Butundu bwa Amereka bukolebwa nga bungangabuto bwa ttuluba kkumi na munaana mu makumi munaana. Bya bukola enteekateeka y'engeri amateeka ga Amerika gye gaakolebwamu okusobola okusigala nga ga bwenkanya, okuba n'omusango, era nga gavunaanyizibwa mu byasa eby'enjawulo. Ebiwandiiko bino ebyawandiikibwa wansi wa nyunzi "Publius," ebitundu bino ebitaano ebisatu byafulumizibwa wakati wa Ogwokulembebwa 1787 ne Agusito 1788 okuwagira enkola ya United States eyakatandikibwawo. Empagiro ezigoberebwa ku ngeri y'obuyinza okukuuma amatwale gaazo, n'obukuumi bw'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'emu ey'amateeka, n'enkola y'abantu kinnoomu okusobola okumanyisa ebiwandiiko eby'obukulembeze mu Amereka.

Obukulu bw’Ebiri mu Mabaluwa

Okutongozebwa kwa Confederation tekwali kutuufu. Ebiwandiiko ebya kampuni ezifuga ensi ebyasooka, byalabika nga binafu nnyo okusobola okukuuma emirembe, okutegeka obulungi eby'obusuubuzi oba okukuuma ensi. Ebintu ebyagenda bikolebwa("okuva ku Shays' Obujeemu okulwana mu bitundu by'ensi eby'omu ssaza lya Buvanjuba / byeyoleka bulungi." Kyokka Abamerika bangi, abappya mu kusalawo okumenya obufuzi obwa productive, baatya nti gavumenti ey'amaanyi yandikozesezza ettuttumu.

Mu kukontana kuno, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ne John Jay. Hamilton baatandikirawo omulimu ogwo era ne bawandiika bingi ku ebyo bye baawandiika (massekati nga ganamba ataano ate nga Madison awandiika ebigambo nga 20 ate nga Jay ataano. Baakolagana bulungi nnyo. Abasajja abo abasatu baakiikiriranga gavumenti ez'enjawulo era baalina obufirosoofo bwa njawulo, kyokka beegatta ku kiruubirirwa kimu: nga bannyonnyola ensonga lwaki Amateeka agateereddwawo gago gayinza okusiga eddembe mu kifo ky'okugazikiriza.

Ebbaluwa ezo zaakubibwa mu mpapula z'amawulire mu New York nga zinyigirizibwa nnyo, ng’emirundi egisinga zaali nga ssatu oba ena buli wiiki, naye zaalinga nsonga ezisikiriza abantu ababuusabuusa.

Olutalo olw'Ebyafaayo n'Omulimu ogw'Emikutu

New York kyali kifo kikulu nnyo mu lutalo. Anti-Federalist kyali kya maanyi nnyo, nga kikulemberwa Gavana George Clinton. Federalist Papers zaakolebwa okusobola okukomya essomero lya gavumenti, eryandisinzidde ku kulonda abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Wadde nga tebaasalawo buwambi kalulu okulonda okutali kumu. Mu myaka kkumi gyokka, baddamu okukuba akalulu empapula nga zikyusizza obujulizi obwali 30 ne27 ku mitandikwa y'amateeka. Era baddamu okuzizzaayo mu mawanga amalala ne baddamu okugawanjula abatuuze abapya mu mpaka zaabwe. Mu myaka kkumi egiyise, baatwalibwa ng'eby'okunnyonnyola obutuufu bw'ensonga z'amateeka.

Leero, ebiri mu mukutu omujjuvu osobola okubifuna okuyitira mu Literator ya Congress, ewandikiddwamu enkyusa eza empapula z'amawulire ezaasooka. Okuwandisibwa kuno kukakasa nti agumenti ezisookerwako zisigalawo mu kuwa emboozi ya bonna so si ku mutwe gwa bigiro bya masomero ga mateeka.

Ebiyamba Omuntu ng’Akoze Ebibi n’Ebitasaana

Ekigendererwa kimu ekikulu ennyo mu lukalala lw'ebiwandiikiro ye nkola ey'okukebera n'okussaawo amagulu. Abafulidi baakitegeera nti obutonde bw'omuntu tebutuukiridde; nga Madison bwe yawandiika mu Faderalin No. 51, "Omusingi guno gulina okukozesebwa okuziyiza ettuttumu lya gavumenti efuga obulungi. Tewali ttabi lisobola kwegatta kusobola kufuga mu ngeri ey'enfuga mu ngeri ey'obukambwe kubanga buli ttabi lirina engeri gye lirinamu okuziyizaamu amalala.

Ebyawandiikibwa ebyo binnyonnyola engeri kino gye kikolamu. ettabi erikola amateeka, naye pulezidenti asobola okugateeka mu mateeka. Gassawo amateeka, naye abalamuzi bayinza okugatwala ng'agatali ga bukulembeze.

Munnabyabufuzi No. 51 ayogera ku ngeri okwawukana kw'ensi za gavumenti gye kukuumamu ebibinja ebitono. "Singa abasinga obungi beegatta olw'ebiruubirirwa ebifaanagana," Madison awandiika, "Eddembe ly'abantu abatono ennyo teriba nnywevu." Nga bagabanya amaanyi si ku matabi asatu gokka naye era ne wakati wa gavumenti, Amateeka gateekamu obuwumbi obukuumi emirundi mingi. Kino oluusi kiyitibwa "kukuuma okw'emirundi ebiri". empapula zikola ekintu ekiraga nti okusoosa okw'ensonga tekuba buzibu naye era nti ekintu kyonna kikolebwa mu bugenderevu okukuuma obwenkanya.

Engeri Ebintu gye Biddukanyizibwamu Na. 10

Tewaliwo kkomo ku bwenkanya kuyinza kubuusibwa maaso. 10, Madison mw'ayima okugonjoola ekizibu ky'ebibinja nga biwaliriziddwa eddembe ly'abalala. Awawaanya nti mu kitundu ekinene, abantu bangi abavuganya bajja kusalawo ne kiba kizibu okufugagana. Okumanya kuno kwaleetawo enkyukakyuka.

Endowooza ya Madison egobererwa ne leero. Enteekateeka y'amateeka ereeseewo obukuukuutivu mu by'obufuzi, kyokka eremesezza embeera zino olw'obukuumi bw'ab'obuyinza obwagobererwa. Ago ge kikola ku nsonga ezisinziirwako okutegeera lwaki enteekateeka y'eby'obufuzi ey'Amerika, n'obusobozi bwayo obw'enjereere n'okulonda okuteemesebwa, bisobodde okuziyiza okunfuga.

Omukuŋŋaanya Omwesigwa Na. 78: Olukiiko Olufuga Buli Muntu

Gavumenti era enoonya ebbeeyi esaanira ereetera abalamuzi obutasosola. Mu Federallist No. 78, Hamilton asala omusango ku kwetongoza, nga mw'otwalidde n'okulonda abalamuzi mu kiseera kyonna. Awawa olukiiko olw'obulungi kubanga terufuga kitala oba sawo, kyokka lwa musango gwokka. Kyokka, obuyinza bwabwe okuteekawo amateeka awatali mateeka butongole bukulu okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'omuntu kinnoomu. Obufuzi buno, obumanyiddwa nga okukebera obujulizi, tebwawandiikibwa mu Mateeka naye bwayogerwako mu ngeri empandika y'amateeka.

Obwetwaze bw'abalamuzi bukuuma obutereevu obutali bwenkanya. Amatabi g'eby'obufuzi bwe gawangulwa, abantu bayinza okugenda mu kkooti okulaga nti etteeka lya Katonda libafuga. Alipoota ya Federal Papers ennyonnyola nti kino kikolebwa singa abalamuzi tebapikirizibwa bannabyabufuzi. Okukola ekyo kiba kiyinza kubayamba okwewala okukola ebintu ebikyamu.

Okukuumibwa kw’Eddembe ly’Omuntu n’Eddembe

Kye baagezaako okuwakanya ku lukalala olwo mu kiseera eky'okugoba abantu ku mateeka kyali nti tewalina lukalala lwa ddembe. Abalabe ba gavumenti baawakanya nti singa tewabaawo kkomo, gavumenti ya gavumenti yandinyigiriza abantu. Mu nkomerero yawanudde n'empandika enkumbula. Hamilton, mu Federalist No. 84, ewawaakana nti etteeka lya ddembe liba teri lya kabi. Olw'okuba tteeka lya mateeka likkiriza buyinza bwo bwokka okumenya amateeka, gavumenti terina buyinza kuziyiza ntegeka ntegeka ya ddembe omuntu.

Ekibuuzo kino tekyakwata ku lunaku olwo olusooka nga(10) enkyukakyuka ez'okutaano zagattibwako amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'okukozesebwa n'okutandika okunnyonnyola okulala. Naye era kissa essira ku musingi nti Amateeka gaamu kiwandiiko ekirimu obuwaze. Gavumenti esobola kukola ekyo kyokka ekikkirizibwa n'Amateeka. Ekiruubirirwa kino kiyinza okusobozesa ennyo okukuuma eddembe. Singa gavumenti ekola ebisukka ku matwale gaayo agabalimu, abatuuze bayinza okusoomooza ekikolwa ekyo mu kkooti.

Ekifo ky’Obufuzi bw’Abasinga Obunene

Omutwe omulala omukulu mu mpapula z'amawulire gwegwo ogugamba nti gavumenti ekkirizibwa okukkirizibwa abafuzi. Olupapula olufuga enfuge nga luggumiza enfunda n'enfunda nti Amateeka tegawa buyinza buva mu gavumenti wabula nti gavumenti y'eraga nti abantu bye baagala. Empandika yaasooka etandika "Ffe Abantu" olw'ensonga. Omusingi guno ogw'obufuzi obugafuga gukakasa nti gavumenti evunaanyizibwa eri abatuuze bagifuga. Okulonda, ebigambo, ekkomo, n'okwawula obufuzi bwonna okuva ku musingi guno omukulu.

Mu nsi emu ennene, abakungu baalondebwa okusemba ebigendererwa byabwe.

Omukungu Akuuma Enkwe z’Eby’Obutonde Na. 10

Mu ddembe ebiwandiiko lye bissa essira ku bukuumi bw'ebintu. Madison agamba nti gavumenti esooka okukugira abantu okufuna ebintu nga tebalina busobozi bwa njawulo. Ekyo kitegeeza nti gavumenti erina okubawa obuwagizi ku bintu ebya bulijjo, era nga tesobola kugula bintu. Gavumenti eyo eyamba abagagga okugaggawala mu by'enfuna. Wabula kitegeeza nti gavumenti eteekwa okukuuma buli muntu nga ya bwenkanya nga alina eddembe ery'okusanyukira emirimu gye nga tatwaliddwa. Omusingi guno guwa tteeka eriri mu ndagaano y'amateeka, okunyaga olunyiriri, n'okukuuma ebigikwatako.

Okukolera ku Bufuzi bw’Omu Kiseera Kino

Magazi ga division Federalist Maper gajulizibwa abalamuzi ba kkooti enkulu okusinga ensibuko endala yonna ey'okunnyonnyola amateeka okuggyako Amateeka era gakozesebwa okutegeera amakulu g'enkola y'amateeka, okugonjoolera ddala enkola, n'okugoberera emisingi egigobererwa mu mbeera empya. Ebiwandiiko ebyakayita ebikwata ku nsonga ez'enjawulo nga badesitoma, okuggyamu embuto, n'enkompola y'obuyinza bwonna obufuga amateeka bye baajulizanga ku mpapula ezo.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Printz v. United States (1997), ekyasaanyawo etteeka eryali liragira abakwasi b'eggwanga okukakasa ebisinziirwako, omulamuzi Antonin Scalia yatwala nnyo Federal No. 78 ne empapula endala okugamba nti gavumenti tesobola kufuga bannaagramya bannaagwo. INS v. Chachah v, kkooti yawamu bupapula mu mateeka okukubawula mu GGwamaawulamu, ne kiggumiza omusingi ogugamba nti gavumenti tesobola kukolera ku nkola y'eby'obuyinza. Ebyokulabirako bino biraga nti empapula tezirimu kiwandiiko ebiwandikibwa bulijjo naye nga biwandikibwa.

Era empapula zikola ku ngeri abakwasi b'amateeka gye bateekawo amateeka. Bwe baba bakola amateeka amapya, obukiiko obukola akakiiko butera okutegeeza akakiiko akafuzi akafuzi akafuzi akafuzi okukakasa nti kassa ekitiibwa mu bukulembeze bw'obuyinza obwa pulezidenti. Abasomesa baateekako enkola mu kuyigiriza abayizi ebikwata ku bufirosoofo obwa gavumenti ya Amerika. Enzivvuunuzi y'eggwanga erina ekitundu ekiweereddwawo ekya Federation Papers, ekiggumiza ekifo kyabwe ku bukulembeze bwa desitulementmentment era n'ekirakiti ky'ekirango eky'okwetongozaamu.

Empapula Zikozesebwa mu Kuyigiriza okw’Omulimu Ogutagobererwa

Mu kiseera eky'enjawukana mu by'obufuzi, akakiiko akafuzi kawa ebigambo bye kasobola okutegeeza abatuuze ebigambo bye bimu nga bakubaganya ebirowoozo ku bufuzi.

Ebisomi bya siniya bingi byetaagisa abayizi okusoma emboozi eziba zilondeddwa. Federal Pulist Na. 10 ne N. 51 ze zimu ku byawandiikibwa ebisingayo okuweebwa mu bannamateeka mu Amerika. Ebbaluwa zino ziyigiriza okukasa ku ngeri ebitongole gye bituukirizaamu ebigendererwa. Era ziwa ebiwandiiko eby'edda ebisobola okupima ebiruubirirwa ebibaawo mu kiseera kino okusobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu mateeka. Ka kibe nti ensonga eyo eriko ekkomo eriko ekkomo, kkampeeze ya kampeyini, oba obuyinza ku bannaaweefube, empapula ziwa obulagirizi obw'amaanyi.

Okupikirizibwa

Akakwate ka division Papers kamanyibwa ne ku kigero ekitakoma ku Amerika. Abagikola ba ssemateeka mu nsi nga Buyindi, Bugirimaani, South Africa, ne Brazil bayiiyizza okunoonyereza ku ngeri y'okuzimbamu ebitongole bya demokulase. Endowooza y'okukebera n'okuteeka ekiwandiiko, n'okuteekamu ekiwandiiko, era n'ensonga ez'okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'amawanga. empapula zikola ng'ekitabo ekiyamba mu kuteekawo gavumenti z'ensi enjereere. Ekitebe kya National Constitution ekitongole ekiwandikiddwa ekiwandikiddwa ekiwandikiddwawo n'ewandikiro kiwandikiddwawo, ekiraga engeri ebgeenga ensonga ezo gye zikyaliko mu kyasa ekya 20.

Ekibuuzo: Lwaki empapula z’Ekitongole kya Disiturikiti Zikyali Nkulu?

Bannabyabufuzi bawandiisa enkola zaabwe, nga batwala obuddu n'abakazi nga tebabwenyigiramu mu bya bufuzi. Kyokka emisingi gye bawa ekiragiro kino((okussaawo) obufuzi obwawula, obwetwaze, gavumenti entono, obufuzi obwa bulijjo, ze zokka ezirese tteeka okukyusibwa era ne liba nga limaze ekiseera kiwanvu okumanyisa abo abaagobererwa. empapula zinnyonnyola enkola ya gavumenti okusobola okubaamu obwenkanya n'obwenkanya, naye era ziraga nti obwenkanya bw'obwetaago buzingiramu okukolebwa.

Abatuuze bwe bategeera ensonga lwaki ab'obuyinza baawuddwawo, basobola bulungi okutegeera ofiisi y'ettabi bwe esala ensalo zaayo. Bwe bategeera ensonga lwaki kkooti zirina okwetongola. Bwe balaba engeri enjawukana gye zifugibwamu mu ggwanga eddene, bategeera amagezi g'enkola ereetera abantu okuteesa ku nsonga. ettabi lya Federali lisobozesa omuntu okuba omutemu omugereke, omuyigirizwa w'eggwanga.