Kkooti za gavumenti za Amerika zirina ekifo eky'amaanyi mu ntegeka y'eggwanga. Nga zikozesa obuyinza bwazo okunnyonnyola amateeka agafuga ensi, zikola nga(naddala) era oluusi enkola y'eggwanga ne reshape() mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Ekitundu kino kyogera ku ngeri enkola za kkooti z'ensi ez'ekika kya Amerika ez'okufuga, okuva ku kunoonyereza n'okuwakanya ebiwandiiko eby'eddembe lya bantu kinnoomu. Okutegeera obukodyo obwo bw'obukodyo obw'okukwata ku ngeri omuntu yenna ayagala okutegeera amateeka n'enkola y'enteekateeka y'ekitongole ekimu gye kiyinza okuganyula gavumenti.

Okutegeera Obulungi Kkooti Ekola ku Buwanguzi

Olukiiko olukola ku nsonga z'amateeka lwateekebwawo Akatundu III ak'amateeka ga Amereka era ke kakolera wamu ne nkola za kkooti za gavumenti.

  • [[AKM:0]] Kooti za disiturikiti ez'omu Amerika:[[FULT:1] Kkooti ezisala emisango ewandiikiddwamu gavumenti. Erimu enzivvuunuzi 94 mu ggwanga lyonna, buli emu ekwata ensonga ezikwata ku nzikkiriza n'abamenyi b'amateeka ezikolebwa wansi w'amateeka ga gavumenti.
  • [[AKM:0]] Kkooti ez'Akasawo mu Amereka: zegabanyizidwa mu bitundu 13, kkooti zino zekenneenyeza bye zasala okuva mu kkooti za disitulikiti mu ntegeka yaazo. Emirundi egisinga bye bigambo ebisembayo ku miwondo gy'ensi, nga Kkooti esinga obukulu ewuliriza obutundutundu butono.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Kkooti ey'omu Amerika:[[FULT:1] Kkooti ez'enkomeredde. erina enfuga ku by'okusaze era n'ebiragiro byayo biteekeddwa ku kkooti zonna eza gavumenti.

Kkooti ezifuga obukiiko zifuga ensonga ezizingiramu amateeka g'ensi, Amateeka, enkaayana wakati w'eggwanga n'emisango egiba giwandikiddwa mu Amerika.

Omulimu gwa sisitemu ogutegeka ekiwandikiro eky'ebiwandikiro

Kkooti ezifuga akakiiko akafuzi zikola enteekateeka z'ensi nga ziyitira mu mitendera esatu: okulambula emisango, okugoosa obusaze mu bya gavumenti, n'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Buli mulimu gulina kye gutegeeza ku ngeri ettu n'ebifo gye bifugamu.

Okwejjukanya Okusala Omusango

Obuyinza bw'okulambula olukiiko olukola ku mateeka, bwe butyo obukkirizibwa okusaanyawo amateeka agamenya amateeka.Marbury v. Madison (103]). Okuva olwo, kkooti zikozesezza amaanyi ga gavumenti okulemesa eb'amawanga okumenya amateeka. Mu kunoonyereza okukakasa, kkooti zikakasa nti emisango egifuga amateeka ga gavumenti gigoberera amateeka, amateeka agafuga ekinnyinyirizibwamu, n'ebiragiro. Ebigere ebigasa ebiva mu kkooti ebikozesebwa bizingiramu:

  • Amateeka g'ensi agakontana n'amaanyi g'eby'obusuubuzi aga sistemu (um'omutendera:0] Gibbons v. Ogden[[FLT], 1824]).
  • Amateeka ga gavumenti agatyoboola eddembe eriva ku Kuwerebwa kw'Oluvannyuma lw'ebbanga (g'omut, Kigasa mu United . FEC, 2010, wadde nga kino kikwata ku mateeka g'eggwanga; amateeka agakwata ku by'ensimbi agafuga akawere gatera okusoberwa).
  • Virginia, 1967, ekyakomya omulimu ku kuwera obufumbo obw'ebika eby'enjawulo.

Okwejjukanya tekukoma ku kumenya mateeka gokka; era n’emisango egifuga tegikoma ku kuwagira mateeka ga gavumenti bwe gatuukiriza amateeka.

Okugonjoola Obutakkaanya Obuva mu Gavumenti

Wansi w'Akatundu III, kkooti enkulu zirina obuyinza ku nsonga eziba zisaliddwa wakati w'eggwanga, naye enkooti entono zitera okuwulira enkaayana ezikwata ku nsonga. Ebyokulabirako nga bino bizingiramu:

  • 'New Mexico' e' - 'Tabule'''''''''' - 'mu ngeri enj'eraga enkaayanya ezikwata ku ntegeka z'amazzi mu bitundu bya Rio Grande'etajjakumanya.'
  • Okusoomooza okuli mu mateeka agagambibwa nti gazitowa mu nsi ezitali zimu, gamba ng’amateeka agakwata ku kusuula loole oba okusuula kazambi.
  • Empalana eziba ku mateeka g'ensi ya kaweefube ow'okugoosa gavumenti ze yateekawo, gamba ng'amateeka agakwata ku kuyingira abantu mu ggwanga agaasalibwawo etteeka lya gavumenti eriragira abatuuze abanyinza okuva mu ggwanga eryo (um'okugeza, ]Arizona v. United States)], 2012).

Enteekateeka zino ziwaliriza oba zigaziya enkola gavumenti z’omu kitundu n’ez’omu kitundu gye ziyinza okukozesa, nga zireseewo enteekateeka ez’okuzzaawo enkyukakyuka mu nkola oba okuleka amateeka agamu okugobererwa.

Okukuuma Enkolagana Yaffe n’Ekibiina

Kkooti ezikola ku bukulembeze bwe zikomye okukomyawo amateeka agakwata ku gavumenti n'enkola ya gavumenti.

  • [[NKULA] Ekiragiro ekifuga engeri eyo kigifuula okuba nga giginywera. Olukalala olw'okutaano, olw'omukaaga, olw'okutaano, olw'okutaano, olw'okutaano, era olw'okukwata amateeka, kyetaagisa okugobereza obukwasiddwa ku mateeka ag'omu kitundu kino n'okukuteekako obukulembedde obukulembedde ku mateeka agakwata ku ku kunoonya, okubuuza ebibuuzo, n'okugezesa ebibakemedwa. Agumenti y'obubonero obufaananako Manda v. [[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]][3][196] ne [[FLT:]]]
  • [[AGUFU:0] Emboozi n'Enkuŋŋaana: kkooti emirundi mingi zeekenneenya ebifuga enfuga n'ebiragiro eby'omu kitundu ku kwekalakaasa, ebitongole ebikola ku kaweefube, ne ku bwogezi. Cohen v. California[ (1971] ne [[FLT] .PFLT][[FLT]] per v []
  • Ekirabo eky'Eddembe: Ligsion wansi wa Amereka ak'ekkumi n'ena] Enziji z'eby'enjigiriza, enzivuunvuunula, omulimu, n'okulonda. Kkooti enkulu esazeewo mu B]branv. Akakiiko ak'Essomero [1954]] kakyasigala nga kye kyokulabirako eky'ekifaananyi ekya bulijjo, naye okusala kw'agobereberye kugazisizza obuddukirizi LBTQ+, abantu abalina obulema, n'abantu abalala.

Kkooti ezikola ku budde era zikwasisa amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, gamba nga Theotre VI of the Civil Rights Act of the Common Rights eya 1964, omutwe IX of the Education Amereka and the Idult Amereka and Gulder Act.

Kabi ku Twale Etwawule

Wansi wano waliwo ebifo emisango mingi we givuddemu eby’amaanyi.

Obuyigirize

Kkooti ezikola ku budde ze zikomyewo nnyo mu kukyusa enkola y'obuyigirize obwa bulijjo. Oluvannyuma lw'okulabirako ku by'enjigiriza, kkooti zaayisa ebitongole eby'okukyusaamu enkola ez'okukyusaamu ezitakkirizibwa okusobola okuzza obuyigirize ku bayizi, okulonda ab'ebitundu ebitegese. Oluvannyuma oluddako ziwandiikiddwako:

  • [[AGUMENTI]] Obutundu obuva mu bulema: [[FODARY v. Rowley (19982]) ne Akawayiro akalaga obulema obw'omutendekero, kiba kyetaagisa amateeka okusobozesa abaana okufuna obuyigirize obwa bwereere mu buli nsonga. Kkooti ezifuga obufuga obubeeyi bw'ebizingirwamu.
  • SchoolScence econsole: Wadde nga Kkooti enkulu yagaana okufuna eddembe ly'okuwaayo essomero mu San Antonio Independent School . Rodriguez), kkooti efuga egoberera amateeka ga gavumenti eyize. Kyokka, kkooti z'ensi zikyalinawo okusoomooza okusobola okuggya ssente mu nzivumbo za gavumenti ez'okukisibwa wansi w'amateeka agafuga oba amateeka ga gavumenti.
  • [[Act:0] Okwogera n'okukangavvula okw'omubusobozi:[[FOMENT:1] [[NKUMBO]] .Des Moines Independent School Disitulikiti (1969]) Ekiragiro kyalaga nti omukutu ogw'oku kiwandikiro tegusobola ku mayumba g'esomero okufunirako abaana obutereeze obwa bulijjo. Amalagi g'okuko ge gamu n'ebigambo ebiri ku lukalala lw'abayizi, nga mw'otwalidde n'okuggyamu n'ebigambo ku mannya ga kompyuta.
  • [[NTL:0] Ettikko:[[FULT:1] Obukiiko obufuga empandika ez'ekika kya 'FOL' bunnyonnyola nti omutwe IX' gwagala ebisobozo ebisookerwako ebisookerwako okunnyonnyola essomero okukubagiza n'okutulugunya, nga mu Davis v. Monroe County County of Education[ [1999] ne [[FLT:]]GEM] Gebser v. Lago Dission District [[FUM]]

Obujjanjabi

Akakwate ka Afford Care akaaleetera ekiragiro okuyisa etteeka erikwata ku nkola y'obujjanjabi mu ggwanga. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [202], Kkooti enkulu yawagira ekiragiro kya buli omu eky'okutongoza omusolo naye n'esobozesa ekitongole kya ACica'eky'eddawo nga tekkiriiko kakwate ne gavumenti nti gavumenti teyinza kugaana mitemwa gya Mdicaid gyonna egiriwo ku nsi ezitali n'awulu. Ekyo kyaviirako okukakasawo ebisale by'eggwanga okuteeka mu byuma ebyo nga bikozesa enzivvuunuzi ebirengo byabwe. Oluvannyuma, mu Bur Burw[FFLD [FFF:] (20).M.2011)

Era kkooti ezikola ku nsonga ezikwata ku kuggyamu embuto ze zeekenneenya amateeka mu Texas nga mwe muli n'okulindako, ebiragiro, n'ebiwandiiko bya ddwaliro. Mu lukalala lw'eby'obulamu bw'omukyala '. Hellerst (20, Kkooti ya Texas ereetebwa amateeka agakwata ku ku kuggyamu embuto ez'ekika ekya [[FLT:]]]][FLT]]]] [[FLT]]] [1998]].'ekyakadda ennyo, [[FLT:]]], K'abakyala baawulawo n'okuzza entegeka y'eby'obulamu mu Texawafferi nga [[FLT:]][5]][5][5]][5]][5]

Eddembe ly’Obwannannyini n’Okukolera Awamu

Kkooti ezikola ku kulonda, okusosola, n'okukwata poliisi bikozese nnyo mu kussaawo omusango gwa gavumenti ogw'okulonda, ogw'okusosola, era n'ogw'okukwata abapoliisi. Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA) kye kibadde mitwe egitayo. Shelby County v. Hamer[[FLL:1]] [2013] Kkooti enkulu yasattu okusobola okuzuula olukalala olw'ensonga, ne kiremula etteeka erikwata ku ku ku kulonda olukalala olw'ebitongole. Okuva olwo, kkooti z'eggwanga zikozesezza enkyuuka z'ebitongole ebikola ku n'ebitongole ebikola ku nviriraasa mu nsi 2 VRA.

Mu kifo kya poliisi ne mu kusalako emisango, kkooti za gavumenti zivunaanibwa emirimu egitali gya mateeka mu kifo ekimu. Monell v. Ekitongole ky'Emirimu gy'Abasosayinti gy'abantu (1978]) kyawandiisizza nti abawandiisi bakkirizibwa okuwerebwa wansi wa mateeka agafuga etteeka eriviirako okumenya amateeka.

LGBTQ+ eddembe lifuze nnyo ensala ya kkooti. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015], kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti abafumbo ab'omu busimba balina eddembe ly'okufumbiriganwa, eremereddwa. ]Boszeck v. Clayton County][2020]] Tteekatitry VIICI kye kikuuma obusosoze mu by'okwetaba oba mu bitundu eby'empandika ez'ekikula, ebikwata ku mbeera ey'enjawulo n'omulimu. Ebisalirwawo biraga nti buli muntu akkirizibwa okuwasa oba okusukkirira munne mu mulimu, oba okufunirako omuntu weetaaga ebbanja.

Okukyusa Enkyukakyuka mu Nsi

Kkooti ezikola ku budde zitera okusalawo ekifo awandibadde gavumenti n'obuyinza bw'obutonde bw'omu kitundu. Essembly Air Act and Clean Water Act, abalamuzi gye bannyonnyola oba emitindo gya gavumenti oba nga gavumenti ziyinza okugoberera amateeka agaawula. Massachusetts v. EPA[FLD:1] [2007] [2007]] [Ekabonero akanene], kkooti enkulu yakkiriza nti EPA eteekwa okutegeka empewo ey'ebiko, okuzza obubaane n'empewo nga wansi w'empewo, okusala kw'ensonga mu ngeri y'emu, oba nga ku nsonga za gavumenti. [[FLT:] Super .[FLT] Virginia .[FLT][FFFFFLT:3][202][202]][2][2]][2][2][2]][2]][2][2]2][2][2]]2][2]2]2]2]

Enkola n'okusalawo okukolebwa ku kkooti z'ensi era bikwata ne ku kkooti za gavumenti, naddala singa wabaawo ensonga. Okutwala oba okutegeka ebintu ku ntegeka ya taano Amereka, nga kw'otadde okuyitira mu kiwandiiko eky'ekkumi n'enamba ebitegekebwa, kye kisinziirwako okusala essomero eriseesa essomero singa amateeka gagenda nga gaayimirizibwa. Keolo v. Ekibuga kya New London (2005), Kkooti ewagira enkozesa y'ebifo eby'enkulongo mu by'ebyenfuna, ne kireetawo ku nsonga za gavumenti.

Ebizibu n’Obukulembeze Ebyetooloddwa Enkola y’Okusalirako Omusango

Waliwo enkaayana bbiri ezitakontana ku bikwata ku kulonda omuntu n'okugaana okulonda omuntu.

Etteeka erikwata ku kusala emisango likontana n'amateeka agafuga amateeka

Abasosoomoozi batera okunenya abalamuzi nti basukka ku kifo kyabwe nga basala emisango ku ntebe. Okusala emisango mu kkooti z'amateeka kitegeeza okusalawo okwesigamye ku ndowooza z'omulamuzi so si ku Byawandiikibwa by'amateeka. Abavumirira ensonga bagamba nti kkooti bwe zisala amateeka ga demokulase, ziremulaze olw'okweyisa mu ngeri gye ziteeyisamu. Okugeza, olukiiko olukulu lusalawo mu Reev.[1273]) kye kintu ekijookerwa ennyo mu mateeka ga demose. Ate era, ensala z'amateeka zireeyisa kkooti okuggyako nga amateeka gamenye amateeka. [FLT:]Dobbbs v. Jackson'Akaast [2]

Abo abawagira enkola eyo bagamba nti kkooti zirina okukuuma eddembe ly’abantu abatono eritakkirizibwa ku bitongole eby’eby’obufuzi, n'okusalawo okusobola okwewala obulombolombo obusinga obunene.

Okutuukiriza Obwetaavu bw’Okulonda Okusalira Omusango

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nga .

Abalamuzi ba disiturikiti n'abalabirizi abakyalira ebibiina basooka kubaako endowooza zaabwe nga batuuse ku busozi, era bye basalawo ku nkola z'eggwanga n'ez'omu kitundu biraga endowooza eyo.

Obubonero buno, obutera okuweerwa abalamuzi ba disitulikiti omu, bukozesebwa okuziyiza abakungu ba gavumenti okuddukanya enkola y'obusobozi bw'obudde, n'ebiragiro by'eby'obujjanjabi ebifuga enneyisa ya bantu.

fundikira

Kkooti ezikola ku bukulembeze zikola kinene nnyo mu kukyusa enkyuuka n'enkola z'eggwanga, nga ziyisa amateeka agafuga, nga ziyisa ebisobozo, era nga zigoberera eddembe ly'obuntu n'etteeka erizifuga. Ebyo bye zisala birina kye bikola ku buli ngeri yonna ey'okufuga("va ku ngeri amasomero gye gayigirizaamu abaana, engeri gye gasalawo engeri y'okukwata ku by'obujjanjabi, engeri gye gannaawulamu mpulizi gye gayinza okuwaniriramu amateeka ga gavumenti. Wadde nga kitera okusobozesa abafuzi, abasomesa, n'abatuuze, okutegeera enkola ezigattiddwawo wakati wa kkooti z'ensi n'eggwanga, era n'ensonga ezireetebwawo amateeka ga Amerika.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma, genda ku mukutu [[OLW'OKUMALIRA] ogwa kkooti esinga obukulu[[[KITANDIKI]], Olupapula olw'ebifo ku Cornell Law School[, ne [[FLT]OYEZ[[[FLT:]] ku bikwata ku] nsonga.