Ensibuko y’Ebirowoozo Ebiba Bigwana

Amateeka agaasooka okuwandiikibwa galaga nti ne mu biseera eby’edda abantu baali bamanyi nti beetaaga okutegekebwa obulungi nga bagoberera amateeka.

Ekiwandiiko kya Hammurabi (carca 1754 BCE)

Empandiika ya Hammurabi, emu ku mpandiika ez'enjawulo ennyo ezaakolebwa mu kutegeera, yassaawo enkola y'amateeka agaagonjoolwa abantu bonna ab'eddembe mu Babulooni. Wadde ekibonerezo kyali kya bukunya era nga kyesigamye ku bibiina, amateeka ago gaatandikawo ebitundu ebiwerako: abawaabi baaleeta emisango, obujulizi bwakeberebwa, era abalamuzi baasuubirwanga okugoberera etteeka bulijjo. Ebigambo “eriiso lya muntu,” ddala byali bikiikirira engeri ey'okwegattamu, okubonereza okusobola okuteekako omusango ku nsonga. Endowooza eno ey'ekikolobonoomukibwa [[FLT:]] Ekkomo lyaliribwawo, era n'empandika enfunze mu mateeka.

Amateeka ga Rooma n’Emmeeza Ekkumi n’Ebiri (circa 450 BCE)

The Roman Republic yafulumya ebbaagiro eriwa buli mutuuze obwalina obwagazi obwalina obwagazi okumanya amateeka mwe baasalirwa. Abaruumi era baatandikirawo n'enjigiriza y'okussaawo obwali obw'amateeka: omuwawayiri yandisobodde okwewolereza oba okufunira omubaka omubaka. Omusingi gwa adiaudiaformem pantume[FLD]] [“okuwulira oludda] [oludda] [lu olw'amateeka olw'Abaruumi], gwanywezebwa mu projective, nga gukakasa nti tewalina musango guyinza kusalibwa nga teguwulidde ebibibiina. Oluvannyuma Justian Code codico alder ess productives [Foctives] mu kkooti z'enkiiko za Bulaaw'omu kiseera kino. . Ekiragiro kino kyakolebwa mu kkooti mu Lukiiko lwa Budde.

Ebyafaayo eby’Edda: Magna Carta n’Amateeka Agaali Gamu

Emyaka gya 1500 emabega gyatandika okukyuka okuva ku ndowooza z’ekifirosoofo ne bifuuka eddembe ery’amateeka erikkirizibwa, naddala mu Bungereza.

Oluyinja Magna Carta (1215)

Oboolyawo ekiwandiiko ekisinga obunene mu byafaayo eby'omulimu, Magna Carta kyakakasibwa ku Kabaka John nga bajeemu. Essuula 39 mu mpandika eya bulijjo ewandikibwa: “Tewali muntu wa ddembe alikwatibwa, asibibwa, aggibwa mu buwaŋŋanguse, oba ayonoonebwa mu ngeri yonna, oba aleme okukwatibwa oba okulagira okusalirwa omusango, okuggyako nga bavubuka banne oba n'amateeka g'ensi. Ekiragiro kino, “olw'amateeka g'ensi,” kye kiva kiva eri omubakala w'amateeka. Wadde nga Magna Carta abadde akolera ku bantu ba ddembe (abatono mu kiseera ekyo), kye kyatandikawo endowooza ey'okukyusa [FL: 0] kabaka kennyini. [FURF]

Amateeka n’Okuwozesebwa Ebyakolebwa Juliyo mu Kyasa eky’Ekkumi n’Ekyasooka)

Nga bagoberera Magna Carta, abalamuzi Abangereza baatandika okuteekawo etteeka erya bulijjo, nga(a) limu ku mateeka agaakuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Ekyasa eky'eki 13 we kyatuukira, enkola y'abalamuzi yali evudde mu kibinja ky'abajulizi ab'omu kitundu ne basalawo obutasosola. Etteeka eryali libafuga lyatandika okusobola okukuuma abalamuzi obutanyigirizibwa gavumenti. Abawandiisi b'amateeka ab'omu biseera eby'edda baawakanya obuyinza bwa kabaka olw'obulombolombo n'amateeka agaatuukiriza emitindo egigo.

Obufirosoofo n’Enkyukakyuka mu by’Eby’Amateeka

Mu kyasa ekya 17 n’ekya 18, enkola ey’okukwataganya ebintu n’okusalawo yakyuka mu kukwataganya ennyimba n’eby’obufuzi.

John Locke ne Entegeka y’Obutonde (Kyasa ekya 17)

John Locke’s Treases MBendo ebbiri eza Gavumenti (1689) zaawakanya nti abantu bonna bazaalibwa nga balina eddembe ery'envuma, eddembe, n'ebintu. Gavumenti zikkirizibwa okukkirizibwa amateeka agafuga era ziteekwa okukola nga zigoberera amateeka agaago, so si nga zigendererwawo obwannannyini. Enjigiriza ya Locle yakkiriza nti gavumenti bw'emenya eddembe lino, efiirwa obuyinza bwayo. Endowooza ze zaafuuka ekitongole ekikuumibwa abafirosoofi mu Amerika. Loke yagye yaggye nti “w'amateeka gye gakoma, obukulembedde, obukujjukuutivu obwa obwa bulijjo butandika, obwamu."

Ekitabo ekiyitibwa Ekiwandiiko Ekikola ku Ddembe (1689)

Oluvannyuma lwa Vavanyuma w'enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi, Paalimenti yayisa essomero erikwata ku ddembe era ne lissawo enkuumi mu nkola eziwera: ebbaasa ezisinga obungi n'ekibonerezo ekitakkirizibwa, abalamuzi baalina okuteekebwawo bulungi mu bifo ebiragiddwawo; era ebiwandiiko bya Paalimenti byalina okukkirizibwa okusumulula amateeka. Ekiwandiiko kino kyagatta Magna Carta n'amateeka aga bulijjo, ne bikola olukalala lw'amateeka agakkirizibwa okukimanyisa eddembe ly'omu mateeka eritali lyamu eriyinza okukkiriribwa ku Bukulembeze. Era kyakakasa nti obwetaanyisibe bwa kabaka n'obwadde obwa ddyo obw'okwetaagira eby'okwekolera eby'okulwanyisa ebigwa mu nkola yombi.

Ekiyeekera mu Amerika n’Eby’Olukalala by’Etteeka Bikakasa

Abawagizi b’Amerika abaali bawagidde obulombolombo n’ennyinnyonnyola z’amateeka mu Bungereza, baateeka essira mu kulwanirira obwetwaze.

Ekiragiro kya Amerika (1787)

Ekiragiro kino kyalimu obukwasiro butono obw'enkola eyo naye engeri gye yayolekamu emisingi egigobererwa: ettabi teryasobola kuyisa biwandiiko bya wer (emisango egikwata ku mateeka awatali kugeezebwa) oba amateeka agaago agaasalibwa oluvannyuma lwago; amaanyi g'okusala emisango gaawebwa buyambisirwa ku misango oba kuwakana; era enkizo ey'okugoba abangi ba bankasi yakkirizibwa okusigirwa okuggyako nga bajeemu oba nga bazingizza obulumbaganyi.

Omutemu ogw’Okutaano (1791)

Olukalala olw'okutaano olw'okukyusa Amateeka ga Amerika lugamba: “Tewali muntu n'omu... ajja kufiirwa obulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu nga taweereddwa mateeka.” Ekiragiro kino, awamu n'obukuumi obuva mu kwefuga yekka era n'obuteefukusifu bwa mirundi ebiri, byassaawo omutindo gwa ggwanga ogufuga n'obugolokofu. Ekiragiro kino kyatongozebwa buteereddwa butereevu ku mateeka g'Abangereza agategeeza Magna Carta. Olukalala olw'okutaano lukwata ku gavumenti, era nga lunaaw'emyaka nga 80, ye ngeri yokka ekkirizibwa mu Mateeka agafuga enfuga enfuga enfugamasaza. Ebyawo ebyasooka, nga [FLT:] Murray's [Lw v. Hokenbo & projective]

Ekiwandiiko ekya 14 (1868)

Oluvannyuma lw'olutalo olubalukawo, Ekitongole eky'ekkumi n'ena eky'okutaano kyaweza obukuumi mu nkola z'eby'obufuzi. Ekitongole kino, nga kiwandisizza enkola ya gavumenti. Ekitongole kino bwe kyatandika, kyatandika okumenya amateeka agaamenyebwawo mu mateeka ag'enkomeredde. Mu kusooka, kkooti yakkiriza enkola esaanira mu nsonga z'eby'enfuna (oyo ayitibwa “Lachner Erage , ” ate nga takyateeberezebwa ku mateeka.", mu masekkati g'ekyasatwe, yafuuka ekiddukanyonyonyonyonyonyo okuggyamu etteeka erisingako obukwakulizo erifuga eddembe ly'enkomerero. Enjigiriza eno eya [[FLD:] mu'embalireesa] eree [FF1] ekimu, ekyanaana kye kikoze ku nsonga enkulu, ate ekyasazesebwawo olukwata ku nsonga enkulu, ennunvu mu ngeri ey'okukuyungizaamu, n'okukuyuzaamu.

Okukulaakulana okw’Omu Kyasa 19 ne 20

Mu kyasa ekya 19 ne 20, enkola eyajjawo okuva ku njigiriza endala efuuka enjigiriza ezingiramu eddembe ly'okwesalirawo.

Omulimu ogutaligukolebwa gukolebwako gubungidwa mu byafaayo (LTATE 19-PRODUECT)

Ebitongole bya gavumenti bwe byagenda byeyongera, wajjawo okuteesa okutuufu okw'okufuga. Londoner v. Ekibuga kya Denver (08), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti nnannyini bintu yalina obuyinza okulabirako era n'okuwulira nga tennabaawo musolo. Oluvannyuma, Goldberg v. Kelly[ (1970) yakkiriza nti abakkiriza bye beetaaga tebbeeyi bye biyinza kuvamu nga tewali ngeri gye biteekeddwa okuggyibwamu nga tewali ngeri etegeerekekamu ereetebwawo, eyinza okugaziyimula enkola ereetebwawo. Leero, enteekateeka egoberera enkola egobeetaagibwawo, eyinza okutegeezebwa, okusalibwa, okusalibwawo, n'okumalibwa mu ku nsonga yonna eya gavumenti gye ziyinza okuggibwako, oba okusalibwa mu ngeri yonna ey'obulamu.

Engeri Egeetaagibwamu Etuuka ku Kyasa 20)

Kkooti enkulu era yaleetawo enjigiriza ey'ekikwate ekitwalibwa ng'enkomeredde, ewalaga nti eddembe ekkulu lyali kkulu nnyo ne kiba nti tewali gavumenti n'emu (Roe v. Wade]][FLT]]Grillold v.Connecticut[[[[FLT1]]] [1965]]] Kkooti yakkiriza eddembe lya kyamakulibwa mu bufumbo; [[FLT:]][FLD]]] [2]] Rhooev.[[[FLT]][12]]][1273]]) Kino kiyinza okugaziyirira ku ngeri y'okukusobozesa okuteekamu okuggyamu enzire mu kifo ekijjuvu mu ku ku nsonga eno. [FF][6][5]

Kkooti y’e Warren and Criminal Procedure (50s\1960s)

Kkooti enkulu efuga ekirango Earl Warren's Earren's ekyusa enkola y'abamenyi b'amateeka. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) yawa ekiragiro eky'okusala amateeka mu byuma, ne kiba nga tekikkirizibwa mu bujulizi. Gideon v. Wainright[[FLT:]] [196]] [1963]]) Kino kyakakasa eddembe ery'okuwabula abawabuzi mu nsonga ezibanyiikibwa. [[FLT:][FLT][5] Kino kyaleetera abakunguzi obutakola ebibasobozo okumanyisa oba okukimalidde mu busirimu. Enkola zino ez'enjawulo zikireetera abakunguwanyi okukyusiza mu nkola ya politikibwa n'okukyusiza mu nkola y'eyo. [FF][5][5][5]

Okunnyonnyola Obutuufu bw’Empandiika n’Okugeraageranya Ebifa mu Nsi

Mu kyasa kino ekya 21, enkola egenda yeeyongera okujjawo mu kkooti ng’ezikoba eziwakanya tekinologiya, obuwagizi bw’eggwanga, n’eby’eddembe ly’abantu mu nsi yonna.

Enkulaakulana mu by’Obuyinja, Ebyama, n’Ebiragiro Ebiba Bigobererwa

Tekinologiya owa ddaaki asoomooza enkola ez'enkola ez'enjawulo. California (2014, kkooti enkulu mu Amerika) yagamba nti poliisi yetaaga ebbaluwa ekakasa nti empandika y'ennamba z'ebifaananyi biriko obubaka obukwata ku ssimu ey'omu nkozesa ya kompyuta, nga etegeera nti ebyuma eby'omulembe ebiziriwo birimu obubaka obwa bulijjo. Karbier v. United States [208]] Kino kyawetawayira ekiwandiiko ekyo okusobola okuzuula ebifa ku sistemu, nga kyetaagisa ekiragiro okusobola okufuna obubaka obweyambisibwamu. Ebisaanyizo ebituuka ku ntandikwa y'obutundutundu obwa kompyuta okusobola okusobola okuzuula ebiwandikiro bya kompyuta.

Entegeka y’Abantu mu Nsi Yonna n’Ebiragiro Ebisaanidde Okukolebwa

Endagaano y'ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'obuntu n'ery'obw'obufuzi, eyatongozebwa okuva mu 1966 era n'ekola obulungi okuva mu 1976, ekakasa bulungi obwannannyini ku kulamula okw'obwenkanya era n'engeri esaanidde mu Katundu 14. Omuntu yenna kiba kimwetaagisa okutongozebwa mu mateeka mu bwenkanya, ageemye era awatali kusosola. Abawaabi ba mumenyi w'amateeka batwalibwa nga tebalina musango; era nti balina eddembe okukebera abajulizi, n'okujulira abajulizi. Amawanga mangi gatadde emitindo gino mu mateeka gaago, ne gatandikawo emitindo egigobeetakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna okusobola okubutuukiriza obwetwale. Kyokka, abawaabikkiririza basigala nga baaze era n'ebibiina by'eddembe ly'abantu byeyongera okumenya ebiwandiiko. [[FGLT:0] Officementi y'ekibiina ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Agumeomumu ku ddembe ly'abantu [FFF:]

Okusoomooza n’Okuwakanya Ebibaawo mu Kiseera Kino

Okugezesebwa kuyinza okusaasaanyizibwawo mu ngeri endala ez'ekitongole eky'eggwanga, eky'okuyingira mu ggwanga, n'eky'okukwata ebitongole ebifuga. Okuteekawo enkola mu nkola y'okulambula ebikolebwa mu gavumenti. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa kwaleetawo okubuusabuusa ku bujulizi obw'ekyama n'okukozesa obubangirizi mu magye. Emirundi egisinga obuwandiikivu obuba butono buba bubuze ku bukuumi mu kkooti z'abamenyi b'amateeka, ekiviirako okuteesa ku nsonga ezikwata ku “teeba ku mulimu... Kkooti enkulu ekola ya Hamdi v. Rumsteld[[FLT:]2004]

fundikira

Ebbanga ebigere ku nkola y'okukolebwa kw'omulimu liraga nti: okufuba okw'okumanyisa nti obufuzi bukola bulungi, era nti bulina okussibwamu ekitiibwa. Okuva ku bipande bya Babulooni eby'ebbumba okutuuka ku ssimu ez'omu kiseera kino, ekigendererwa ekikulu kirina kusigala nga kye kimu n'(w'omuntu yenna afiibwako obulamu, eddembe, oba ekintu ekirala nga talina mukisa gwa kuwulira n'okusalawo okwesigamiziddwa ku mateeka, so si mu ngeri eyeetaagisa. Tekinologiya ebya tekiygeesitemu n'abantu gye bigenda byeyongera okukolebwako, emisingi egikwata ku nkola esaanidde gijja kweyongera okugezesebwa n'okulongoosebwa. Obusobozi bw'obuyambi obuppya obuppya n'obwenkanya bwe bubaamu okuweesa ekitiibwa mu biseera eby'emabega.