Gavumenti zisobola zitya okufuga obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu? Eky'okuddamu si kyangu. Amaanyi gayinza okuva mu ssemateeka, mu kukkiriza kw'abafuzi, obulombolombo, oba ne mu nkola y'emmundu. Okutegeera engo zino kireetawo obuzibu eri omuntu yenna ayagala okwenyigira mu by'obufuzi, okuvunaanibwa abakulembeze, oba okumanya lwaki etteeka lirina obuyinza. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku nsibuko, enfumo n'ebika bya gavumenti, era kinnyonnyola ensonga lwaki abafuzi n'abatuuze bonna batuufu.

Ensibuko za Gavumenti

Gavumenti tezijja mangu kubanga zirina obuyinza obuzimbiddwa ku musingi gwe zisinga okwetooloola ensi, gamba ng’amateeka, ebyafaayo, n’enkola z’abantu.

Obuyinza bwa pulinsika

Mu nsi z'omu kiseera kino, ensibuko y'obuyinza esingayo okulabika eba yawandiikibwa oba tewawandiikibwa. Ekiragiro kino kisalawo engeri gavumenti gye zifugamu, era kiteeka ekkomo ku ngeri amatabi gye gayinza okukolamu, era ne kissaawo amateeka ku ngeri gye gayinza okugobererwamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, tteeka lya U.S. liwa kakiiko akafuzi obuyinza obw'okusasula omusolo n'okulangirira entalo, naye nga kuteerekera ab'obuyinza abalala ne bannaago bamanya amateeka agafuga emizannyo. Obuyinza okulabibwa nga zza enkola za za zaabu mu nkola zaazo kubanga gaakolebwa okuyitira mu nkola ez'enjawulo.

Obufuzi bwa Kika

Ku mukutu gwa demokulase kuliko omusingi ogugamba nti obuyinza busibuka mu bantu. Obufuzi obwa waggulu butegeeza nti obuyinza bwa gavumenti bwesigamye ku kukkiriza kw'abafuzi, nga bakuba akalulu. Abatuuze bwe balonda, bawa obuyinza obw'okusiikiriza abantu abamu okugenda mu ggwanga. Endowooza eno yakyuka nnyo mu kiseera we bwatandikira mu nkola ya demokulase mu nsi yonna. Ekirangiriro kya gavumenti eky'Obwetwaze bwe kiwandiisa nti gavumenti zifunye obuyinza obw'obwenkanya okuva ku ku ku kukkiriza abafuzi. Obufuzi obwa waggulu era bwe bufuga mu kiseera ekyo, gavumenti gye zisalawo ku mateeka oba ku nkola y'amateeka oba enkola.

Obwannannyini bwa Katonda

Mu byafaayo by'abantu bingi, abafuzi baali bagamba nti obuyinza bwabwe bwali buva eri katonda oba bakatonda. Enjigiriza egamba nti Katonda y'alina obuyinza ku bakabaka, naddala mu Bulaaya mu kyasa ekya 16, baali bakkiriza nti bakabaka baali bavunaanyizibwa eri Katonda bokka, so si eri abo be bafuga. Bakabaka baali bafaananako okuwakanya Katonda by'ayagala. Wadde ng'enkola eno ey'obuyinza ekendedde nnyo ku gavumenti za bafuzi eziriwo mu kiseera kino, egoberera gavumenti za bannaakyewa ezimu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu bakabaka aba bulijjo nga Saudi Arabiya, obuyinza bw'omufuzi bwali bukwatagana n'obukulembeze bw'eddiini.

Amaanyi ne Kyennyigiddemu

Gavumenti tezifuna buyinza mu kukkiriza oba mu mateeka. Abamu bafuga mu ngeri ey'obulabe. Abajaasi, bannaakyemalira, ne bannaakyemalira batera okwesiga amagye, poliisi ez'omu kyama, n'okulabira ddala okuziyiza okuziyizibwa n'okukugira enfuga. Wadde nga okukakanya kuyinza kwokka okuleetawo obwannannyini, kuyinza okukuuma obuyinza. Omuntu okuba n'akkiriza nti gavumenti y’egwanidde okufuga, naye olw'okutya ebinaava mu bujeemu, tekusobola kukendeezebwa; amagye oba poli bwe gavaawo, gavumenti eyinza okugwa.

Obulombolombo n’Ebirowoozo by’Omubiri

Obulombolombo n'ebikolwa ebimaze ebbanga eddene nga bikkirizibwa era bikkirizibwa. Ab'obuyinza ab'omu matwale gamu bawa obuyinza okuva ku bazadde okutuuka ku baana era abantu bayinza okubukkiriza olw'okuba "bweyabanga bwe bwe kityo bwe kibaddenga. Obulagirizi obw'enkalakkalira, nga bwe kyogeddwako omunnasayansi Max Weber, bwesigamye ku nzikiriza entukuvu y'obulombolombo bw'eby'obutukuvu. Kino kyawukana ku buyinza bw'amateeka obuwandiddwa ku mateeka. Mu bitundu bingi, abakulembeze ab'obuwangwa gamba nga bakampuni ab'ebika oba abakadde b'ebifo bafuga nga bafuga n'ebifo oba bassa wansi w'amakanisa.

Obuyinza bwa Kika

Abafuzi abamu bafuna obuyinza si okuva mu mateeka, okulonda, oba obusika. Obuyinza obusinga okulagibwa Max Weber, era bujjawo singa abagoberezi bakkiriza nti omukulembeze alina amaanyi agatali ga bulijjo, era ag'omutawaana. Lowooza ku bantu nga Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., oba Nelson Mandela. Charima busobola okuleetera abantu okukola enkyukakyuka ez'enkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi n'okukuŋŋaanya, naye nga bunafu nnyo. Olw'okuba bw'obeera nti obusokesito bwa mukulembeze, bulemererwa okutambula mu ngeri ennyuma y'emu. emirundi mingi, omukulembeze w'ekibonero alemererwa okusigala nga takyagenda mu maaso.

Enjigiriza z’Ab’Obuyinza Ezaakolebwa mu Bukadde

Ng’oggyeko ensibuko z’ebintu, abafirosoofo mu by’obufuzi n’abakugu mu mbeera z’abantu bafunye endowooza ezinnyonnyola ensonga lwaki abantu bakkiriza obuyinza n’engeri ebintu eby’amaanyi gye bikuumibwamu.

Endowooza y’Enkolagana y’Abantu

Ssaddaaka y'enkola y'abantu y'emu ku ndowooza ezisinga okusibuka mu by'obufuzi eby'omu Bulaaya.

  • Thomas Hobbes yagamba nti awatali gavumenti, obulamu busobola okuba "olutalo olwa buli omu ku buli muntu" — olwabweyawukanya, olwavu, olw'obufissi, era olumpi. Mu kitabo kye 1651 Leviathan, Hobbas yagamba nti abantu balina okuwa eddembe lyabwe lyonna eritabaganya ne kabaka asobola okuleetera emirembe kukka. Ku bikwata ku Hobbes, obuyinza buva ku kutya ekigenda mu bbanga.
  • John Locke yalina endowooza ey'okusuubira okutajjulukuka. T Tteekasss of Gavumenti[ (1689), Locke yawakanya nti abantu balina eddembe ly'omu butonde ery'obulamu, ery'eddembe n'eby'obugagga. Bakola gavumenti okukuuma eddembe eryo naye singa gavumenti efuuka nnaakyemalira, abantu balina obweyamo.
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau[ yaggumiza "galina ky'oyagala okukola" — abantu bonna okutwalira awamu. The Social Contract[ [1762]], Rousseau yawandiika nti obuyinza obwatongodde okuva ku bantu bonna okutwalira awamu, so si ku mufuzi omu. Endowooza ze ezaluŋŋamizibwa ziva ku mu mu mu ttwale eri omu.

Enjigiriza eyo esigala y'egguka ku ndowooza z'abantu ku ngeri gavumenti gye ziyinza okufugamu, naddala ku nsonga gamba ng'okusasula emisolo, okulambula oba okukebera ebiwayirwa. Okumanya ebisingawo, laba Encyclopedia of Philosophy eyingira mu kiwandiiko eky'okufunvuza et'empaka'eby'obufuzi[]

Obuyinza bwa Kirgastiki

Karl Marx ne Friedrich Engels baannyonnyolanga mu ngeri ya njawulo. Bagamba nti obuyinza tebuliva ku kukkiriza oba ku Katonda, wabula ky'okukozesa ekibiina ekifuga okukuuma obutuuze bwaakyo mu by'enfuna. Mu kapitalimu, gavumenti ewagira ebigendererwa bya bourgeousie (oyo abikola) era eziyiza obufuzi bungi obugamba nti bukiikirira ekibiina. Amateeka, poliisi, kkooti, n'omulimu gw'amagye byonna okusobola okukuuma ebintu bya bantu kinnoomu era n'okunyanyisa obukumpanya.

Ebika by'Obuyinza Ebisatu eby'Omu Maayi

Omukugu mu by'ennono Omugirimaani ayitibwa Max Weber yawa olukalala lw'obutoffaali olukyakozesebwa mu nsi yonna. Yanogayo ebika bisatu eby'enkukakyuka ebya [ ebitegeera obulungi obuyinza[

  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI] ab'obuyinza abafuga [[[AK'AKAFUMBO:1] — be basinziira ku bulombolombo obwateekebwawo okumala ebbanga ddene era n'okukkiriza obutukuvu bw'obulombolombo. Ebyokulabirako bitwaliramu obusika bwa bakabaka n'obw'ebika by'abaami.
  • [[Act:0] omukugu mu by'obufuzi [ — okwesigamiziddwa ku ngeri ez'enjawulo ez'omukulembeze, ezitera okutwalibwa nga ezo eza nsibuko oba ezaaluŋŋamizibwa Katonda. Ebyokulabirako bizingiramu bannabbi ab'eddiini, abakulembeze b'enzikiriza ez'okujeezaako, n'abantu abali mu bitiibwa by'enzikiriza.
  • [[NKULULA]] Ab'obuyinza okuva ku mateeka — okwesigamiziddwa ku nkola y'amateeka n'enkola. Obuyinza buweebwa mu ofiisi, so si mu muntu omu. Obutuuti bwa demokulase, demokulase, ne si sistemu ez'amateeka ez'omu kiseera kino b'ekika kino b'ekika kino b'ennono, ze zimu ku ngero ezisinga obunene. Eno y'enkola esingayo mu bibiina ebinene eby'enjawulo.

Weber yakyetegereza nti gavumenti ezifuga ensi yonna zigattika buyinja. Ng'ekyokulabirako, produkstanti egatta ab'obuyinza (engule) n'obuyinza obwa g g ggumba (amasaza n'amateeka). Okwekebejja kwe kw'akoze ku nsonga lwaki abantu bagondera amateeka ne bwe kiba nti tebakkiriziganya nago. Okusobola okunoonyereza ku nsonga eyo, laba Britannica's of Max WeLT[F]

Enjigiriza y’Obukulembeze

Obusobozi bw'okugoberera amateeka kye kikkiriza nti gavumenti y'erina obuyinza okufuga. Nga tewali mateeka ga njawulo, gavumenti eteekwa okwesigama ku kukakibwa, ekintu ekyebeesa ssente n'ekitali kinywevu. Munnabyabufuzi David Beetham yawa ebiwandiiko bisatu: amaanyi gakkirizibwa singa (1) gatuukagana n'amateeka agaateekebwawo (obutebenkevu bwa gavumenti), (2) amateeka ago gakkirizibwa olw'enzikiriza ez'enjawulo (enkola z'okukkiriza). Kino kituyamba okutegeera ensonga lwaki n'obuteenjigiriza ez'ooobufuzi obwannakyemalira ku ku kugezaako okuleetawo enfuze mu matabaala, poko, oba okukubiriza obusosoze obw'eggwanga.

Engeri z’Obuyinza bwa Gavumenti

Gavumenti y’esalawo engeri abantu gye balina eddembe ly’okwesalirawo.

Demokulase n’Eby’Obutonde Byayo Ebitali Bimu

Demokulase kitegeeza "okufuga abantu". Kye kimu ku bintu ebisingayo okuba nga kye kimu n'obufuzi obwa bulijjo.

  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI] Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa Abatuuze okulonda obululu ku mateeka. Abatuuze ab'omu Asene ab'edda baakikolanga mu nkuŋŋaana ennene era ne Switzerland ey'omu kiseera kino bateekamu obululu emirundi mingi. Bikola bulungi nnyo mu bantu abatono.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI]] Kikiikirira demokulase: Abatuuze abasobola okusalirawo abakungu. Eno ye ngeri esingirayo ddala, ekozesebwa mu Amereka, Bugirimaani, Buyindi, n'amawanga amalala mangi.
  • [[AK'AKAFUZI]] Demokulase ey'okutuutirako: Ekirala nga tekikoma ku kulonda okukubiriza obutuuze okweyongera okwegatta ku bufuzi okuyitira mu bukiiko bwa gavumenti, obuwati bw'abantu, n'okunoonyereza ku butaka. Ekiragiro kino kiteekateeka okwongera okugatta omuka wa demokulase.

Obufuzi bufunibwa mu kulonda, naye era bwetaagisa okukuba obukuba mu mpapula z’amawulire awatali kuwalirizibwa, okusalirawo abalamuzi omusango mu buwaze, n’okukuuma eddembe ly’abantu abatono ennyo okusobola okusigala nga balamu bulungi.

Obukulembeze n’Obunnaakyemalira

Mu nkola za bannaakyemalira, amaanyi geewalibwa mu mukulembeze omu oba akakiiko akatonotono, nga buli omu alina eddembe ttono mu by'obufuzi eri abatuuze. Okulonda, bwe kuba nga kuliwo, tekuba kuvuganya. Obutuuze bwa nnaddala ngeri ya njawulo gavumenti gye egezaako ennyo okufuga buli kintu kyonna mu bulamu bwa bantu, nga mw'otwalidde n'enkujjukujjukujju, n'ebyuma eby'amakulu. Nazi Germany ne Soviet Union ebya Stalin'S bye bitera okubeera ebyeyambisibwa mu buyinza obw'amaanyi. Gavumenti zino tezirina bwetaawula ku nkola ya bannasayansi abasinga obungi, ate gayinza okweyongera okutya n'okuyingiza ebinyuma.

Monarchy

Bbaati z'omufuzi omu bw'abeera nga y'abeera omufuzi omu, emirundi egisinga ekisikire. Absolute obufuzi [g., Saudi Arabiya, Oman) kiwa kabaka obuyinza obutakugirwa, obutera buwagirwa ab'eddiini oba obukkirizibwa mu buwangwa. Kino kitegeeza nti obufuzi obwannamu (eg., United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden) kye bufuga ekiragiro ekifuga empaka amadiini, era ne kigigiwagirako n'obuyinza obwa bulijjo. Kino kigatta n'obuyinza obufuga mu by'obuwangwa bwa gavumenti.

Obaluchy

Oligarchy kitegeeza obufuzi obukolebwa abantu abatono. Amaanyi gagobererwa abantu abatono abeesigama ku bugagga, oluganda lw'ab'omu maka, obuyinza bwa bya bufuzi oba enfuge. Esparta ne Roman Republic bye bimu ku byokulabirako eby'ebyafaayo. Leero, abawaka abamu bagamba nti gavumenti za demokulase ezimu zifuuse za bannaakyemalira, era nga zigoberera enkola y'abantu abatono ennyo nga bawaayo era nga bagezaako okubaako kye bawa. Enjawulo wakati wa demokrase ne obuntu n'obuwansi obwa Rooma, ziyinza okuzibuwawulawo singa obufuzi bw'eby'ebyobufuzi bukyungibwa bakyusa buyinza bwa bannabyabufuzi.

Teyokulase

Mu teyokulase, abakulembeze b’eddiini beetwala okuba ab’obuyinza okuva eri Katonda nga beesigamiziddwa ku byawandiikibwa by'eddiini, era eggwanga likubiriza enjigiriza z'eddiini. ebyokulabirako bitwaliramu Iran (Omukulembeze Asinga Obukulu gy'ali mukulembeze) n'Ekibuga Vatican. Ab’obuyinza bwa teyokulase beegatta ku ddembe lya Katonda n'enkola oba obulombolombo bw'omu kitundu.

Enteekateeka y’Obukulembeze

Abatuuze bwe bamanya nti gavumenti y'egwanidde okufuga, bagoberera amateeka kyeyagalire, ne bwe kiba nti tebakkiriziganya na mateeka agamu, ebintu ebiwerako bibaleetera endowooza eyo.

  • [[AK'AMULA] Obulungi n'obuteenkalu wansi w'amateeka:[[Akabonero:1] Amateeka bwe gaba nga gakola mu ngeri y'emu eri abantu bonna, abagagga n'abaavu, ab'amaanyi n'abanafu, kiba kyangu abantu okutwala ensi eno ng'eyawukana ku. Obulyi bw'enguzi oba obusosoze ku balala bweyongera bweyongezi mu kuba ntuufu.
  • [[Act:0]] Obubonero n'okutongoza: Bireetera omulimu mu gavumenti okubikkula enkola, eddembe ery'obwannannyini n'obulabirizi obwa kyewa (nga abalambuzi n'abalambuzi) bye byetaagira. Abatuuze beetaaga okulaba nti bye basalawo bikolebwa mu ngeri ey'amagezi era nti n'abakungu bayinza okuggibwawo singa bakozesa bubi obuyinza.
  • [[AKITANDIKI]] Beetabirira mu ngeri yonna:[[Akabonero:1] Abantu abalina eddibu oba enziragiro nga balonda, nga bategeeza abantu bonna bye baagala, oba nga bayitira mu kulonda, oba nga banoonya obujulizi ku buli kakiiko akagattiddwamu, bawulira nti bennyini be balina.
  • Ebivaamu biba bivudde ku gavumenti ewa abantu obukujjukujju. Gavumenti ewa abantu obukuumi, obuyigirize, obujjanjabi, obujjanjabi, n'obumanyirivu. Ebivuddemu bisinziira ku nkola za demokulase ne ku nkola ya demokulase. Obufuzi ne bwenkana nga busobola okubaleetera okusoberwa n'okufiirwa obwetwaze.
  • [[NKULA]] Amateeka: Oboolyawo ensonga enkulu ennyo. Ekiragiro bwe kibambalirirwa amateeka agategeerekeka obulungi n'abakungu, olukalala lw'amateeka, olutegekebwawo kiyamba obutebenkevu mu nkola y'ekiwandikiro.

Obusosoze era buyinza okutaagibwawo olw'ebintu gamba ng'ebikolwa eby'obukambwe ebya poliisi, okulonda mu nkwe, oba obuzibu bw'eby'enfuna. Okubuzzaawo kitera okukwetaagisa okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu matendekero, okusemba amazima, oba endagaano empya. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okuva mu South Africa okudda mu demokulase kyatwaliramu enkyukakyuka enkulu mu ggwanga okuyitira mu 1996 Constitution and Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Esinga obungi ku by'etteeka lya 'FLT'.

Ensonga Lwaki Kikulu eri Abatuuze

Okutegeera engeri gavumenti gye zifunamu obuyinza si kye kintu omuntu ky’ayinza okukola, wabula kikwata ku buli muntu.

  • [[NKUMBO] Enkola eya bulijjo ne 'Building and Civic Agiment': Abantu bwe bategeera ensulo z'obuyinza (eg., livpule n'empandika ey'amaanyi ey'ekika kya bantu), basobola okukebera abo ababa beewaddeyo oba okusengeka enkola zaabwe eza bulijjo. Basobola okukozesa ebigambo ebitaliimu ebikwata ku "y'abantu okwagala" era ne bakwata abakulembeze ku mateeka.
  • Ekivaamu: Abatuuze abategeera endowooza z'obuyinza bayinza okunnyonnyola ebigambo byabwe nga bakozesa ebigambo ebisikiriza. Singa gavumenti yeesigama ku buyinza obwa gwamateeka, abakkuutizi bayinza okusonga ku buwaanyi mu mateeka oba ku ttuluba ery'ekika. Singa ab'obuyinza bagoberera enkola ey'ekika kya bulijjo, bayinza okusikiririza ku bulombolombo obw'ekiseera ekiwanvu obw'obwenkanya.
  • [[NKULA] Gavumenti evunaanibwa: Amateeka gaba luguudo lwa mirundi ebiri. Gavumenti ezimenya amateeka gaazo oba ezibuusa amaaso ennyunzi zireme okuteegera enfuze z'abantu ziyinza okufiirwa obuyinza bwabwe. Abatuuze bayinza okukuba obukalu, okulonda abakungu, oba okulwanirira enkyukakyuka mu mateeka.
  • [[NKUT:0] Okumanya obuyinza kuwa abatuuze eby'okulwanyisa eby'okulemererwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okutegeera okwawukana kw'obuyinza kuyamba abantu okulaba singa ettabi erimu lisukka omulimu gwakyo. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika ekola nga ekitongole New York Times Co. United States kye kisalawo mu [[FLT] Com]
  • [[AK:0] Erako okukomyawo okukuza enfuga ya demokulase: Demokulase ey'emirembe kyesigamye ku kwegatta ku bannakyewa abamanyi obungi abeenyigira mu kulonda, si ku lunaku lwokka olw'okulonda kyokka naye era mu mwaka gwonna. Amaanyi agategeera galeetera abantu okubuuza ebibuuzo, okusalawo n'okuvuganya.

fundikira

Gavumenti zifuna amaanyi okuva ku kugatta amateeka, okukkiriza okw'ekika ekya waggulu, obulombolombo, okukaka n'okwegattira Katonda. Enjigiriza ezikwata ku ndagaano y'enkola, Marxism, ne Weberia ziyamba okunnyonnyola ensonga lwaki abantu bakkiriza amaanyi ago n'ekigakwatako. Gavumenti — demokulase, enfuga nga nnaakyemalira, obufuzi obwannakyemalira, obufuzi bw'abantu, oba teyokulaazaamu — birina emitindo gya maanyi nnyo ku ngeri abantu gye bakozesaamu obuyinza era n'engeri gye batambuliramu.

Mu nsi gavumenti gye zitera okwewaana obuyinza awatali kuwolereza, obusobozi bw'okwawulawo amaanyi ageesigamiziddwa ku maanyi n'obuyinza obwesigamiziddwa ku kukkiriza bukulu nnyo n'okusinga bwe kyali kibadde. Abantu kinnoomu basobola okuzimba gavumenti eziweereza abantu ddala — so si engeri endala yonna.