Engeri Gavumenti Gye Zikozesaamu Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ennamu Okukuuma Abatuuze

Ekitongole ekya 14 eky'ekirala, ekyakkirizibwa mu 1868, kye kimu ku ebyo ebyasinga okugonjoolebwa ku Mateeka g'ensi mu Amerika. Kyalina ekigendererwa eky'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu abaali mu buddu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo ow'omunda, naye olulimi lwayo olugazi lwakisobozesezza okuba omusingi gwa bukuumi obw'enkunkunala n'enjawukana. Gavumenti ezifuga, gavumenti, gavumenti, n'ebitongole by'omu kitundu bye byesigama ku ku kulongoosebwa kw'enkola y'obufuzi era n'okukakasibwa okuyisibwa mu ngeri y'emu wansi w'amateeka. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola etteeka ekkulu erinaaweeyambibwa mu ku ddembe ly'okwewala n'okwenkanya.

Okutandika kw’Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri

Ekiragiro ekyo kyalagira abaddu okuggibwawo. Naye mu maserengeta ga Southern kyateekawo “Etteeka eribaala obwa nnamukadde” eryakugiranga nnyo eddembe lya bannamerika mu Afirika. Entegeka eya 14th Amereka yayitibwa okutereeza embeera nga kiwa obutuuze era n'okuyimirira mu mateeka. Erimu enteekateeka ez'enjawulo: Kintu kya Cintuclaus, enkizo oba Immunions Claus, The Claale, ne Express Classione. Ebyakolebwa bino byawandisizza gavumenti okuwanirira obutuuze mu n'obusosoze.

Okukuuma Claus nga Bwe Yakolanga

The Umetal Protection Claus egamba: “Tewali gavumenti... erina okugaana omuntu yenna mu buyinza bwayo okukuuma amateeka mu ngeri y'emu.” Ekiwandiiko kino kye kya kulwanyisa ekikulu ekikontana n'amateeka n'okutulugunya. Gavumenti(okusingira ddala, oba kkooti za gavumenti) zikozesa okukuba amateeka agakwata abantu mu ngeri ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku langi, obuwangwa, obuwangwa, oba entegeka z'amawanga.

Engeri Ebyafaayo Gye Byakozesebwamu: Okuggya Obusosoze

Enkola eyamanyibwa ennyo ey'okukwata ku Kukuuma Claus yajjira mu Brown v. Akakiiko k'Essomero (1954), akakiiko akafuzi gye kaatwala nti enjawukana mu langi mu masomero ga bantu teyenkanankanankana. Mu myaka egyaddirira, kkooti zaagobereranga endowooza y'emu mu kuggyamu obusika, entambula, ebifo we basula, n'emirimu. Olupapula terukuuma busosoze mu nkonkole; era kkooti ez'omulembe nazo zikozesa okujjuza ebiva mu ku bukuubayi z'ebiwandikiro ebibaawuusibwa obukuuyi n'okujjuziganya ebibalira ddala ebibaliraawuuzibwe mu maggwe.

Okulingana kw’Olulyo n’Omuntu

Ekitongole ekinoonya enkola eno kye ky'ompanya protection Claus kyeyongedde okulingana mu buliyawuka. Reed [771] ne [[FLT]]] Craig v. Boren] [1997], Kkooti enkulu etaddewo amateeka agakwata ku basajja n'abakazi gasaanidde okuweereza nga bagattise] era n'ensonga eyo ereetebwa. [Kikulu kye kimu ku] n'etteeka erikwata ku by'okwetaba. Amateeka gano agatwalibwa nga agatongoddewo obusokefu, emirimu, n'obusobozi bw'eby'amagye byeyongera okulwanirira okusasula embuto, okukkukuuma obusosoze.

Okuwa Amalala Eddembe n’Okwagala

Era ekitongole ekikirabirira kifuga obusika bw'okulonda n'obutuuze bwa bya bufuzi. Reynolds v. Sims[FL:1] (1964), kkooti enkulu yasala nti enzivvuunuzi z'enkola z'enkola ziteekwa okuba nga zenkanankana mu bantu abali mu bitundu / “omuntu omu, okulonda omusingi omu. Kino kikakasa obulango obwa bulijjo n'okukugira okukireetera obutasukka mu kifo eky'okukkirira mu kifo. Gye buvuddeko awo, olukalala luno lubadde lukozesebwa okusoomooza amateeka g'abafuzi ab'enjjuluzi, n'ebiragiro ebirala ebireeteebirinaasa okugoba abantu abatono. Gavumenti zisobola okulwanirira okukuba ku n'okwegatta ebibaganya.[2]

Claus Knowlee Access

Century Claus elangirira nti tewali ggwanga lisobola “kuggya muntu yenna mu bulamu, ddembe oba bintu nga tewali mateeka gabituukiriza.” Ekisuubizo kino kirimu obubonero bwa mirundi ebiri: engeri ereetebwawo era n'engeri gye kituukirizibwamu. Ebyo byombi byakukozesebwa okukuuma abatuuze okuva ku nkola za gavumenti ez'enfuge.

Tekisobose omulimu ogubindabinda

Okusobola okuwa obujulizi ku nsonga eziba zigobereddwa, gavumenti okusobola okukomya obulamu bw'omuntu, eddembe, oba ebintu, kyetaagisa okukola ku nkola ez'obwenkanya. Kino kizingiramu okuwa obujulirwa ku buli nsonga, omukisa okuzikwata, obutasosola, n'obusobozi obw'okuteekawo olukunkumuli lw'okuwaayo. Gavumenti zeesigama ku byetaago bino okukakasa nti ebikolwa byabwe nga bimalawo emiganyulo gy'obulamu. Amaanyi agagikolera omuntu, oba okusaza layiseemu layisensi etali y'omulimu, oba okuteekako enkola etali ya mu mateeka. Kkooti zikoze ekigezo ekigezesa ku mutindo ogumu, obukyamu n'ebbeebbeeyi bw'okugoba obukyazibwe mu nsonga ezikwata ku n'ensonga ezikwata ku n'okugonjoola ensonga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu [FLD:0]

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteetera Okukolebwa

Enkola ekyetaagisa okusobola okukuuma obusobozi obw'okujjanjaba obusobola okutaagibwa mu mateeka, obwa bulijjo ne bwewali ng'empandika eya gavumenti ekozesa enkola ezisaana. Kkooti enkulu yawanudde eddembe ng'eddekuseeko obwannannyini okuwasa oba okufumbirwa. Eddembe ly'okufumbirwa, obwannannyini obw'obujjanjabi, n'obulina okugaana obujjanjabi wansi wansi w'enjigiriza eno. Obulwadde obw'ekiragiro obufaananako Grisold v. Connecticut[FL][FL][5] [5] [5]] (okutongola abaana]), [[FLT:]]] [2]].[5] Kino kiyinza okulagira enkola yonna ey'obusobo obukyamu eri mu mateeka ag'omumu ku nsonga enkulu.[FLT] era nga bweyongera mu nkola eyinza okulagira enkola ey'okunoonyereza okutaagibwa.

Obukuumi ku Nkolagana Ennungi ey’Eby’Eby’Enfuna

Wadde nga kooti enkulu yalekayo enkola y'eby'enfuna ey'okukika mu kiseera ekya Learn era nga yasaze amateeka agakwata ku ssaawa, gavumenti ez'omu kiseera kino zikyakozesa enkola okwekuuma amateeka agageekuusa ku by'enfuna. Kkooti zikozesa enkola ey'okwekenneezaako eby'enfuna okugezesa ebiruubirirwa bya gavumenti, nga buli kimu kizikwata ku kigendererwa kya gavumenti. Kino kiresezza gavumenti okutegeka ebiziina, eby'amaguzi, n'okukola endagaano eby'ekiseera ekiwanvu nga teziwadde busonga busonga buteesobozi oba nga zituukiriza bireeseteeso.

Enjigiriza Egikwata ku Kintu

Ekiwandiiko kino kye musingi gw'amateeka ogugamba nti obukuumi bwa Bill of Rights bukwata ku gavumenti okuyitira mu mutemwa gwa 14mende ogwa Claus. Mu kusooka, Bill of Rights yakugira gavumenti y'eggwanga. Kkooti enkulu yatandika “okukakasa” obukakafu obwa nnamaddala obwaliwo ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa 20, era leero kumpi buli kaweefube ow'okuzzaawo emirembe munaana egyasooka yagobererwa gavumenti ne gavumenti z'ensi.

Enkizo Zaakisibwa Ekiseera Kyonna

Ennaku enkulu ezigattiddwako mwe muli:

  • [[NKULA:0] Enkyukakyuka eyasooka[ kwe kuba n'eddembe: okwogera, okukuba empapula z'amawulire, okusinza, okukuŋŋaana awamu, okusaba (okutandika Gitlow v. New York, 1925).
  • [[AKMENTI] Omutemwa ogw'okukyusakyusakyusa mu ngeri enneyisa ey'okumpi[[MULT:1]] gusobola okutuyamba obutakeberebwa oba obutakwatibwa kakwakulizo ([[[KITA:2]]]] Mapp v. Ohio[], 1961).
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] [[FUMENTI]] [[[NKULA]] Obukuumi obutasobola kwewalibwa olw'okwefuga we bukoma ([[KATANDIKA:]]]] Malloy v. Hogan[, 1964]) obungi bw'obubonero obukubiri ([ Benton v. Maryland[], 1969).
  • [[AWULA:0]] Omutemwa ogw'okusoosako [[[NKULA]] Ogwo guba gulina obwannannyini okuwabula ([[[KITONGO:2]] Gideon v. Wainwright[[[KITA:3]], 1963], okuyomba kw'abajulizi, okuwozesebwa, n'okuwozesebwa kw'ekanga abalamuzi.
  • [[AGUMENTI]] [[[NKULA]] Obukuumi obuva mu kubonerezebwa okw'obukambwe n'obw'ekika ekitategeereka ([[[K'AK'AKULUMENTI:2]] Robinson v. California)) ne bbayiro ezisingako.

Okugatta kukakasa nti gavumenti tezisobola kutyoboola ddembe ly'abantu erya bulijjo. Abakwasisa amateeka, obukiiko bw'essomero, ne gavumenti zikola nga gavumenti y'eggwanga zikola ebintu bye bimu. Kino kikuuma abantu obutagoberera mateeka ate kireme okusobozesa abantu okufuna eddembe eritali limu. Okwegatta ku mateeka mu kibiina kya Cornell Legal Information Institute[

Enkizo Ezitagattiddwa

Birimu ebitongole ebikola ku ddembe erya nnamba ebisigala nga tebifunzidwa, gamba nga, Sander Amendment (Ofiisi y'abaserikale) n'etteeka ery'okutaano erigaana abalamuzi okusala omusango. [Olwaddako olukalala lw'okusiiga emikono] Mk:0]dd v. Chicago[ [2010], ekigonjoonjodde akakiiko akamaze ebbanga eggwawo ennyo. Kkooti era egaanye okuyingiza ebimu ku b'alamuzi abalamuzi abasalaze. Wadde kiri bwe kityo, enkola mu ku nsonga ezisingako.

Ebizibu by’Omu Mateeka n’Emisango Egisinga Obukulu

Kkooti enkulu egguddwawo mu kifo kya kkumi na kimu eggula etteeka erikwata ku buyinza n'enkizo z'abantu.

Okugabana kw’Enjawulo n’Obukakafu

Mu , olukiiko olwo lwalina endowooza nti amateeka agakwata ku nkula y'enkyukakyuka mu ttikiti ey'omu California v. Bakke [1988] ne byebuzibu ebirala nga . Bollinger[] [2003]] [Kkooti], olu kkooti yatwala nti amateeka agafuga ennono mu by'enjigiriza ez'omulembezo gayinza okusigala nga gakuumibwa bulungi mu ngeri y'enkumanyalala singa gaategekebwa mu ngeri y'emu okusobola okutuuka ku n'ebiruubirirwa ebikakaluusibwa. Enkyukakyuka eyo eyoleka ensonga eyo n'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka.[FLT]

Okuwa Abalala Eddembe n’Okubaweebuula

Ekitongole eky'ekkumi n'ena eky'okusalawo ekiwandu kyago kizingiramu ekibonerezo eky'ebiragiro ebigaana okulonda: okukendeeza ku bubonero mu Congress. Ekitundu 2 tekigaanibwako mu mpaka ezikwata ku freonfrankchise amateeka. Mu Ricardson v. Ramirez[[FLL:1]] [1974]], Kkooti enkulu yafuga nti okugoba omusingi gwa Clauscencencerea tegumenya mateeka ga Feveronence, ng'olulimi olw'e 1450 bwe lulabika nga lukikkiriza. Ebiragiro ebimu okuva amateeka gaabwe bwe gaakyusaamu, ate ebirala byeyongera okugoba abantu, okugoba obutundutundutundutundu. Gavumenti zimenya emitindo gino oba nga gikontana n'enkola emitindo gino egy'enna.

Obufumbo n'Emigabo eby'omu bugwenyufu

Mu [[NKULA:0] courtfell v. Hoddell (2015), kkooti enkulu yakozesa enkola y'ekika kya Claus ne product Claus okuteekawo eddembe erya nukuta mu mateeka okusobola okugatta abafumbo ab'ebifaananyi. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti, okuteebwa kw'obufumbo nga buteekwa kuzingiramu eddembe ly'okufumbiriganwa n'okwegaana okuba n'abafumbo ab'enkola ez'enjawulo okusobola okuba obukuumi obw'enkanankanankana. Gavumenti mu mitendera gyonna gyali ekyetaagisa okutongozaamu layisensi ezisukka zinnaazo ezisukka zinne ku mateeka. Kino kiraga bulungi amateeka agagattiddwa mu bitundu eby'enjawulo bwe gayinza okusobozesa eddembe ery'okukusibwamu obuvunaanyizibwa.

Abagenze mu Buwangwa n’Abatuuze Abataasalibwako Bugero

Omuntu okubeera Omwesigwa era ow'omu Kintu ekya 14 ow'Empeererez'ekirala yagamba nti abantu bonna abaazaalibwa oba abaatondebwa mu Amerika era nga bafugibwa obufuzi bwayo be batuuze. Ekiragiro kino kisimbyewo obutuuze, omusingi oguwagiddwa ennyo abalamuzi naye ne gukuusibwako obuwagizi. Plyler v. Doe[FLD:1] [19982] [KKOM], Kkooti yasala etteeka lya Texas erigaana obutuuze obwa nnannyini okuyigiriza abaana obutaweebwa lukusa, nga bukakasa nti obutunzi bw'abantu bonna, so si batuuze bokka. Gavumenti ne gavumenti ziteekwa okukakasa nti amateeka gaabwe tegasosola awatali kusinziira ku abo abatali banna.

Puloguramu ezikozesebwa leero n'obulagirizi obw'omu biseera eby'omu maaso

Mu Amereka ak'okubiri, abakungu ba gavumenti beeyongera okusabibwa okugoberera emisingi gyayo mu tekinologiya omupya, mu ddembe ery'okuzaala, ne mu magezi ga bannasayansi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okukozesa amakomyusa mu kusalira abantu emisango n'okulagula enkola za poliisi, kireetawo okweraliikirira kwenkana singa ebiteeberezebwa ebitiibwa biteekebwawo. Gavumenti ezifuga ziyisa amateeka okukugira enkula y'enkola ya tekinologiya eno, era kkooti zijja kugezesa ebiwandiiko ebireeteebwa [Kikumi kya Amereka].

Ebintu eby’Omunda n’Ebigambo Ebisinga Obutono

Mu Akamenti v. United States (2018), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti gavumenti okusobola okufuna obuwandiike bw'amasimu gy'eriko ssimu kyetaagisa kiwandiiko wansi w'Emiteeso Egyokubiri, naye era kkooti era yakiggumiza nti enkola ekkirizibwa okwetaagibwa esobola okukuuma obwama bwa kompyuta ereme okutuukibwako ekika kya kya muntu kinnoomu. Eggwanika ligezaako okulaba amateeka agabwe mu kyamaguzi naye nga awalala awawyiro ennyinyi eyo ewandikibwenga. Tekinologiya y'okulambuza ebizimbe bwe yeeyongera okubunyisibwa mu nsi yonna, abantu beetaaga okusoosa obutundu obuterekebwa.

'Obbles' -'[[KITONDERWA][[Aka 'BVUBU][[KITABO]]

Kkooti enkulu ya ' mu ngeri nti olukusa olw'okuva mu lubuto olw'omu '. Jackson’s Health Organization [202]] lweguyimye Roe v. Wade, nga lugamba nti olukalala olw'ekkumi n'enamu terukuuma busobyo okuggyamu eddewo eddewo, ng'edde nga ddedde nga edde ku ku ddembe ery'okuzaala (okukomyawo mu [[FLT:]4]]], [[FLTLY:]]] era [FLT]] [FLT] [ENKULAG] n'omutindo ogw'okugibwa obukyayirimu.[FLLD][evenctet .[FFFoctetstat]]]]]. [Flth'''''erthrogoom].

Eby’Obugagga Obutali Bwenkanya n’Enkizo z’Obwannakyemalira oba Claus

Obusobozi oba okuba abaako abalamuzi ab'enkaaga Claus oba ab'enkola ya Claus ey'ekitongole ekya 14th Amerekance, ekyakoma ku kufiirwa emirimu egya bulijjo Slaughter - House Cases (1873), kye kyiwadde akakwakkulizo akatonotono. Abeekenneenya abamu ab'omu mateeka bagamba nti kirina kukuuma eddembe ekkulu eritasangibwawo ne k'okutambula oba eddembe ery'okwenyigira mu mirimu egimu. Gavumenti ziyinza okukozesa akatundu kano okukakasa nti amateeka tegakkiriza kukugira ddembe ly'eby'enfuna, wadde nga Kkooti enkulu enzikkiriza okuddamu okukko. [[FL:0] Exloreek'enkifoomukisa oba olukulembezo ku wekikolera ku nnukuta y'Ababba[FFF1].

fundikira

Mu kifo kya Cemence Claus ne The Indictration Dooctive Dood Dooctive, gavumenti mu buli ngeri zeesigama ku nteekateeka zino okusobozesa abantu okukakala, okulingana, n'okukuuma obugolokofu. Ebiwandiiko bigaziyizza engeri y'okulondoolaamu abantu ne bataba na busosoze mu gavumenti, naye okuva mu mwaka gwa 1868, ebiwandiiko byennyini birina okunnyonnyola n'okussa mu nkola emisingi gyabyo, nga bikakasa nti ekisuubizo eky'eddembe n'obukuumi byenkanankanankana bibaawo. Abantu bwe basuubira, okutereezebwa kw'amateeka kujja kweyongera okuba nga abatuuze b'ensonga ze bazzewo.

[[Act:0] Ekiragiro kino kiwandika nti: Ekitundu kino kikozesebwa kukwata ku kumanya kyokka era tekikola ku mateeka. Ebibuuzo ebizingirwa mu by'amateeka, b'onoonyeza mu munnamateeka.