Ennyanjula: Enjigiriza Egikontana n’Ebigambo Ebituufu

Enjigiriza y'okuvaako enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka ezibaddewo mu mateeka ga Amereka. Okuyitira mu kusalawo okutali kumu okwatandika ng'ekyasa ekyekkumi n'omwenda era n'etandikirawo amangu oluvannyuma lwa New Account, kkooti enkulu mu Amerika “egasse” ebintu ebisinga obungi mu Bill of Rights byewandisizza gavumenti okuyitira mu SCentury Clause of the Breamment of the 14th Amerekance. Kino kitegeeza nti eddembe lye liba limu n'emboozi eziragiddwa mu kuwandiika, okukubaza eddiini, n'okubuulirira okugatta gavumenti z'ensi kati.

Kyokka, olukiiko olukulu olw'eggwanga, si kye kintu kimu kyokka.[1] Kkooti enkulu ez'ensi n'ezo ezisingirayo ddala obunene mu buli ssemasaza, nga zenyigira mu kukyusa engeri eddembe eryo gye liyinza okutegeerwamu, n'okugaziwa. Wadde nga Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika eteeka wansi w'eggwanga, kkooti z'eggwanga ziyinza okuwa obukuumi obwa waggulu wansi wa mateeka. Ebisalizo byazo bisobola okubaako kye bikola ku nzikiriza y'eggwanga, ne bikola ebiwandiiko ebitongodde mu mateeka okusobola okuzuula eddembe ly'oobuntu, era emirundi egimu nga kiwaliriza Kkootikko.

Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola engeri nnyingi kkooti enkulu gye ziyitamu enzivuunula y'amateeka enzikkiriza enjigiriza eyo, okuva ku kunnyonnyola ensonga ezeetongodde mu ggwanga ne ku kussaawo emitindo egikwata ku gavumenti. Tugenda kwekenneenya ensonga enkulu, ensonga eziziviirako okukola kino, n'obukugira enkolagana wakati wa kkooti z'ensi n'ez'ensi mu kifo ky'okusibuka mu kkooti ez'ekitongole.

Ekintu eky’Omuwendo Ekiri mu Nsi Enkadde: Amawanga Amagatte n’Obwakabaka bwa Katonda

Okusobola okutegeera lwaki kkooti enkulu zirina ensonga enkulu mu Kukwataganya Enjigiriza, omuntu alina okusooka okutegeera engeri gye ziyinza okukolebwamu mu ngeri eyo. Amereka si nteekateeka eya bulijjo; eggwanga lirina obuyinza obw'enkunamba, nga mw'otwalidde n'obuyinza obw'okukuuma tteeka lyalyo, amateeka, n'obulombolombo. Amateeka g'omu Amerika, okuyitira mu Suprematy Claus, gassaawo etteeka ekkulu ery'ensi, naye gavumenti zirina eddembe okuwa abantu obukuumi obwa waggulu okusinga bwe kigwanira eri amateeka g'omu mateeka.

Omusingi guno, ogutera okuyitibwa “ensonga z'eggwanga ez'omukitundu,” guleka kkooti enkulu ey'ensi yonna okuzza omusango gwayo gwonna ku mateeka ga gavumenti. Kkooti ya gavumenti bw'esala omusango ku nsonga ezireetebwawo gavumenti, kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika tejja kugwekenneenya kubanga tewali kibuuzo kyonna kibuuzibwa. Kino kisobozesa kkooti z'ensi okugaziya eddembe ly'abantu nga tewali ngeri yonna eyinza kukyusaamu mateeka ga gavumenti.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu 1970, kkooti enkulu ey'omu California yatwala ekiwandiiko kya gavumenti ekyali kifuga obwama bwa gavumenti nga kigaana abantu okwekenneenya ebifa ku mabbali g'ewaabwe(*). Ekitongole ekyo kyakugira oluguudo lwa gavumenti okutambula nga luba lwalina okukikkiriza nti kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika yali tennaba kukkirizibwa mu nteekateeka ey'okuna ey'okutaano ey'okukyusakyusakyusakyusa mu byuma.

Amawanga Gakola Ebikwata ku Ddembe

Olugero olukozesebwa okutegeeza “obukodyo obwa demokulase,” obwayiiyizibwa Omulamuzi Louis Brandeis, olw'amaanyi ennyo ku ddembe ly'entegeka. kkooti z'ensiri zisoosa bulijjo n'ennyinnyonnyola endala ezikyusa amateeka g'eggwanga oluvannyuma. Kino kituufu nnyo naddala mu bifo kkooti enkulu mu Amerika gye zigaana okubaako kye zikolawo oba gye zisinziira ebiwandiiko bya Federal Bill of Rights.

Okugaziya Enjogera n’Obukuumi

Ekifo ekimu kkooti z'ensi gy'ebadde ekola ennyo kwe kukozesa eddembe ery'okwogera. Wadde nga mu Amereka eyasooka eteeka omusingi mutono, jijiransi za gavumenti eziwerako zibaamu olulimi olusobola okutangirira omulimu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, etteeka eryagobererwa etteeka lya Oregon Constitution lyagon Constitution, lyakolebwa mu 1857, era Kkooti enkulu etegeeza obukwasirosoogi bw'ebigambo eby'ogwo n'obubonerezo okusinga amateeka g'eggwanga. [FLT: 0] Stagitlg v. Ciancanllic [2009], kkooti ewagira obwannannyini obugaanyi obw'okugaba ebintu eby'okwetaba mu U.S. Kkootikko empalaasa yalinamu enzikiriziddwamu mu mateeka amatuufu mu kkooti ekola enkola ey'olukiiko olukulu mu mateeka olw'eggwanga.

Mu ngeri y'emu, kkooti ya New York ey'okusasulwa ebaddeko endowooza n'ebiruubirirwa eby'eddembe, naddala mu nsonga ezikwata ku kusalawo mu biseera eby'omulembe n'ennamba z'abakozi ba gavumenti. Olesik v'omu. Elmsford Union Free School District [2022], kkooti yakwata ku ku kukeberebwa kw'amateeka okwakuuma omusomesa amateeka ne ku buwagizi bwa gavumenti ne ku mpagibwa nnyo okusinga ekigezo ekya gavumenti.

Okugaziya Endowooza Yaffe n’Ebiragiro Ebiba Bituukirawo

Ekirala ensonga gye zituukirizza obutereevu kwe kuba nti kkooti z'ensi yonna terina buyinza kukweka bantu bokka. Naye kkooti enkulu terina buyinza ku nsonga za kyama ku bannyini kyokka. Mu kkooti enkulu ewa abantu obukulembedde mu kifo kya Bill of Rights. Amateeka g'ensi agatali gamu galimu ebiwandiiko bya kya kyamaguzi. Amateeka gaago ga California, gaategekebwa mu 1972, gatwaliramu “okwanganga obwamaddala obwa kyamaguzi” nti kkooti yaasokebwako esingako ewaffe ennyonnyola bulungi. [[FULT:0] Hill v. National Athletic Association [194], kkooti ekkiriza nti gavumenti ekolera ddala mu buyinza okukugira abadduukirize mu ggwanga.

Ate era, kkooti z'ensiri zituuzizza obusobozi kkooti enkulu ez'omu Amerika obutannateekamu bukwasiddwa, gamba ng'eddembe ly'obuyigirize obumala. Abott v. Burke [1985]), Kkooti enkulu mu New Jersey yagamba nti, ssemateeka w'amateeka yali yeetaagisa okuwaayo ssente mu masomero, era nti Kkooti enkulu ey'omu U.S. Ekkomyunizimu yali yeegaanyizza gavumenti okuweera wansi w'obukuumi bwenkanankana mu Antonio Independent School. Rodriguez. Wadde nga kkooti tezirina kakwa mukitundu omukakafu, ekyo kiraga engeri ensonga z'ewatuko bwe zisobola okujjuzaamu mu [F.Drigookitaa.

Engeri Ebyo Ssajja Esinga Obukulu Bye Zikola ku Mateeka ga Buwanguzi

Engeri kkooti enkulu gye zikozesaamu amateeka teri ng’eyo yokka esobozesa gavumenti okuteekawo amateeka agatali gamu.

Ab’Obuyinza n’Emitindo gy’Ennimi

Kkooti ezikola ku budde nga mw'otwalidde ne kkooti enkulu mu Amerika, buli kiseera zoogera ku ndowooza z'abalamuzi mu kkooti z'ensi yonna nga zibawa amagezi amakyamu, naddala nga zigoberedde ensonga enkulu ezikwata ku nsonga ez'amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Mairanda v. Arizona[ (1966]), kkooti enkulu yeesiga nnyo ku misango egyali gimaze okuteekebwawo okulabula abantu okusobola okutereeza ebisaanyizibwa. Ssazeezo bya Kooti y'omu California ey'oku Supper Court mu . Abantu baakyusizzawo olukalala lw'ensonga ez'omuganyulo mu (1855].

Mu ngeri y'emu, [[NT:0] mu ngeri y'emu, okusalawo [[FLT v. Ohio (1961) kweyavaako amateeka agaawakanya eggwanga, okweyambisa enkola y'enkiiko z'eggwanga. Ebiwandikiro bingi byali byasemba dda amateeka ag'okusalako nga bagoberera amateeka gaabwe oba amateeka aga bulijjo, ne Kkooti mu Mapp[

Okuleetawo Obutakkaanya Obwaliwo mu Kkooti Esingira Ddala Obukulu

Kkooti enkulu era ziyinza okukaka abantu okugonjoola obutakkaanya. Kkooti enkulu ez'omu Amereka bwe ziba nga zitegeera bulungi amateeka ga gavumenti mu ngeri ekontana ne kkooti enkulu ez'omu Amerika, kkooti ziyinza okuwa ekiwandiiko eky'okukigonjo okugonjoola obutakkaanya obwo. Kkooti enkulu ziyinza okuwa ekibbozo eky'okukikomya [FLD:0] -efell v. Hodges[FLD:1] (202015) Kkooti enkulu erina okugonjoola obutakka wakati wa kkooti z'abajulizi, era eziwagidde okuwera okukkirizibwa mu kkooti z'omutiibwa, nazo zalina okuzigonjola, ng'ezo ezaali zikoze mu kkooti enkulu mu .[FFFFFFOLD] 2013]

Gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti enkulu mu Amerika ziwa emisango ku ngeri y’okuziyizaamu endwadde, okunoonyereza ku kukwatibwa, n’akabi ak’emirundi ebiri akava ku mitindo gy’eggwanga. Kkooti Enkulu mu Amerika bwe zikola olutalo ng’olwo, zitera okulongoosa Ekiwandiiko eky’Okutaasagana.

Okuteekawo Enkyukakyuka mu Bufuzi bw’Amawanga nga Tuyitira mu “Eddiini Empya ey’Eby’Okwefuga”

Mu 1970 ne 1980, ekibiina kyawa emboozi eyitibwa “New Federal” kyayisawo kkooti enkulu nnyingi nga zigaziya eddembe lyazo okusinga ne ku biwandiiko bya Burger ne Rehnquist. Ssemateeka wa Alaska Supreme yannyonnyola amateeka gaayo okusobola okuwa abanoonyereza ku mmotoka enkuumi n'okusinga abalamuzi ab'eggwanga lya U.S. Kkooti enkulu ya Oregon ekkirizibwa mu nteekateeka ey'Enkomerero. Ekkooti enkulu nayo yamenya enjigiriza z'eggwanga mu bitundu ng'empaka n'ebiwandiiko ebivunaana. Ebyo bye yasalawo byatandikawo etteeka erifuga amateeka agafuga amateeka ne gassaawa, ne gafuuka ebyo abayivuzi, era ne gafuuka ebigambo ebijulirwamu. Wadde nga kkooti enkulu mu U. Kkooti y'eggwanga yagaana okugoberezaamu ebbeesomero zino, oluusi ekyo kyaviirako enteekateeka za gavumenti z'eggwanga oba ebigobeegobeegobeego.

Ebyokulabirako eby’Empisa Ennungi Ezaaleetera Ensi Okutambula Obulungi

Okusobola okunnyonnyola engeri kkooti enkulu gye zikolamu ku Njiri ey’Okunenya, kya muganyulo okwekenneenya ensonga ezimu ezimanyiddwa ennyo.

Kkooti Esingira Ddala Obukulu ey’omu California n’Obusobozi bw’Okweyama

Mu 1972, abavvuzi baayongerako obwannannyini ku buwangwa bw'eggwanga. Mu bwangu kkooti enkulu ey'omu California yawa obutuuti obwo. White v. Davis [197], kkooti yagamba nti obwannannyini obwa polisi tebulina kukuumibwa ku bujulizi obwa bulimu bulaga nti olukuŋŋaana lwa gavumenti luteekwa okubaamu.[1] Ekitongole kya California kyasalawo nti, olukulu lwa U.S. Olukiiko olusinga obukulu lwalina okuba nga teruwanjudde lwalina kye lwoooooongera ku nsonga ezisingako. [2] era oluvannyuma, mu [[FLT:][5].[5]

Kkooti y’Ebya Kampuni mu New York n’Ebikwata ku Bumenyi bw’Ebibi

Kkooti ya New York esingayo obukulu ebadde ekola ng'omuvuzi w'enkola ez'obumenyi bw'amateeka okumala ebbanga ddene. Abantu n'abo '[FLT][12][19]], kkooti ya New York ey'oku Appers yannyonnyola ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti empandika eya ddyo ûtotoûaquir(10] etegeeza okulekera awo okubuuza ebibuuzo omukungu eyali yeebuuzizza, wadde nga oluvannyuma yateekawo amateeka agasingawo ku ga gavumenti okulwanirira okusoosa obukalukubiriza obunene okusinga “etteeka eririmu, eryagguka obunene ku ttuluuti. Ebbardsssssssss (19981). Kkootikko kya kkooti ya gavumenti yateekawo bulungi “w'amateeka mu New York eryateekawo obukwakulifu ku ku ku kubuuzabuvuzi ebibuuzo. Ekyo tekyakyusa butereevu mu ngeri endala, naye nga kkooti endala ekkiriza ektongole ekikkiririmu ekkiriza.

Kkooti Esingira Ennyo n’Eddembe ly’Eby’Enjigiriza mu Washington

Mu Squartle School District Na. 1 v [1988], kkooti enkulu ey'omu Washington yagamba nti ssemateeka yali yeetaaza ssemateeka w'eggwanga okussaawo ssemateeka awandibadde ‘ n'enteekateeka ez'okuyigiriza abaana bonna.'okusalawo kuno, okuva ku musingi gwa ssomero gwa gavumenti, kwatandikawo omulimu kkooti enkulu mu U.S. olukiiko olukulu lwewagguddeko okukiteeka wansi wa Kkommenti eya 148. Wadde nga terulina kakwate kussaawo lukalala lw'amateeka, kiraga engeri kkooti z'amateeka gye ziyinza okuteekawo eddembe erinaawereza eddembe ery'okugatta n'ennaanyiningo, era nga lugoberera omulimu ogw'okugaba mu nsi yonna.

Okusoomooza n’Obunafu bw’Eby’Eby’obufuzi

Wadde nga waaliwo amaanyi mangi, kkooti enkulu ziwa obukakafu nti zirina okukugira okw’amaanyi bwe zigezaako okutandikawo Enjigiriza ey’Okuzza Obuggya.

Ebiri mu Ndagaano z’Ab’Enzikiriza ne Claus ow’Ekiseneetwe

Ekissi kyenkanawo kikkirizibwa mu kifo kino. Kkooti enkulu efuga amateeka ga ssemateeka y'enkola ya Ssemateeka okusobola okunnyonnyola tteeka lya ssemateeka. Wadde nga kkooti endala zisobola okukkirizisa, tezirina buyinza kuteekawo kkooti ndala yonna kukwata ggwanga. Ate era, singa kkooti ya gavumenti efuga ekontana ne Kkooti y'Amerika (egamba nti Kkooti y'eggwanga efuga, enjawukana ne [[FL:]]] Entekookerowo Kkooti enkulu], okusalawo kw'eggwanga tekukkirizibwa mu n'omukono gwa Supremacy Claus. Okusinziira ku kkooti z'ensiribukulembeze kuyinza okuzikomyawo.

Okunyigirizibwa mu by’Eby’obufuzi ne mu Nkola

Abalamuzi ba gavumenti balondebwa oba balondebwa mu nkola y'okulonda, ne kibaleetera okutwalirizibwa okupikirizibwa okw'eby'obufuzi okusinga abalamuzi ab'eggwanga. Kino kiyinza okuviirako ensala ezikwatagana n'endowooza z'omu kitundu so si n'emitindo gy'eggwanga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti nnyingi ez'eggwanga zitegedde amateeka agafuga gavumenti okukugira eddembe lyazo mu kifo ky'okugaziya eddembe lyabwe, naddala mu bifo nga okuggyamu embuto oba okufuga emmundu. Mu 2018, olukiiko olukulu olw'omu Iowa, olumaze okufugibwa abangi mu ggwanga, lwakuba ekiragiro ekikugira okuggyamu etteeka erikugira okuggyamu etteeka erikwata ku ku ku tteeka lya ssemateeka mu mateeka.

Akabi “Kyonna Okununulibwa ”?

Ne bwe kiba nti kkooti z'ensiri zigaziye obukuumi, Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika oluusi eyinza “okusaanyawo” abo abakkirizibwa okuyisa emitindo gya gavumenti nga bayisa emitindo gyayo mu kipimo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Lockyer v. Andrrade[ [2003]] [Kkooti enkulu mu Amerika], kkooti zakkiriza nti ekiragiro eky'okuwerezebwa okw'obukambwe n'ekibonerezo ekitakkirizibwa mu ngeri endala.

Empeera Esembayo: Empansoka y’Ekkomera ne Kkooti Ezikola Ennyo

Kkooti enkulu ez'omu Amerika tezibeera nga zikolera abantu obukwasiddwa mu kkooti enkulu ez'omu Amerika. zenyigidde mu kukolebwa kw'Enkola eya Orcorporation Doctrict. Nga zinnyonnyola amateeka g'ensi, ziyinza okugaziya eddembe lyazo ne lisukka ku limu erya gavumenti, ne ziteekawo obuyinza obusikiriza okukomyawo okusalawo kw'ensi, era ne zileetawo obutategeeragana obuleetera amateeka ga gavumenti okwongera okulongoosebwa mu mateeka. Okuva ku kyamalanga ekyamalanga mu California okutuuka ku kya Orgongrade, kkooti z'eggwanga zikiraze enfunda n'enfunda nti okuyingiza obwannanyinibwa kwabwo si ku mboozi emu ey'amaanyi naye nkola ey'amaanyi.

Nga kusoomooza okuppya kusibukawo `ekifo ekippya' nga ku disitulikiti, eddembe ery'okuzaala, ne enkola za bamenyi b'amateeka `Ssaaba'''''omu kkooti ez'ennene'ebuvanjuba'ekyajja kweyongera okugezesa ekko.' Ebyo bye basalawo bijja kukola nga laboratwale, obubonero obulabula abaana okunyumya ku nsonga z'eggwanga. Eri abayizi ba mateeka, okutegeera ekifo ekya kkooti z'eggwanga kiyinza okusobozesa Bill of Rights okutegeera engeri gye zikola mu masaza ataano.

[[AGUMENTI] Kano kaleetera ekiragiro okwongerako ekigambo ekyo okuwandika:[[AKIZIMBIBWA]

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