Okutegeera Obumu mu Bufuzi bwa Gavumenti

Enjigiriza eno yafuuka enkomyanyo ku busobozi bw'abantu okunoonya obuweerero ku ggwanga. Omuntu yenna eyenyigidde mu by'obufuzi aleme okuvunaanibwa mu lukiiko lwa gavumenti nga tasoose kukkirizibwa. Enjigiriza eno yeeyambisibwa okumenya amateeka agakwata ku gavumenti. Erina obuyinza obwo bwonna ku buli muntu yenna eyenyigidde mu by'obufuzi.[1] Ayinza okubeera omujulizi, omuwaayiri oba omukungu, nga yenyiikivu oba munnamateeka . Ekiragiro kino tekikoma ku kulaga oba ng'ensonga y'eyolekeddewo yokka, naye era kiraga obanga kkooti y'esobola okusalawo obuwagizi.

Ekitundu kino kyogera ku ngeri gye kiyinza okukozesebwa mu kukyusa emitindo gy'eby'obufuzi, ebyafaayo ebigirimu, engeri gye gikozesaamu mu kiseera kino okuyitira mu Amereka ow'ekkumi n'ekikumi, n'engeri gye kikwata ku bannakyewa, okuganja oba enkola ey'enjawulo erina okugobererwa mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu. Ku nkomerero, abasomi bajja kutegeera ensonga lwaki abawaayiriza n'abawaabirwa mu gavumenti balina okunoonyereza nga bali mu nsonga eyo.

Ensibuko y’Obumu bw’Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna mu Biseera eby’Edda

Endowooza eyo yatwalibwa mu matwale ga Amerika era oluvannyuma yasikirizibwa mu mateeka g'ensi eyo agasooka mu Amerika. Kyokka, Abagandii baasala amagezi ku ngeri gavumenti gye ziyinza okuvunaanibwamu singa tezeefuga, ekyaviirako okuwakanya ebbeeyi za gavumenti era n'okwagala okukuuma ebitiibwa bya gavumenti n'okugootaanya enkola za gavumenti.

Mu [[NT:0] Chashilm v. Georgia (1793), kooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika yakkiriza abantu okukwiza ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti mu kkooti ya gavumenti, okukomyawo obusaze. Ekiragiro kyaleetera abantu okutya nti kino kyandibaawula mu nsawo enkadde n'okufiirwa ssente. Eby'okukola ku nsonga eyo byakkirizibwa mu 1795, era nga mu kiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, abatuuze baawe b'amawanga amalala baawerebwawo n'obukuumi mu by'ensi endala. Ekiragiro kyayisa emisango kiyongera amaanyi gaawereza abantu mu bbaawe eza gavumenti nga basinziira ku nkola y'emu.

Omuteende ogw’Akataano: Essomero ly’Amateeka

Ekitabo ekiyitibwa The Expend Exterline kigamba: “Ebigambo eby’Ekkereziya eby’Ekiwandiiko eky’Eby’Obufuzi mu Amerika tebirina kutwalibwa ng’ebiraga nti bisaanira mu mateeka oba mu bwenkanya, ebiwereddwa oba ebisalibwamu abantu mu Amerika, oba ebituuze oba Abatuuze oba Abafuga mu ggwanga eriri mu nsi Embi.” Wadde ng’ebiwandiiko byabyo birabika ng’ebifunda obutono, Kkooti Esingira Ennyo tekirina kugisomera ddala musingi gwa gavumenti ogukwata ku bufuzi obwa nnakyewa eri mu kkooti y’ensi emu, okuggyako nga kkosebwa.

Kino tekikkirizibwa bujjuvu. Kkooti emanyidde ddala nti gavumenti ziyinza okukkiriza, Consell eyinza okugattika etteeka erikugira obuwanguzi mu mateeka agamu, era ensawo ezikwata ku bakungu ba gavumenti ez'empalana ziyinza okukolebwa wansi w'enjigiriza [ Expace Young. Okutegeera ensonga zino kiyinza okuviirako buli muntu yenna agezesa obusobosi ku ku kusalawo nti gavumenti.

Ebirungi Ebireetebwa Kkooti Enkulu

Omusango ogutali gumu gufudde enjigiriza eyo. mu [FULT] Hans v. Louisiana (1890), kkooti yagamba nti okutegeka ebiwandikiro eby'enjawulo mu kifo kya Ekkumi n'ekkumi n'omusanvu bissa kimu ku ggwanga. Squaliyole Tributi ya Florida [1966]) yaleetera abantu obutateekako kkomo nti Constantice tesobola kufuga mu Lukiiko lw'obuyinza olukulu olwa I olwa Ddomalwokka, nga gyokka bwe kiri gye buvuddeko awo, nga Coommaclas Claus. [[FLT:][FLT] All v.[FLT:] 2020]

Engeri Omufuzi w’Eggwanga gy’Akosaamu Okusalawo kw’Abatuuze

Singa ekibiina kya gavumenti kyeyingiza mu kkooti z'ensi kimenyawo gavumenti oba ebitongole byayo, mangu ddala gavumenti eyinza okugira ng'egireka nga yeeyambisa enkola ey'okuziyiza obusobozi bw'okulwanyisa obusobozi obwo. Singa kigoberera enkola ya gavumenti, kkooti tebaamu buyinza bwa muntu wa ddembe kugifuga, era ensonga eyo eteekwa okusasibwako ekkomo k'eba nga ya buvunaanyizibwa.

Omusingi guno tegukwata ku bizibu bya ssente byokka naye era n'obuweerero obw'enyongeza mu ngeri nyingi. Kyokka, abakungu ba gavumenti kinnoomu tebasabibwa kutuukiriza buvunaanyizibwa bwabwe obw'okumenya amateeka, era tebaba bawagidde bannabyabufuzi ab'omu kitundu oba ebiwayi by'eby'obufuzi ebiba bikosebwa mu ngeri ya njawulo wansi wa Manell v. New York City Dept. Servicess[

Endowooza z’Abalala ku Bitiibwa

Ekiragiro kino kitera okusasulwa olw'obubenje obuleetebwa abakozi oba embeera ez'obubenje mu bintu bya gavumenti. Omufuzi ow'obutonde bwonna ayinza okuziyiza ebiteeberezebwa bino okuggyako nga gavumenti efuze ekiteeso. Amawanga mangi gakoze ekyo, ne gawayira ku byetaaweerwa mu ngeri ezimu, naye emirundi mingi ne kibeera n'ebimenyese ebiba byetaaga okusalibwako, era n'ebyasaawe ebikolebwa okusobola okugonjoola ebizibu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, California Tort Acces Act, kikwetaagisa okutegeeza nti mu myezi mukaaga, ate nga emirundi mingi Federa Tort Istaers Acts Act, ne kiwandisizza ebiteeso nga bino ebimenyeddwawo ebimenyebwa United States, naye nga tebikontana na gavumenti.

Abakolopoota balina okwekenneenya buli omu ku buli muwagizi wa gavumenti okukakasa nti atuukana n'embeera zonna eziba zizzeewo.

Okuwa Obujulizi ku Ddembe ly’Obwannamunigina ku Kitundu Ekya 1983

Kkooti y'e Couvil Rights eya 1871, eyatongozebwa nga 42 U.S.C. 1983, ekkiriza abantu okuvunaana gavumenti oba abakungu ab'omu kitundu olw'okumenya amateeka oba eddembe ly'amateeka. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu ekiraze bulungi nti “abantu bennyini si ba ddembe okukkirizibwa wansi w'Ekitundu 1983. All v. Ekitongole kya Leta ya Michigan ekya Police [1999])]

Kino kitegeeza nti mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, abakungu tebasobola kuvunaana ggwanga okufuna obuweerero mu by'ensimbi. Mu kifo kya ekyo, bateekwa okusasuza abakungu ba gavumenti kinnoomu nga banoonya ebisasiige okuva mu nsawo y'omukungu (si mu ggwanika lya gavumenti), oba okunoonya obuweerero obuteebwa obugenda okukolebwa eri omukungu wansi wa Ex erce Young[. Enjawulo n'obuwawunzi bw'eggwanga bisobola bulungi okusasulira empatibwa eri mu ggwanga era zizibiddwa, ate nga sututi ezizi ez'obututtuzi zikkirizibwa okuvvuunuka enkuukebeeyambi ez'ebisaanyizo.

Ebigaba Obuyambi eri Omufuzi w’Obufuzi

Wadde nga kya maanyi nnyo okulwanyisa okulwanyisa obusosoze, gavumenti teyinza kukugira bantu kutuukiriza buvunaanyizibwa bwabwe.

1. Ekivume oba Ekyawulirwa gavumenti

Gavumenti eyinza okukomya obuwanguzi bw'okulwanyisa etteeka erikugira obuwambe bwayo okuyitira mu mateeka oba nga yeewaddeyo mu kkooti. gavumenti mangi gataddewo ebiragiro nti okugaanira ddala ebika by'enguzi, nga bitera kuweebwa ssente n'ebisaanyizo by'eby'obufuzi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Kkooti ya New York ey'okulawulirira obutego bw'ebintu ebimu n'ebyeyimirizaamu, naye gavumenti erina okusalirwa mu kkooti za gavumenti zokka, so si mu kkooti ezikola ku nsonga za gavumenti.

Waiver era eyinza okukkirizibwa singa embeera eyingira endagaano ezingiramu endagaano ey'omu mateeka agalondeddwa oba endagaano ey'okutongozaamu, wadde nga kkooti tezikkiriza kufunamu muntu amenya amateeka okuggyako nga tez'otegese bulungi.

Okukuba Amakanisa

Ekiragiro ekyo kiyinza okusalawo olukalala lw'abo abakiziyiza okufugibwa gavumenti singa kiba nga kifuga n'obuyinza obufuga amateeka agafuga okulwogerako era ne kiraga nti ddala ekigendererwa kyakwo kituufu. Era Minone F T [[[FL:1]] Sutment, naye, ekitongole kya Consession ekiyinza okukomyawo olukalala mu mpagiro I. Okugoba kwa mateeka mu ngeri ya kika kya K' 145 (NKULUKUGUMENTI). Ng'ekyokulabirako, enteekateeka y'amaka n'ey'eby'okulagibwawo, yalowoozebwa ku nsonga za kirowo mu .[5]

Kino kireetawo obutategeerwa ku bikwata ku kusosola mu mirimu: Umusingi VII ne Amerika abalina Obulema Act nabyo byesigamye ku kugobererwa kw'empewo eya 141, era okukakasibwa kw'endwadde ezo kukolebwawo mu bitundu bingi. Abawozesezza ensonga bateekwa okukebera amateeka agaliwo mu kiseera kino kubanga Kkooti yeeyongera okulongoosa ekkomo ly'obuyinza bw'ekibiina.

3. [[AGUMENTI:0] Ex Parte Young[[Act:1] Enjigiriza: Assutirimu eri abakungu ba gavumenti

Ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ennyo kwe kukolera mu nzijiri eyateekebwawo mu Ex e Young (08). Kisobozesa abawagizi okusemba obukungu bwa gavumenti mu buyinza bwabwe basobole okulekera awo okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Enjigiriza eyo esobozesa omukungu wa gavumenti okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti okumalawo obulembezi. Omukungu mu makomera, oba eby'obuyigirize, okuggibwa mu kkooti z'eggwanga. Enjigiriza eyo nkulu nnyo mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu nga anoonya okugattira ku ddembe lya bannannyini lya gavumenti.

Mu butuufu, [[NTANDIKA] Ex Young[[FOLT:1] tekikkirizibwa kuteekawo kasasiti ezinaabasobozesa okutereezebwa ssente ez'emabega nga ebiva mu kabi ak'emabega. Ekyo tekikkirizibwa nga enzigi ku ggwanika.

4. Ssabbiiti za Amerika oba ez’Amerika Endala

Enteekateeka y’obufuzi teyinza kukuuma ggwanga ne litavunaanibwa gavumenti oba gavumenti endala.

5. Okulemererwa Okuddukanya Ebiwandiiko bya Banka

Ekiwandiiko Bankrupec Claus eky’Etteeka kiwa Congress obuyinza ku kuwa bannakyewa, era kooti ey’Okusingayo obukulu egamba nti okulwanirira eddembe ly’obwetwaze tekukugira kuwoolera mabanja oba okulagira gavumenti okusasula emisolo.

Bye Bayinza Okuyigiriza Abasomi n’Abayizi

Abanoonya okusumula gavumenti, ekiyinza okusooka okukolebwa kwe kuzuula obanga etteeka eryo ligobererwa. Error'egamba nti gavumenti esobola okutaasa ekika ky'obusobozi obwo. Ekiragiro kino tekisobola kuziyiza kiwandikiro kino kufuga kika kya pulitu kireme okukigaanira ddala kiwandikiro ekiyinza obutakulwanyisa? Okugamba nti, ekiragiro kino kiyinza okukolebwako nga kilwanyisa omukungu wa gavumenti wansi wa Ex ate Young?

Era abateesiteesi bateekwa okulowooza ku ngeri entuufu ey'okulwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu mu kkooti z'ensi ezimu.

Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti ekitongole ekigaba obuyambi tekirina buyinza kukugira ggwanga kufugibwa gavumenti, bwe kityo gavumenti teziyinza kukakibwa mu kkooti ng’abawayiri ab'ekika ekimu.

Omutego gw’Okugaba Obulungi n’Obutagwa lubege

Ku ludda olumu, enjigiriza eno ekuuma ebweru w'amateeka obutatwalibwa mu kkooti ez'amaanyi era n'ekakasa nti eby'obugagga bya gavumenti tebitwalibwa ng'ebyetongoozo. Era era ewa ekitiibwa mu ntegeka ya gavumenti. Ku luuyi olulala, eyinza okuleka abantu nga tebalina ddagala ku bikwata ku kabi akava mu kibi eky'amaanyi akaleetebwa gavumenti. Abawakanya enjigiriza eyo bagamba nti teriiko bukakafu era nti esobola okukosa abantu abeetaaga obuyambi bwa gavumenti.

Amawanga agamu kati tegalina bikosa ku by'okweramya ebiteeberezebwa okugootaanya ebikolerwako ebirombe, ate amalala gakomye ddala ebiteeso ng'obubenje bw'emmotoka obuzingiramu abakozi ba gavumenti. Kyokka tewali gavumenti eyayonoonera ddala obutemebwa ku ntambula.

N'olwekyo, okusingira ddala wansi wa kkooti ya Roberts, kye kirowoozeeko okukoma ku kukugira gavumenti okukumbibwa n'okugaziwa kw'enjigiriza eyo.

fundikira

Enjigiriza eno eziyiza okusoberwa kw'ab'obuyinza okugattika gavumenti. Okuva ku nsibuko yaayo mu mateeka g'Olungereza n'enjigiriza z'enkola eya leero okuyitira mu kukyusa kwa Ente mu Ssekukkulu, ekuyamba obutasalibwa musango awatali lukusa. Kyokka, tekimanyiddwa bujjuvu. N'ekivudde ku ku kukakaatika tteeka erifuga enfuga, okukkaanya ne gavumenti. Okuva ku mateeka gaayo ag'omu Bungereza okutuuka ku nkola y'ekika kya Ex Young Super Ssatuti, n'ebiraawunzi endala nga zisobola okuyita mu mateeka.

Okutegeera amateeka gano si buyigirize; kya muganyulo eri omuntu yenna alowooza ku mateeka okumenya ekibiina kya gavumenti. Ka kibe nga kiwa endowooza nti kimenya amateeka ga gavumenti, okumenya eddembe ly'abantu, oba okukaayana ku mirimu, okubeerawo oba okuteebwa kw'obuyinza ku muntu yenna, kiyinza okusinziirwako ensonga eyo yonna.

Ekiragiro kino kikebera ebifa ku Ebitundu by'ebitundu eby'ewandikiro ebikwata ku by'okwerinda , .Confill Conference purectory Consurence] Consurection of thendlel [[FLT][FLT:] era ne [[FLT:] O] obugambo obwafunze obwa