikidde obunene bw'ebitongole eby'eby'obugagga nga byeyongera ne byeyongera okubuna by'amasaza.

Ebizibu by’Okukolagana Obumu mu Ngeri za Kika kya Katonda

Ekintu ekirala ekiyinza okukozesebwa kwe kukolagana obulungi n'ab'obuyinza. Ebitongole eby'eby'ebbeeyi, gamba nga eggaali y'omukka empanvu oba empanvu ez'omu ssemazinga, bitera okusala ensalo ne kiba nga kyetaagisa endagaano ezikwata ku ku ssente, emitindo n'obudde. Ng'ekyokulabirako, empagi z'ebiddukanya bya California ez'oku siteegi, n'eby'obudde birina okukolebwako, okugatta Los Angeles ne San Francisco, zibadde ziko obwetaaze olw'entalo eziziko omwo olw'enjawukana wakati w'ebitongole, ab'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, ne gavumenti za Butunzi. Mu ngeri y'emu, ebitongole bya Buyimbizimbe, n'ebyuma bya Buyimbizi bikoleramu ebizimbiddwa mu ebikozesebwa mu ku n'okuzimbizimbizimbi.

Gavumenti za kampuni era zakalubya ssente. Gavumenti nnyingi tezirina busobozi oba essente zikozesebwa okusobola okugula ebizingo nnene ebizingirwa mu kibuga. Ziteekwa okwesigama ku ssente eza gavumenti, okukolagana mu bantu kinnoomu oba ku butaka. Mu Amerika, gavumenti esobozesa abantu okufuna ssente ez'entambula okuyitira mu kampuni nga mu nteekateeka nga Infrablicture Investicement ne Jobs Acts (IJA), naye nga gavumenti zisobola okuvuganya ne doola zino, ng'ebiseera ebimu ebibuga ne bisigala nga bikuumibwa. The World Bank yagamba nti mu mbeera eza bulijjo, “obutebenkevu n'obutebe bw'eby'eby'eby'ebbeewandiro bisobola okuleetera ebikolerwamu n'okuyongera ssente ezo.

Ebyokulabirako Ebirungi mu Kuddukanya Obuduumizi

Wadde nga kirimu okusoomooza kuno, enkola ya gavumenti ya Bugirimaani ereeseewo okukulaakulana. Gavumenti za Bugirimaani, nga zirina gavumenti ez'amaanyi (Länder), zisobozesezza okutegeka ekiwandikiro kya Rhine-Ruhr, ekimu ku bitundu bya Bulaaya ebinene. Enteekateeka ya 'Verkehrverbund_ (ekibiina kya bannabyabufuzi) esobozesa okuteeka empankula y'empandika ya sirikensi, bbaasi, n'eby'ebitundu by'eggaalimu mu bitundu eby'ensi bingi okuteeka obuwuzi mu kifo ekya lukalu. Gavumenti ya Canada esobozesa okuteeka obudduukirize mu Canada mu nteekateeka y'ebitongole ebigendera ku masaza, ebiva mu ku ntambula ez'omutindo, ne mu bifo ebisaawnya, ate nga y'ebifo ebisinga okutwalibwa mu masaza.

Mu Buyindi, gavumenti zikkiriza ekiwandiiko nga Maharashtra ne Gujarat okukola enteekateeka ez'okuleetawo obubuga nga mw'otwalidde n'enkusu ezikozesebwa mu makolero g'amakolero ne mu kugaziwa kw'enjayiri, kyokka ng'ate gavumenti ezaavu lukulwe zisinziira nnyo ku nkola za Bihar ez'omu massekati.

Gavumenti Eziri Obumu n’Okugattibwa mu Magassedoniya

Mu masaza nga United Kingdom, Bufalansa, Japan, ne South Korea, gavumenti efuga obunene ku nkola z'ebibuga n'eby'okukola ensukko. Gavumenti za Bumeedi ziteekeddwawo okussaawo ab'obuyinza era ziteekwa okugoberera amateeka g'ensi, emitindo n'obulagirizi. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa enkola ez'enjawulo, ssente ezigayirizibwa, n'okukola entegeka ez'ekiseera ekiwanvu mu ggwanga lyonna. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekitongole kya Bufalansa ekitegeka ebibuga, Agence Nationale afuka amateeka g'eggwanga lauré recontion, (ANRU), okugatta ebikoleerwako mu kuddaabinja ebigenda mu nkyukakyuka mu n'okusobozesa obusokebeeyi obungi obungi okusobozesa okuteekawo embalirira mu n'okwerinda.

Enteekateeka za siteegi zisobola okukolagana mangu n'obuzibu obuba mu kibuga olw'okuba amawanga mangi tegeetaaganya kusalawo. Gavumenti ya Japan efuga ebitundu bibiri, okuyitira mu Busaseredooti bw'ensi, Infragradure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), ebadde evuga oluguudo olunene olw'empandika ez'amaanyi eziva ku musisi, ebiragiro eby'okukwata ku bbugwe, n'empandika ebitegekebwa ebikola ebifaanaganyi ebifa ku bibuga ebifaanana nga ebibuga. Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti ensonga enkulu ezizingirwa mu mulimu okukendeeza oba okweyongera okuteeka amayumba ku kaboni mu kifo eky'okugattidwa.

Akabi Akali mu Kuteekateeka Obulungi

Kyokka, okuteeka enkola mu bitongole bya Bulaaya kirimu akabi akatono. Agumenti eya project eyinza okubuusa amaaso embeera z'omu kitundu, ekiyinza okuviirako okutandikawo obuteeso bw'eby'amaguzi oba obutakola bulungi ssente. Kampuni ezikolebwa mu Paris ziyinza obutasobola kusobozesa Marseille oba Lyon, embeera y'obudde, n'enkola y'eby'eby'enfuna okwawukana. Abawakanya enkola y'ekibuga kya Bufalansa bagamba nti enteekateeka y'okutegeka ekibuga ekya waggulu ereeseewo obunene mu n'ebirimu ebiva mu buwaŋŋanda oba ebitono ebikolebwako. Mu ngeri y'emu, enteekateeka y'eggwanga ya UK ewalibwattuliddemu obunene obuva mu buttujjufu.

Ate era, omulimu ogukolebwa mu kibuga London Crosslow rour (Elizabeth Line) naye bwe gutyo bwe gusobola okukolebwa, gwatwala emyaka kkumi okusinga ebyo ebyandikoleddwa ebibiina ebikola ku nteekateeka ez'okusasula obutereevu. Mu nkola eza gavumenti ez'ekitongole kya gavumenti, abakulembeze b'ebitongole baateekawo enkola entonotono okusobola okugonjoola ebizibu ebiba byetaaga mu nsi eyo.

Ebyokulabirako eby’Abantu Abalungi Ennyo

Wadde nga waaliwo akabi konna, enkola za bannassaayansi zikoze ka maanyi nnyo. Gavumenti ey'omu South Korea egenda emanyibwa mangu ng'olutalo olwo luwayiriziddwa. Gavumenti yazimba ebibuga ebippya bingi nga Sejong, ekitebe ekikulu, era n'ekola ekizimbulukusa empandike ky'empandiika y'ebiddukanya by'empaka eby'enjawulo ebikolerwamu ebinene. Gavumenti y'ensi ya Bumenti ya Bumeedi n'esobola okuwanirira ebizimbe by'amaduuka ebizimbe ebizimbibwa mu maduuka ga Seoul Paris Ex. Enter Paris Ex, esobola okusobozesa okuzzaawo ebiwandiiko ebiwera 200 eby'egboonzivu, naye ekiwerezamu ebweruuga Paris (Soété trand) n'okita mu ngeri y'okumanyisaamu ey'enjawulo.

Ebyo ebyakolebwa mu Japan ku kukaddiwa n'okukendeera kw'enkyukakyuka mu bantu era biraga nti sistemu ezikwata ku nkula y'ebitongole esobola okuseesaawo obunene mu bwangu. Gavumenti essence ereeseteesewo enkola ezisobozesa obukiiko bw'eggwanga okwongera okunyweza emirimu gy'obusanjabi n'okukendeeza ku bugazi bw'amasande. Enkola eno ey'okutuuka ku nkomerero y'ekiwandikiro ereetebwawo mu nsi nnyingi.

Okugeraageranya: Amaanyi n’Obunafu

Okutunda Eddagala Ery’Edda

Mu siteeginsi, ssente ezikozesebwa mu mpawo z'emisolo n'ensinga za gavumenti zisinziira ku ssente eziweebwa gavumenti nga zisobola okusobozesa okusasula emisolo egitali gimu. Embeera erina essente eza nfuna ey'amaanyi eyinza okwewola ssente entono ate nga n'eby'enfuna bya buteeyambiyambi bwa maanyi, ng'ate ne waavu ekitongole kya gavumenti okusobola okukuuma ebintu nga bisobola okusobozesa ensi okusasula emisolo nga bw'etuukiriza ebigendererwa byayo, naye kino kiyinza okusobozesa omuntu okwesigama ku bintu byayo. World Bank’s 2023 Infrecurecracraiseficanment Report ewandikireetera okutandikawo ebitiibwa: okusasula emisolo egiva mu n'okugikolako, nga gavumenti zikkiriza okusobozesa okukola enkola y'eggwanga lya ggwanga okumanyirimu.

Obuguwa bw'enkola

Gavumenti za US zireetawo ekitongole kya siteegi mu bwangu. Ebizimbe by'empandika za siteegi ezikubisaamu obunene, ez'empandika za sistemu ezisukka mu 40,000 mu myaka 15. Kyokka, gavumenti za US zifubye okuzimba ebiwerera ddala mayiro 50 olw'empandika eya bulijjo empanvu ez'empanvu. Naye ebizinyi bya sipiidi emu enkalu esobola okutuuka ku bigulamu ebiva ku biyingizibwa ebisaasaanyizidwa, ebiyinza okuvaamu obuzibu n'okulekawo n'okuva mu buzibu obw'omu mateeka. Ebitongole bya bannabyo ne byeyongera ku nsonga ezisinga obungi, ne bwe biba nga bikendeeze.

Okulongoosa n’Okugezaako

Obusobozi obufuga engeri ezo gye ziyinza okukozesebwamu okuyitira mu kugezesa enkola ya demokulase. Ate era Amerika ziyinza okukola nga “obukodyo obwa demokulase,” okukebera ebifa ku mbeera z'ebibuga nga "kinneling productive". Ekitongole kya Singapore nga tekinnaba kukeberwa, oba nga kikebera bugazi bwa ssemateeka, oba nga kikozesa enkola eza langi ez'omu langi eza kiraga ekinene. Ebiwandiiko bya ssemalvesting Buttonsting (Estaide Development But) n'ebyo ebya France byatandika nga ekikola ebigenyiikibwa. Enteekateeka za bannaakyo nabyo bisobola okuleetawo enkola ya sootaaset (okitaa) naye nga bigoberera enkola y'eggwanga mu kifo ky'okunoonyereza kwa bitongole.

Obwenkanya n’Ey’Ebitundu

Sistemu za sistemu ezigatta zisobola okukendeeza et'enjawukana mu bitundu olw'okuba gavumenti ey'omu masekkati esobola okusaasaanya obugagga okuyitira mu kutwalibwa. Gavumenti ya Bugirimaani, wadde nga yagobererwa, etwaliramu enkola ey'amaanyi ey'okukola empandika ezigifuulamu ez'enkola (Länderfinanzaugleich) eziwandiika ssente mu by'obufuzi. Bwe kitaba nga enkola eno, sistemu etongole etongole esobola okuleetawo enjawukana mu ngeri en'enjereere, nga bwe kirabira mu Brazil: eby'obugagga bya São Paulo bye biri mu kika kya nsi, ate ebibuga ebiri mu bukiika obwa kkono tebirimu buyonjo. A202222 CD lipoota eraga nti ensi eziri mu OECD zirina 3040 ku busokeseeko obunene mu nsi ezisinga ezo eziyinza okuzibala okuzizza omuwendo ku ezo eziva mu nsi ennene.

Okunoonyereza ku Case: Empandika mu nkola

Amerika (Edda) – Act ne mu Kiteegi by’Enkukusa

Ekiragiro kino kikolera wamu n'ebitundu by'eby'entambula ebya sitaagibwa mu 2021, era nga kiwa enzivuunula za doola z'Amerika 1,2 obuwumbi obuwumbi obuwumbi nga 1,2 mu myaka egisukka mu butaano. Okufutumbula kwetaagisa obukiiko bwa gavumenti, ebitongole eby'entambula, ne gavumenti ez'omu kitundu okukolera awamu. Mu kukola kino, buli ggwanga lilina okuteekawo enteekateeka ezikwatagana n'obulagirizi bwa gavumenti naye nga lyoleka obulagirizi bw'ekiwandiibwe. Kino kiviiriddeko okulwawo nga 2024, obutundutundu butonotono obw'essente ez'omukitundu obwabulimu ze zituuseeko. Okunoonyereza okwa Brokings Institution kwe kuzudde nti enkola ey'okuteekateeka ebintu eby'amaanyi ennyo mu kiseera kya kabanga ate ng'ebirala ebirala.

Bufalansa (Ebitabo) – The Grand Paris Express

Grand Paris Express y'ekola nga 200-km, 68-actives system etendekebwawo mu mwaka gwa 2015 era n'olukalala olusooka lwatandika mu mwaka gwa 2024, nga luteekeddwa okumalirizibwa mu 2030. Omulimu guzingiramu emitindo gy'ennono n'ebiragiro by'abantu ab'omu kitundu mwe kikolera. Meya w'eggwanga alina ebizingirwamu mu gavumenti ey'omu n'eby'enkola naye nga y'obuyinza obusembayo. Enkola eno ey'okuzimba ereeba nga y'enkola yatandikawo mu 2015 era n'olunyiriri olusooka ne lutandika mu 2024, nga mu kiseera kya makolero egisuubirwa 2030. Emirimu gy'omulimu ogwo guzingiramu emitindo gy'okusiifoomu n'emirimu gy'abantu ab'omu kitundu ekyo, nga bawandikiddwa mu mateeka g'eggwanga lya gavumenti y'eggwanga lya U. Meeya akasikonda y'enkola eno ereeteeba n'enkola mu nteekateeka ey'enkola y'okusengeka y'ensi ya United States.

Enkyukakyuka ez’Okugatta: Enkola ez’Enjawulo

Mu kukola kino, tekitera kubaawo. Amawanga mangi gagoberera enkola ezigattiddwa. Mu ngeri y'emu, gavumenti z'ensi za Buyindi zikirabye nti gavumenti za Bumerika zitaddewo enkola ezikola nga Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, ne meyamalajala w'ab'obuyinza (umg. Greater Manchester, West Midlands). Ebibiina bino byewagidde ddala eby'entambula n'eby'okuzimba amayumba, ne kgeekenneenya engeri z'eggwanga. Mu ngeri y'emu, enteekateeka y'ensi za Buyindi zikirabye nti gavumenti y'etaddewo emirimu mu bibuga (umt.Active Mission for Rejuvenation and Burbactuation) ebigo by'eggwanga ebitongole bye byetaaga okugobeeteeyambizaamu.

Tekinologiya era ekolera ku nkola y'ekitongole ekifuga ekibuga. 'FLT' kibamba'.' Ekibuga ekikolera ku sistemu ezisukka mu kimu, ebiyunga ku mabbali, ebikolera ku materekero n'amaterekero nga bino, bikola bulungi enzivvuunuzi nga bitegekebwa empandika za data. Empandika z'obuwandisi ne za kika kigikolera mu kifo eky'okugoberera emitindo gya kyo. Ensi zombi zikozesa eby'okukozesa ebyo. Ekitongole ky'ekiwandikiro n'ekitongole ky'ekitongole kya Ekitongole ekikola enkulaakulana kw'ekibuga [ ekiyamba ebizibya k'okutuukagana obwa bulijjo.

Enkyukakyuka y'enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka y'obudde ekkirizibwa. Ensi nga Bugirimaani zikozesezza amateeka g'ensi okuteeka ekigo mu buyinza. Naye ensi nga Japan zireetedde ebibuga okukolagana n'okuvuga eggaali y'obudde okusobola okuvuga emitwe gya ddooka. Ebibuga biwa obulagirizi ku ngeri meeya w'ebibuga ebikulu gye bisobola okulagamu engeri y'okutuukirizaamu ebigendererwa bya gavumenti, ng'ate amawanga agamu gataagala kufuga, ng'okusussa mu kifo eky'okuleka gavumenti y'ensi. Kino kiraga nti okuddukanyanyisa obukulembeze bw'ebibuga ku k'ebifo, obukulembeze, obutuuze, n'obutuuze gye businga okuteeka essirajja mu nkola enzijanjabirira y'ebyo ebiyinza okugobeetaabonerawo. Kino kiraga nti okuddukanyaanyisiikiriza ebibuga n'obukulembeze bw'obukulembeze bw'ebitongole eby'omukimu, obungi obungi obukola ebikolebwamu obutuuti.

Nsonga enkulu eri ku nkomerero: Bintu ki ebisingayo Okuyamba Abalwanyi Okuzimba?

Enteekateeka z'ensi n'ezo ezikola ku kugatta abantu tezisobola kugonjoola bizibu. Enkola eno ey'ekika n'ey'okuleetawo okusoomooza okutali kumu esinziira ku byafaayo by'ensi, empisa, obusobozi bw'obuwangwa, era n'obusobozi bw'ebintu eby'okweyimirizaawo. Enteekateeka ezikola ku budde n'obut'obukola obwo zisobozesa abantu okubaako kye bakolawo, okukkiriza enkyukakyuka, n'okuleetawo enkyukakyuka empya, naye ziyinza okuteeka obujjulukunyuvu n'okulemererwa okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu ngeri y'okukolagana.

Ebibuga ebirungi okwetooloola ensi bikolera wamu. Singapore, ekibuga ekirimu amacaase, kikulaakulanye enkola ey'entegeka nga kiwa ebitongole bya gavumenti mu Bugirimaani, eggwanga lya gavumenti, ewa abantu obulagirizi obwa bulijjo okuyitira mu kugatta awamu obutonde. Eky’okuyiga ekikulu kiri nti, amatabi agakolera awamu galina okugattika obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enkalakkalira, eby'obugagga ebimala, n'enteekateeka ezisobozesa okuyiga n'okutuukana n'okutuukana.

Ng'okukyusizaamu kw'ebibuga bigenda byeyongera, gavumenti zisaanidde okussaako essira ku nkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu by'ensimbi: okunyweza ssente, okulongoosa enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti, okuteeka mu nnyimba n'obusobozi bw'okuzimba ebizimbi, era n'obusobozi bw'okuzimba mu mitendera gyonna. Okusalawo wakati wa sistemu n'enkola za siniya ez'ekitongole n'ez'obutuuze, si kikulu nnyo okusinga engeri enkola y'okuleetawo n'okuleetawo enkola. Gavumenti ez'ebyobufuzi, nga zigoberera enteekateeka za bya bya bufuzi, ne bye bikola, bisobola okuzimba ebibuga ebisaanyeebiri eby'omu kyasa ekya 21 ekisooka.

[[NKUMBO:0] Ekitundu kino kijuliza ku kunoonyereza okuva ku OECD trainfolder Division [, ] Ebrookings Institution[, ne World Bank’s Ecutension Cities[]