Ekitongole ekiyitibwa War Powers Resolution ekya 1973 kye kimu ku bintu ebikontana mu byafaayo bya Amereka. Yateekebwawo okukebera Pulezidenti Richard Nixon's, nga yakiteekateeka okukebera amaanyi ga pulezidenti okusiikiriza amagye g'Amerika okulwana awatali kukkirizibwa. Kyokka, ensibuko yaago ekwatagana n'enkakaayanaanyo eziva ku mateeka agakwata ku ku kunnyonnyola emitindo gya bapresidenti. Mu myaka egyakayita, endowooza egamba nti, Amateeka galina okuvvuunulwa okusinziira ku makulu gaago mu kusooka mu kiseera eky'okugatta abanoonyereza ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi. Obufirosoofo obwasooka bweyongera okukomyawo Ekkuttulula Entalo, n'ensonga ezikwata ku n'ensonga ezikwata ku mateeka ezigasaago.

Okutegeera Obufirosoofo Obukwata ku Bintalo

Obufirosoofo obw'edda bugamba nti, Amateeka galina okutaputa amakulu nti abantu abategeevu bandibadde bagategeera mu kiseera we gaagitirwa. Kino kiggumiza amakulu g'ebigambo ebyasooka mu kyawandiikibwa era n'ebikwata ku byafaayo ebyatandikawo, ebitera okugaana ennyinyonnyola z'eby'obufuzi ezikyuka n'emitindo egikwatagana n'ebiriwo. Okutandikwa tekutegeeza nti omuntu alina obuzikiikika bwa mpuku bbiri. Kino kiggumiza amakulu g'ebigambo bya olunyiriri olwo [ ku kigendererwa kya , nga bwe kitera okutunuulira amakulu gaakyo agasooka.

Obufirosoofo bwabufuna ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 20. Abantu baagezaako okulemesa abanoonyereza ku bikwata ku nkola y'okusala emisango n'okunoonyereza okumanyira ddala engeri y'okufugamu obuyinza. Mu bifo ebya bulijjo, abanoonyereza ku by'entalo bagamba nti ebigambo n'enkola ya tteeka erya bulijjo biwa obuyinza obw'enkalakkalira ddala era n'enkola ya dekanarate. Ekika kya bannassaayansi baategekebwa okuziyiza enkola y'amagye agatakkirizibwa mu lutalo, oluvannyuma ne kigoberezebwa okufuga. Nga bagoberera amakulu g'enkola eyo, abanoonyereza ku by'obufuzi baateekawo obufuzi obwa bulijjo baakuuma obuyinza obw'entalo n'emirembe.

Ensibuko y’Emikulembeze gy’Entalo

Ekiragiro kino okuwa Conseilsed ekiwandiiko eky'amateeka amangi obudde n'obukulu bwamenyekanya mu Nsonga I ne II. Ekiragiro kino kiwa Consell amaanyi okufulumya n'okuwagira amagye, okuteekawo n'okukuuma eggye ery'oku magye, era n'okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku bufuzi bw'amagye. Ekitundu II kilonda pulezidenti nga Omuduumizi w'eggye n'Eggye ery'Abajaasi, era n'aw'ab'abaye ba magye ga gavumenti okuyita okuweereza mu ggwanga. Lekawumbi zino zaali ziva ku ku kukkirizisa ku kkajjukirirano y'amateeka agabanyizibwa mu 1787, nga biraga nti tekyerabiddwawo era n'obuwagizigizi mu ntalo ez'eby'obukulembedde.

Okwolesebwa kw’Awandiisi

Abakugu mu by'enkalakkalira bagamba nti eyatandikawo olutalo yabayamba okutegeera obulungi amatwale. James Madison yawakanya mu Federalist Papers nti enkola ya Ppuliganti yakolebwa okukakasa nti “amaanyi ga prezidenti ow'okulangirira entalo” gandibadde gateekebwa mu kakiiko akafuzi, ate nga pulezidenti ya kutandika olutalo olwo. Alexander Hamilton, mu Federalist No. 69, yayawukana ne kabaka wa Bungereza, so si nti amaanyi ga prezidenti nga Mpulezidenti ye “yali wa wansi nnyo” kubanga pulezidenti yali tayinza kuyisa ntalo awatali kuwagira nsonga. Abamandisi baakula baatwala amaanyi ga Bukkulembeza okutandikawo omulimu gw'okufuga.

Empandiika n’Ebitundu Ebigikwatako

Okuva ku kyawandiikibwa eky'enkola eya bulijjo, ebigambo ebiri mu ndagaano y'amateeka birina amakulu amangi. Ekiragiro The Progint War Clausle (Article I, Ekitundu 8, Classia 11) kiwa Congress amaanyi gamu okusobola “okulangirira olutalo,” abakugu mu sooka kye batwala ng'enkola ez'enkola ez'okutuutiraamu. Omuduumizi wa Confence-Chief Claus (Atelle II Claus, , Ekitundu 2, Ekiragiro kya Clause 1) kyewandikidde omukulembeze w'amagye nga baakamala okubeera mu nnimiro, naye nga tekitegeeza nti waliwo obuyinza bwonna obusobola okutandikawo empakano-in-Chief Claus obukkirizibwa okusobozesa prezidenterna mu kutandika olutalo okukontana n'enkola ya Bulammu.

Ekisale ky’Okusalawo: Ekiruubirirwa ky’Okwagala Okuddukanya Omulimu

War Powers Resolution eya 1973 yatandikibwawo oluvannyuma lwa Vietnam, olutalo mwe ba prezidenti ba Lyndon Johnson ne Richard Nixon baakulemberanga obulambe obw'amaanyi obw'amagye nga tebalayiridde ntalo okuva ku kakiiko akategesi. Ekisomi kya deta kyali kigendererwa kuddamu kussaawo entalo era n'okuziyiza ba prezidenti ab'omu biseera eby'omu maaso okukuba empaka awatali lukusa. Enteekateeka enkulu zitwaliramu:

  • [[NKULA]: Alina okusooka okwebuuza ku Congress “buli kiseera” nga tannaleeta maanyi mu ntalo oba embeera mu kifo ekinaatera okukkirizibwa okwenyigira mu ntalo.
  • [[AKMENT:0] Alipoota:[ Alina okuwaayo lipoota eri ssemb'essaawa 48 mu kutandika kw'amasimu, ng'annyonnyola embeera, obuyinza, era n'obuwanvu n'obupimye bw'empandiikibwa ng'omwenda okwo.
  • [[Act:0]] Akawayiro aka '[[[KATANDIKA'] Bw'otogiteekako mu lukiiko olwa pulogulamu, oba singa kakkiriza omulimu okukolebwa, alyikkusiro liteekwa kuggibwawo mu nnaku 60, nga kino kikkirizibwa okwongerako ennaku 30 ez'obukuumi bwa magye.
  • [[NKULA] Ekikongojjedwa ekibadde kiwandikiddwa: Mu kusooka, Consert eyinza okulagira okuva mu magye mu bwangu singa etuukiriza ekiteeso eky'okukuteekako ekiwandikiro. Wadde nga enkola eno teyatongozebwa olw'okusalawo kwa Kkooti ey'Empaka Enkulu mu 1983 S v. Chachaha, ekyakkiriza nti amateeka agafuga enfuga enfuga wakyo tegakkiriza nti enkola ya k'ekika kya kkooti enkulu mu mwaka gwa 1983.

Okuva bwe kiri nti Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyayisibwa mu ngeri ey’amagezi, abo abaakulira kampuni eyo babadde bakyebuuzaako, naye okuva bwe kiri nti kyatandika okuwandiikibwa, abantu abamu abanoonyereza ku njigiriza z’Ekiyudaaya babadde bawakanya ebyo ebyo abakungu ba gavumenti bye baawandiika.

Okunokolayo Ebimu ku Bikwata ku Bikwata ku Lutalo

Abakessi mu byafaayo by'edda batwala ebiwandiiko ebinnyonnyola ensonga lwaki olutalo lwalina okugobererwa mu ngeri eremesa gavumenti z'amateeka okuwa obuwambe obwasooka.

Okusobola okufuna obukwasi bw'amaanyi a Presidentiant-in-Privier

Abakugu mu by'obufuzi bagamba nti ekiteeso kino kisalawo nti, mu kussaawo alipoota n'enkola ez'okwewandisa, baddiramu omulimu gwa prezidenti n'omukulu. Ekyetaagisa nti abaserikale balekebwewo oluvannyuma lw'ennaku 60.[1] Kkomyunizimu tezikkiriza buwagizi buwagizi bukkiriza buwagizi obugenda mu maaso okugatta awamu. Kkompyuta y'empandika eno ewandikibwawo n'ewandikibwa ku by'amagye. Kino kiwakanya nti pulezidenti afugamaddaante w'amagye singa aba akkiriza okugattibwa. Mulamuzi Scalia yamanyibwa mu kukolagana kwe Hamdi v.

Okulangirira “Olutalo ” n’amakulu g’ekigambo“ Olutalo ”

Era abo abamanyi enjawulo eriwo mu nsi bagamba nti engeri etegeeza nti tejja kuba nga “butali bwenkanya.” Ekisobozi kikubiriza okutegeeza ekyetaagisa okugoba oba okuleka obukujjuka okulwana singa amagye gatandika ne gatandika ne“butuutikira ddala gye gali.” Era bannasayansi bagamba nti okulangirira kw'amateeka okulangirira olutalo lwa Clausyameedia tekwalina kigendererwa kya kuteeka mu buli lutalo olutonotono oba okulwana okuliko obumpimpi. Madine, ng'ekyokulabirako, okwawulawo wakati wa“'olutalo olwatuukirira” n'okumenyagana okutaasagana. Abakulembezza esooka bagamba nti, balesemba za Prikitikitikiti eyo tezisobozesa prezidentono kukola kulumba mu bwangu nga teziikiikiikiikiikiikiikiikiikiikibwa, nga nga ebikolwa bino tebinaasangidde mu bujjuvu. Okusoosa kwalinamu, okusoosa kwa maanyi ku nsonga zonna ez'entalo, okugonjoola ensonga enkulu.

Okwawukanira Awamu Amaanyi n’Okuvunaanibwa olw’Eby’obufuzi

Omuyiiya omulala akyusa endowooza y'ekiragiro kino nga kikyusa enkola y'okuleetawo enzivuunula y'amateeka agafuga ensi. Abayiiya nti Abatandikawo baateekawo enkola esobozesa amatabi okuba n'obuyinza n'obuvunaanyizibwa eby'enjawulo era nti Ekisobozo kijimba ennyiriri zino nga kiwamba kakwate akambimbimbinja ak'okubiri n'enkola. Kino kinafuya ekiragiro eky'obufuzi okutongozaamu enkola y'obufuzi. Consembrication bwe ziba nga bawalirizibwa okulonda obanga okusemba oba okugaana endagaano z'amagye, ab'ekibiina kya Congress bayinza okwewala okuvunaana ensonga ezisooka, ate nga prezidanyi wa kampanisito asazeewo okuleetawo okusokko.

Okulimba n’Okunnyonnyola Ebikwata ku Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Abakugu abanoonyereza ku by'ennamba ze baasoma okuva ku matwale ga bannantaka − nga mw'otwalidde n'abeekenneenya abawagira War Powers Resolution(argue) nti amakulu g'olutalo olwo tegategeerekeka bulungi nga bwe baagamba abasososoosa abasooka. Bagamba nti Abatandikawo baawakanya obuyinza bw'enfuga era n'ebyafaayo okuva ku ntandikwa y'entalo ez'ekika kya Preas Thomas Jefferson ne James Polk (Olwanomenti-American) bombi baawakanya obuwanjufu bw'amaggenya awatali kussaawo kkomo lya bannazannya ez'enkola z'obukulembeze.

Era abawagizi ba Kkoodiyo era bagamba nti entalo zino zitegeererwa ku ngeri abantu gye baddukanyaamu ebintu mu nsi yonna, gamba nga mu kunoonya obutujju, oba mu kukola ebikolwa ebya bannalukalala.[1] Zikontana nnyo okuva ku ntalo 18 ezaakolebwa Abenzi baatandikawo. Bagamba nti okunnyonnyola nti enkola ya prezidenti n'empaka okukoma ku ku mateeka teyinza kuba ya magezi mu nsi eno omuli obusosoze. Kino kye kisinze okuleetawo akakyamyamyamyamyamyanke mu ku bwongo.

Kkooti enkulu yeewadde ddala okusala oludda olumu ku mateeka ga desitiki. Mu cocker v. Reagan [19984] ne Campbell v. Clinton [2000], kkooti entono zakkiriza ensonga nti ensonga tezikkirizibwa mu mateeka ne zilekawo kye zisazeewo. Kkooti z'eby'eby'obufuzi zikkiriza amatabi okweyongera okuvuganya ku by'obufuzi awatali bulagirizi obw'omu mateeka.

Okusalawo Okukolebwa: Okuva ku Muti Gujja ku Bubidi

Okuva lwe yatandikawo, tewali pulezidenti n'omu eyakkiriza okusowerwawo okwa Gwawawa mu mateeka nga akkiriza tteeka eryali libagatta. Buli pulezidenti okuva ku Gerald Ford okutuuka ku Joe Biden ataddewo lipoota mu kakwate akalaga nti obuvunaanyizibwa buwadde lipoota. Naye kino kibadde nga “kinywedde ku” mu kifo kya“Kyawuliriza ddala, okutereka amateeka, okuteekawo amateeka agafuga, n'okusalawo. Enkola eno yagifudde y'ekyuma eky'amaanyi ekikomyanyonyonyo jjuzizza ennaku 60 okusumukkutamyako obukiika nga bwe kibadde tekikyakola. Mukasaze nnyo. Mukampuli tewalimuko. Mukaafunze, bannassawo baalunzi baafunyanyanyawo mu Grebon (19989), Panama (199) (199) nga baakawudiyo (1999), nga bannasalawo okulagira okukkirizibwa mu Balkanka (2099), Liviya, (201, ne (2017) nga tekinna

Bannasayansi bavumirira nnyo ebikolwa bino. Bagamba nti ba prezidenti, ka kibe nti bakkusifu baanyooma amakulu g'amateeka mu kusooka nga batwala amaanyi g'omuduumizi g'enkola nga kakiiko akatambula okusobola okutambula buli lwe balaba nga kisaanira. Ebiruubirirwa bya bannakyewa mu kusooka okukebera enneeyisa y'ekiwawaabuzi, mu kifo kya bannaakyewa ne batandika okukaka nti bagondera amateeka ga Katonda wadde nga babadde nga bakyagakolera wamu. Okusinziira ku ndowooza y'abakulembedde mu n'abakulembe, kye baasalawo kiremeredde okuzzaawo empaka ez'entalo, kubanga zaakolebwa ku nkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka ez'eby'obuwabuzi obw'omulembe.

Empaka ez’Omu Kiseera Kino n’Ebyafaayo by’Eby’Entalo

N'okutuusa leero, wakyaliwo okukaayana ku bufirosoofo obwasooka n'obwo obwa Sources Resolution mu kiseera kino. Ebitundu bibiri eby'enjawulo eby'omugaso kwe kukozesa amagye okusobola okutabaganya abazannyi n'ab'ensi, era n'okukakasa nti bakkirizibwa okwongera okwesigama ku kugikozesa mu kuragira abasirikale (AMF).

Okukubibwa Akatyabaga n’Okuttibwa

Ababama, Trump, ne Biden bonna bakoze obulumbaganyi obw'amaanyi era ne bakuba ebitongole ebitta obutujju mu nsi nga Yemen, Somalia, ne Pakistan. Enteekateeka zino zitera okuziyingirira wansi ku “malwanyi” nga bwe kinnyonnyolwa n'empandika za Bannaakyewa, era bannabyabufuzi bakozesezza enkola ya AUMFs okuva mu mwaka gwa 2001 ne 2002 okubavunaana. Abasomyo babadde bakuliriza nti AUMFs, ezaagendererwa okulwana mu Afghanistanty ne Iraq, zireeteeze ku ekyo ekiteesoosa eky'entalo. Kino, bawakanya etteeka ekkomera erya waggulu nti kafundiiro ke kalina okuba nga kalina okukyungidde ekitongole ekiko omusingira okulwanyisa empala yonna mu by'olukiiko lw'olukalala olw'olukalala.

Kaweefube w’Okuleetawo Enkyukakyuka mu Biwandiike

Mu myaka egyakayita, ab'ekibiina ky'ekibiina kya Conseil bataddewo amateeka agafuga oba okuzza obuggya enzivuunula y'ekiragiro kya War Powers Resolution. Ebiteeso ebimu bigezaako okunyweza enzivuunula y'ekiragiro kino nga biggyawo obusobozi bwa pulezidenti obw'okwewala okukolera ku ebyo pulezidenti by'alina, ate ebirala ne biba byangu okusobozesa obukulembeze okuwa obukulembeze obuyinza obusingawo. Abeekenneenya ebikwata ku njigiriza ez'obukulembeze okukomyawo obukulembedde baakirizisa enkambi okuko mu mateeka: okuwaliriza olukusa lw'annaazo ez'amaanyi, ng'okuleka prezida aw'okwegobereza embeera eziba nga zeetaagisa okugonjoola ensonga enkulu. Obuzibu buli omu ku ku ku kunnyonnyola “obw'obukulembeze obwa bulijjo” n'obw'okuwandiika ku ngeri eyoleka bulungi era ey'okugoberera obulagirizi.

fundikira

Obufirosoofo obwasibuka ku ntandikwa buwa endowooza y'ekiwagizi eky'amaanyi ennyo ku nkola y'obufuzi mu biseera eby'edda. Nga banyiigira ku makulu g'amateeka agasooka, abanoonyereza ku nkyukakyuka baggumiza engeri enkola y'enkola y'okugonjoola ensonga nga(ya nnaddala 60) ey'okulekawo ekiseera ekimala ennaku 60 nga banoonya obulagirizi era nga banoonya obulagirizi obusingako ddala ebyo ebiteetaagisa bannaakyewa bye baagala era bye batyo: Ekiruubirirwa kya amagye tekiyinza kuzzaawo mulembendo ogwa bannaakyewa bannasayansi gwe baateekawo. Mu kiseera kye kimu, abaasooka bavumirira ennyo engeri bannassa obulaalu bannassa obula mu ku ntegeka y'entalo ez'enkola zaalyo.

Ng'Amerika bwe yeeyongera okwolekagana n'okusoomooza okw'amaanyi kwe boolekagana nakwo okutuusa bannalukalala mu nsi yonna ne batuuka ku mpaka za maanyi .wa buzibu okumanya ani anaasalawo amagye ga Amerika we gakoma okufiirwa obulamu obwa bulijjo. Enjigiriza ez'okusibuka ku mateeka n'okuziyiiya kw'ennyimba, ziyinza okusigala nga ziwa endowooza y'ekikulaakulaakulanyizo mu kuleetawo emirembe n'okunnyonnyola kw'obulango. Singa zisobola okusobozesa amaanyi ag'eby'entalo okumanyibwa ennyo obuwabuzi obugendera ku ndowooza ez'ekikungo obukyayi n'obusosoze okusobola okusigala nga bukyali buwandikiddwawo obubonero obukyamu obubakesebwa ku by'obusosoze obutuufu obufuga obwa bulijjo bwe busobola okugonjoola.