Okutandika Okugoberera Amateeka

Okussaawo amateeka kye kintu ekikolebwa mu nkola ya demokulase, okuvvuunula abantu mu ngeri gye baagala n'empuliziganya nabo babeeremu amateeka agakkirizibwa mu ngeri gye gateekebwawo. Ku musingi gwago, okussaawo amateeka mu bugenderevu, mu kifo eky'enjawulo kitegekebwa okukakasa nti amateeka agateebwa gakakasibwa, gawanyisiddwa, era galongoosebwa nga tegannaba kukwata. Abayizi ba byafaayo n'abafuzi ba demokulase, okutegeera engeri kino gye kiyambamu amaanyi, engeri ebigendererwa by'amateeka gye bituukaganamu, era n'engeri amateeka gye gawaniriramu. Ekitundu kino kiva ku n'ekikolo ekisooka ekigamba nti ekiragiro kikwata ku ku ku ku mateeka agasembayo.

Ebifo Ebyakolebwanga Okukwata Amateeka

Wadde nga bakasitoma bennyini baawukana okusinziira ku maanyi agafuga ensi, oba mu lukiiko lwa U.S., oba mu nkola za palamenti mu nsi endala nga bagoberera enkola y'emu: ekiteeso, okwejjukanya obukiiko, okuwakana ku n'okulonda, okukkirizisa n'okutongoza ebitongole. Ebitundu ebiddako biwa katundu buli mutendera nga bwe kikolebwa mu Amerika Congress, nga kuliko obugambo obulaga nti amateeka ga njawulo bwe gafaanana.

Ekiwandiiko: Ebbeeyi y’Essaawa

Buli mateeka gatandika ng'ebigendererwa. Etteeka eryo liyinza okuva eri omuwi wa mateeka, akakwasisa, akakiiko akafuga oba omukulembeze wa gavumenti. Mu lukiiko lw'Amerika, omu ku b'enju oba Olukiiko. Etteeka lino liyinza okuyitibwa. emirundi mingi liba livudde eri omuteesiteesi wa [[FL:0] Ofiisi y'Omulambo gwa Legiti [[[FLT:]] era ne liwandiisa ennamba (eg., H.R 1 ku mateeka, S. 1 olw'ebbaalumu eriba liba liba liba lya kkooti. Oluyimba lwennyini luba luba luba luba lwa mukolo. Oluyimba olwo luteekeddwa mu [FLT:][FF:][FF3][F]] era ne [HM.[R][oset] era ne wansi mu nnyumba ereeteetwaliddwa mu nnyumba, olumenyeddwako. K'eba lujja ku kkasaze. Assembriririririmu ey'ensonga enkulusaze.

Ebiragiro bisobola okuva mu nkalala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, amateeka agaakolebwa nga Affordble Care Act gaava mu kutandika kwa pulezidenti ne ku kuteesa kw'ekibiina, kyokka obusaawa obutono butera okuva mu bintu ebyandibadde by'aw'okweyama, oba ebiwandikiro. Conreff. Kino kisobozesa abantu okuzuula amateeka ne gawayira mu mpandika eya bulijjo.

Okwekenneenya Akakiiko: Enjini Ekola ku by’Okwekutula

Obukiiko butera okuyitibwa “embalaasi” ez'okukoleramu akakiiko akategesi. Oluvannyuma lw'okwawula etteeka eryo, akakiiko(oba) kamu ku bukiiko bwako obwa wansi(*katandika okujjuuliriza. siteegi eno erimu emirimu emikulu mingi:

  • [[[NT:0]] Obukiiko buyita abajulirwa //abakungu ba gavumenti, abakugu mu by'obufuzi, abakugu ku nsonga, n'abatuuze abaakwatibwako(*'okuwa obujulizi.'obujulizi buno buwa obujulizi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Akakiiko akategese Gama Game ne Magye kekawuliriza abasuubuzi n'abakulu mu bya ssente.
  • [[NKUMBO][[KA]] : Oluvannyuma lw'okuwulira, empalana z'obukiiko zisobola okutereeza empewo nga zigoberera layini. Kuno kwe kulongoosebwa oba okuggibwawo kw'olulimi. Abakuuti bokka be basobola okulonda mu kiseera eky'okuyingiza.
  • [[Akakiiko:0] Kakolawo akawaawuka[[KATANDIKA: Akakiiko bwe kakkiriza ebiwandiiko (olw'abasinga obungi okulonda) ke kassawo alipoota eraga ekigendererwa ky'ebiwandiiko bya kampuni, endowooza z'akakiiko n'endowooza zonna ezikontana. Alipoota eno efuuka kiwandiiko kikulu nnyo mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo ku kisenge kya wansi.

Obubonero okuva ku kakiiko akayitibwa GovTrack.us, obutundutundu obutono obusatu obusaasaanyizibwa busobola okufuuka amateeka. Omulimu guno ogw'okusiiga ssente ezisaasaanyizibwa gukakasa nti obutundu obunene obwa pulojekiti obusinga butuuka ku kisenge kijjuvu. Naye, obukiiko era busobola okukozesebwa ne ku block amateeka okuyitira mu nkola eya inct /a akakoyiro(*).” Obutebe bw'akakiiko, era busobola okufuga empandika z'empandika, era n'okozesa amaanyi mangi okukulembera oba ebibanja ebikolerwamu.

Enkyukakyuka mu Kakiiko

Mu nkola za palamenti nga mu Bungereza, obukiiko bukendeera ku buyinza bw'enkola ya Cress Congress mu Amerika era nga ne gavumenti bw'eteekateeka, enkola z'obukiiko zisobola okuweweerera ddala, nga teziwulira bulungi era nga n'okukuba amasanyu.

Okukubaganya ebirowoozo n’Emizannyo: Ekitongole Ekikola ku by’Obulaguzi

Ebbanga bwe limala okusalibwako akakiiko, liteekebwa ku kalenda y'amateeka. Mu Nnyumba ey'abalaguzi, Ekiragiro kino kisalawo ddi oluwerebwe lw'okukaanya era oba nga enzivvuunuzi ziyinza okukolebwa. Mu lukiiko, okukubaganya ebirowoozo kuyinza obutaliiko kkomo, olusobozesa kampani (mu lukalala lw'abalangirizi) okusiikiriza oba okukisa akalulu we kayinza okusiikiriza oba okukoma.

Floor akolera ku bigendererwa bingi: eyigiriza abo abali mu kibiina n'abafuzi, ewaliriza abawagizi n'abayiiya okwogera mu bifo byabwe, era ewa abaziyiza omukisa okukyusiza ddala ebifo byabwe. Oluvannyuma lw'okukuba obuwayi mu kisenge. Mu nnyumba, obululu obusinga buba bwa kompyuta oba ku ddoboozi. Mu lukiiko, okulonda n'okulonda kubaamu kuba kwa bulijjo mu mateeka agasinga obukulu. Abasinga obungi (50% + 1) beetaaga okusobola okutambula mu bifo ebisinga obungi, wadde Olukiiko olukulu lulina ekikongoolo nga 60 eky'ekikongobe ky'okutuuza era n'owumba omuteesi w'amateeka agasinga obungi.

Akakiiko akakolera ku lukalala lw'etteeka limu erikwata ku Nnyumba ne ku Ssemakatika bwe kayisa etteeka lye limu, akakiiko akatuula ku lukiiko olwo nga kaliko abantu okuva mu ndagiriro zombi.

Kyakulabirako kino eky'ebyafaayo: Akakwakkuliro akaawereza ennaku 75 ez'olunaku olusooka mu lukiiko Olukulu olw'ebitundu eby'ekika kya 1964 kaasabibwa mu lukiiko olukulu olw'ebbeeyi nga tekannasaamu akasawo akaddawo. Olutalo luno olw'obusosoze olw'okuvuganya ku kisenge kya pulotuuni, lulaga engeri enkakaanya ey'omu n'ekyuma eky'omu nviromenti gye kiyinza okuba eky'okukomyawo ebbeeyi. Okusobola okubeera eky'amaanyi mu byafaayo bya filibuster, laba [[FLT:]U].S olupapula olutongole olukwata ku n'olupapula oluyitibwa filbusters ne 'ekizinga'.

Ekitongole ekifuga enfuga z'ebizimbi: Omukono gwa Prezidenti oba Veto

Oluvannyuma lwa zombi okuyita, ssente ezisaasaanyizibwa ziweerezebwa eri Prezidenti. Prezida alina ennaku kkumi (zisinga ku Ssande) ez'okukolako. Ebiyinza okukolebwa bye bino:

  • [[:0] Akabonero [[KITABO:1]]: Kafuuka mateeka amangu ddala nga bwe gandibadde nga bwe kibadde(kanalimu ennaku).
  • [[:0] Era n'ategeeza olukusa[: Pulezidenti lutwala mu lukiiko nga addiŋŋana n'eb'okukiwakanya. Congress esobola okuyisamu enviro nga kirimu ebitundu bibiri mu buli kisenge.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Kkiriza efuuke amateeka nga totaddeko sigineeti[: Singa Prezidenti taba na bubonero wadde empewo mu nnaku kkumi nga Congress ebadde tekikola, olukusa lufuuka lwa tteeka (“paacet joto") singa Consert etuula ku nnyuma z'ennaku kkumi tezikoma ku kufa).

Obusobozi bw'enyonvu butono naye nga bulina n'ensonga enkulu. Omukulembeze Franklin. Roosevelt yasaasaanyiza 635 ssente era nga ba prezidenti bangi ab'omu kiseera kino tebazissawo 20 buli mwaka. Abakozi bagezaako okutwaliriza bannaazo nga bali mu bitundu bibiri mu buli mwaka. Amaanyi ago gawa a desirekita ekkekwa lya kkajju. Naye akakiiko kayinza okussaawo amateeka ku by'enkola nga buli omuwandikiro ajjuzizza ebiwandiddwako ebiwandike ebibiri ebisukka mu 20.

Mu gavumenti z'ensi, gavana alina ekifo kye kimu. Gavana era gavumenti ezimu ziwa bagavana [[AK:0] line-itemmat to, nga kibasobozesa okufuna ebijulizo okuva mu muwaatwa naye ne batagaana kigeraageranyo kyonna.

Okuteerawo Abaana Etteeka: Batandika Okuligoberera

'Oba nga saayinidde ekitongole ky'amatabi'otaddeko omukono ku 'oba nga oyayitidde', kiba tteeka lya gavumenti][ naye omulimu guba gukyali wala kuggwa. Amateeka gakkiriza oba garagira obukiiko bw'amatabi[ okuteekawo amateeka agateeberezebwa okuwandiisaamu ebiragiro ebya lukalu, okukkiriza ebimenyebwamu, n'okukubawa ebiragiro ebisembayo. Etteeka lino liba lifugibwa Procedrective Act (A), ekitegeeza obukiiko bw'amala okufulumya amateeka agateebwa, n'okusengeka amateeka agafuga n'ennyinnyonnyola.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekitongole ekya Cease Air Act kiwa ekitongole ekitegeka enzivvuunuzi ey'ekitongole ekikola ku by'obwaka nviro (EPA) obuyinza okussaawo emitindo egikwata ku ppuligaanyibwa kw'omukka oguva mu firiiji. EPA eyo era eteekawo amateeka agafuga amateeka agafuga amateeka. Ebiragiro bino biteekebwa mu nkola empandika y'amateeka. Ebiragiro bino biteekebwa mu Code of Federal Legiment (CFR)[[FL:1]. Okutuukiriza ekiragiro kitwaliramu okutendeka abalawundiikibwa, embalirira, n'okuteekawo embalirira, oba ebibonero eby'okugoonoona.

Mu mbeera ezimu, okutongoza enkola ku gavumenti oba gavumenti ez'omu kitundu.

Okwejjukanya n’Okwejjukanya

Amateeka gakola nga agakwata ku nkola yaago. Abakola ebitongole bya bannakyewa (umg., FBI, OSH) era ne poliisi n'ebitundu ebya bulijjo, abakkirizi, n'abakwasisa. Naye abakwasisa bayinza okubuulirirwa mu kkooti. jucicial Kino kisobozesa kkooti okunnyonnyola amakulu g'amateeka era ne zikubamu amateeka agamenya amateeka agamenya amateeka. Marbury v.[183]]

Amateeka bwe gakosebwa, bwe gakosebwa, ``Gen'ebitundu',' oba'amasawo'' nga gawa ebikolerwako' nga gagamba nti etteeka limenya eddembe lyabwe oba nti etteeka lituukiriza etteeka oba nti etteeka lifuga amateeka lisukka ku buyinza obwa bulijjo.' Kkooti ziyinza okulagira okukugira abakwasisa, okutegeka enkola ez'okuteekawo amateeka okuzza ebiragiro, oba okulagira nti enkola erengo ez'olulimi lwe kiteetegeera bulungi. Bwe kityo, ettauti ekola ng'eziyiza amateeka okusukka ekkomo erya kkomo lyalwo era n'okukwata ku mateeka tekukkiriza kugoberera mateeka kugoberera mateeka.

Ekiragiro kino bwe kiba kiraga amateeka agaakolebwa , kijja kulaga engeri amateeka gye gagobererwamu mu Amerika. Okusobola okwongera okulaba engeri amateeka gye gagobererwamu, ekiragiro eky'okukwata amateeka gye gakkirizibwamu, nga kuno kwe kugamba, kiyamba mu kutegeera obulungi ensonga.

Engeri Abakwasi b’Amateeka gye Bakolamu

Enteekateeka z'okussaawo amateeka teziyinza kugobererwa buli wamu era n'abakungu baazo.

  • [[Act:0] Abakwasi n'abakulu b'emirimu gyabwe[[[KATANDIKWA:1]: ebisale ebiterekebwa, okuteesa ku nkyukakyuka, n'okulonda. Buli omu ku buli lukiiko olukola ebimwetaagisa okulaga ebigendererwa bya lukyala oba ebyabwe ku lulwe.
  • [[Act:0] Ebibinja ebikyasinzeeyo okubaamu n'abo abakkirizisa : Biwa obumanyirivu, ebiwandiike ebiwandiike ebikwata ku mateeka, n'obuwandiisi ku b'obuyinza oba ku buwandiike ku nsonga eziba zireeteddwa. Ebitongole ebikola ku by'amateeka eby'enjereere gye bikomyawo, naye era biwanyisa obubaka abateeka amateeka bwe beesigama. Okusinziira ku kitongole ekitongole ekikola ku by'obufuzi obwa Responsive Politiki, obusukka mu buwumbi bubiri obusukka mu doola z'Amerika.
  • .[[NT:0] Ebibiina ebikola ku ntegeka n'eby'obusobozi: wandiika amabaluwa, bukakafu mu kuwuliriza, era n'okutegeka kaweefube ow'okuteekawo enzigi z'oku sistemu ezo. Ekiragiro kino kitandika n'okutambula mu ntambula ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu okutuuka ku sistemu ey'enjawulo eyakayita ne kiremyawo obudde.
  • [[Act:0] Ebitongole by'amatabi ebikola[: Biwa obulagirizi obw'eby'ekika, embalirira, n'okutuukiriza ebiba biwandikiddwa. Ekiragiro ekiwandiikiddwawo 'Congregal Bal Barget Office' (CBO) buli ssimu eririna kye gikola ku ntegeka ya bya nkozesa.
  • Media ne bannassaayansi abakuba obugunjufu: Balina okussaawo enkaayana ez'enjawulo, okunoonyereza ku nsonga, era ne bavunaana abakwasi b'amateeka. Okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'amateeka kutera okwanika ensobi mu mateeka agateetegese, ate nga bannaagzi bateebereza nti bakole ebiwandiikibwa mu bukompuku.

Buli omu ku bazannyi bano aleeta eby'obugagga n'obusosoze, era kino ne kifuula okussaawo amateeka okuba olukunkumuli lw'okunoonya engeri ennungi ez'okufuga. Okufaayo ku demokulase kusinziira ku ddoboozi lya bonna.[1] Naddala, abantu aba bulijjo bawulira nga waliwo ebibeetaagisa mu bungi.

Obuzibu mu Kussaawo Amateeka

Wadde nga yakolebwa bulungi nnyo, omulimu gw’okussaawo amateeka gusigala nga guzibuwalirwa:

  • Partisan Polassia : Mu makumi g'emyaka egyakayita, enjawukana mu ndowooza zeeyongedde nnyo ne kireetawo obuzibu. Enkola ya nukuta ey'okussawo enzigi ez'enjawulo, okukendeera kw'obumu ku misaalaba, n'okweyongera kwa “obutebenkevu". Ebifo byonna ebikola ku nkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka mu ntambula, mu mbeera z'obudde bibadde byeyongera okumala emyaka mingi.
  • Enkola eya bulijjo ey'ebbeesobozo: Okugaba ssente kusobola okulemesa amateeka ku by'okwagala ebimala, era ne kaweefube, abawakanya enkola y'okusasula emisolo. Abakugu bateebereza obukwanguzi bw'okusasula emisolo, obutongole obwa 'budda',' ne bulaga nti ssente ziyinza okulemesa abantu okukola eby'amateeka. Okunoonyereza okuva ku Princeton ne ku bukiika kkono obwa ntshona kyazuula nti abakungu mu by'enfuna n'ebitongole “byewandikiro bingi ebiteeyambisibwa ku U.S, so ng'abatuuze n'abantu abeebbeeyambisibwa mu bungi n'okwenoonyeza ebibagirwa mu bantu tebalina buyinza butono oba obuteerezi obwabwe ku bantu."
  • [[NKUMBO] Obubonero n'omuzingo: Amateeka ag'omu kiseera kino gasobola okukozesa enkumi n'enkumi za mpapula nga(*). Etteeka erya Dodd-Frank lisukka mu 2,300,000. Kino kiremesa abafuzi b'amateeka n'abantu okutegeera mu bujjuvu bye basalawo, era kitera okusigamya kalonda yenna akwata ku nsonga enkulu okujjuzibwa abafuzi abafuga. Enkyukakyuka mu bya tekinologiya era kiva ku nkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola mu kutegeka, ne ku sipiidi ezivanyuma okuvaamu ebiva mu birengo nga nyuma n'okuvanyuma.
  • [[NT:0][[FLT]] Abatuuze abasinga obungi tebagoberera mateeka agateerekebwa okutuusa nga gabakwatako butereevu. Okulonda n'okussawo enkola mu bitongole bya gavumenti mu ngeri entono kitegeeza nti abakwasi b'amateeka tebatera kukola nga tewali bukulembeze bwa maanyi okuva ku bannaaw'ebitongole. Ekiragiro kino kiyinza kujjuzibwa abo abawagidde emirimu gyabwe.

Okugonjoola ensonga zino tekizze kipya, naye kyeyongedde ne mu kyasa kino ekya 21, era tekikoma ku kukyusa mu ngeri gye bisengekebwamu.

fundikira

Okussaawo amateeka mu ngeri ennyimpimpi, olugendo lwa bugenderevu olukyusa endowooza z'abantu ne bagoberera amateeka. Okuva ku kuteesa n'okugootaanya obutongole, okukkirizisa ab'obuyinza, era n'okukuteeka mu nkola, buli nkola ekolebwa okukakasa nti amateeka ganoonyezebwa bulungi, gagoogerwa mu mateeka, ga g'enkola entuufu. Kyokka, enteekateeka era esobola okukwatibwako ebinyigiriza mu by'obufuzi, ssente, n'obutatuukiriza mateeka. Okutegeera engeri amateeka gye gakolebwamu si bukozivuzi obukulembezaamu omuntu yenna ayagala okwenyigira mu n'obukugunjufu mu demokulase. Mu kumanya gye gava, engeri gye gaagolookebwamu, era n'ensonga lwaki abantu bayinza okubuuza abatuuze baabwe, olw'okuteekawo amateeka aga bulijjo. Ojja ojja okulaba olukalala olupya oba olulala olw'okuwakanya amawulire, ojja kuba na k'ensonga enkulu ey'amateeka amatuufu.