Ensibuko y’Okusalawo

Bill of Rights, eyakkirizibwa mu 1791, yaliko gavumenti ya gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka. Kino kitegeeza nti gavumenti za gavumenti zaasobola okusobola okutuusa obuwangwa obwa bulijjo nga tezirina mateeka ga ntegeka. Ekiwandiiko eky'okukyusaamu ekya 1450 Amerekance kyatandika okuggyamu enkola eno. Empandika eyo egamba nti tewali ggwanga lirina “kukuza omuntu yenna mu bulamu, eddembe oba ebintu nga tewali mateeka,” yafuuka kitongole kya kkooti enkulu mwe kyakoleranga enteekateeka ezisinga mu maaso ga byonna ebyategekebwa Bill of Rights. Enteekateeka eno, teyeetongoddeko mu ngeri eyajjawo yokka oba ekola nga empaka y'ensonga eyo.

Okusalawo okw'omu biseera ebyasooka nga Getlow v. New York (1925) bwe kubaako omwangu okwogera, ne kiba nti Nearbor v. Minnesota[] (1931) yateekawo eddembe mu nteeko. Ekyasa ekya 20 kya Kkooti nga kyagiteekako omuti ogwa ddyo okuwanirira okulwanyisa empiko z'amagye, obubenjeremereza n'endwadde, n'okugezaako okukebereza omusango. Endowooza eri mu ku buli omu ku lukiiko olukola olumu egoberera enkola eno egoberera enkola “eyo mu ngeri ereetebwawo." Ekireetera kkooti eno okumenya amateeka okuziganya obulungi mu [Fozo]

Omuntu omulema akkirizibwa okugatta n'okugatta ebintu ebimu, kisobozesa amateeka okugootaanya ebikolerwako. Wadde nga statataago ziwa abantu amateeka agakwata ku bulema bw'omu Amerika obuwa obukanzi obw'okufuga, eddembe erya ssemateeka eryateekebwa mu nteekateeka eno teriyinza kubuusa maaso ddembe ery'enkomeredde erya nnamba (8speech, linnaago, okuzigatta zireme okusobola okwekuuma abo abalina ebibakosefu.)

Entikko y’Ekibiina Ekirala n’Okugaziwa kw’Ekiruubirirwa Ekikyamu

Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Ana guba Ggwanga

Ekirabo ekiyitibwa Fighteal Protection Claus eky'e 14th Amendment, ekiwandiikiddwa ddala mu ngeri y'emu mu nteekateeka y'emu, kye kikozesebwa okuwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu. Wadde nga obulemu si kika ekikekwa wansi w'obukuumi obw'enkola nga bwe butenkanvu (nga langi oba ensibuko y'eggwanga), kkooti zikozesezza obusaze mu mbeera z'obulema nnyingi naddala okuva ku ADA ne mu n'eyakikulembera, ekitundu 504 ku k'okaluunidenti y'obulema. Enjigiriza ewandikibwa k'enkola teyinza kuziyiza mitindo gino egy'okwenkanankanankanankana.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985), kkooti enkulu yasaanyawo ekiragiro ekyagaana olukusa olukalala lw'ebitongole ebizimba abantu abalina obulema mu by'amagezi. Kkooti eyo yakakasa nti amateeka gaasinziira ku ku musosoze ogwa mu pulintaneti Externe Calaine, ekitegeeza engeri gye gawaamu kkooti z'ensi yonna obuyinza okuzza obusazaamu gavumenti gavumenti ne ebikolwa ebiremesa obutereevu.

Eddembe ly’Okukozesa Ebigambo n’Obuyigiriza

Okukyogerako kw'Ekyuma ekiwereddeko ekiwere ku kiwandiiko ekiwa empewo n'obutebenkevu kikakasa nti abatumbula eddembe ly'abalwadde basobola okutegeka, okwekalakaasa, n'okwegaanira obulango. Lowooza ku byewawaanyi ebyamalanga okulagira obulema ku Kizimbe 504,(11)(abakulembezza enkola ey'okukwata ebizimbe bye baakwata amatabi okumala wiiki. Ebikolwa ebyo byesigama ku ddembe ery’eddembe ery'okuyogera n'enkuŋŋaana ebibautiddwa okukolebwa nga bannabyannyisiddwa mu n'okuyingiza ebitongole. Singa ekyo tekikoleddwa, gavumenti zandisobodde okukomya emiwendo ng'endwano ng'endwayinja.

Ate era, eddembe ery'okusaba gavumenti okutereeza ebiba bikyiiriziddwa era n'okuteekamu obukujjukujju, lisobozesezza ebibiina by'obulyi bw'enguzi okusoomooza amateeka agakwata ku nzijanjaba y'eggwanga, okusala embalirira okukendeeza ku mirimu, era n'ebintu ebirala ebitayinza kumanyibwa okuyitira mu kukaka n'okusikirizibwa mu mateeka. Okugattika n'amateeka ga gavumenti agafuga nga gagobererwa mu ngeri y'emu.

Okulondawo Ebintu Ebitaliimu

Ekikolwa kino eky'okuna eky'okukuuma abantu obutasenguse oba obutakwatibwa kawumpuli, nga kyeyolekera mu [[FL:0] Mapp v. Ohio (1961]), kirina amakulu amakulu eri abantu abalina obulema abayinza okuba nga bakuumibwa gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abo abafuna emirimu egikolebwako nga baddigid bakyalira bannakatemba. Okutwalibwa kw'ensi mu ngeri eyo kukakasa nti okusobola okutuuka ku butuufu n'obwetaaze nga tekikkirizibwa.

Obubonero bw'Akabonero ku Njawulo y'Okusokebwa n'Okutasobola Kutuuka ku Buzibu

[[AK'AMUTANDIKI] OLMstead v.L.C.[[AK:1] (1999)

Omusango ogusinga okukiikirirwa ennyo ogukwataganya amateeka agafuga entegeka z'abantu abaliko obulemu gwe Olmstead v. L.C., ogwadda mu kusosola abantu abalina obulema mu ntegeka. Kkooti yakikkiriza nti mu ADA, gavumenti ziteekwa okuteekawo enteekateeka ez'okuyamba abantu nga zisaanira, nga teziwakanya nzikkiriza nzikkiriza za nzikkiriza, era singa gavumenti eyinza okukolagana obulungi n'omuntu. Wadde nga kusalawo okwo kusinziira ku ngeri empandika y'amateeka, endowooza ya Kko yasibuka ku ddembe era n'obukuumi bwenkana. Wabula, amateeka gaalagira nti okukolagana n'abantu tekyetaagisa kuba ngeri ya kusosola, era n'okuteeka endowooza ey'okulaga mu nkola eya waggulu enzivumbo.

[[AGUMENTI:0]ssee v. Lane[[KITONGO] [2004]

Mu [[NTL:0]] Lensene v. Lane, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti Olukiiko II olw'oku sistemu ADA lukkirizibwa okuteekawo etteeka ery'okwefuga singa lisalibwawo ku nsonga eziraga nti tewwnyinza kuyingira mu kkooti. Okusalawo kulaga nti omuntu takkirizibwa kuyingira mu kkooti. Kkooti zino tezisobola kufuuka muwandikiro oba mutwe gwa kompyuta. Kkooti eyo yeesigamesezza ku nkola ya Clausce ne ku ddembe lya kukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu kkooti ezisinga okukkirizibwa. Ekiragiro kino kiraga engeri okugatta kooti ezikwata ku nkola ez'enkola: kubanga enkola eteekwa okukkirizibwa, Kkomyusaawo tezikikkiriza kutuuka ku nsonga, era ne ku ddembe ery'okutuuzibwa mu kkooti ezikontana ne gavumenti za AD.

[[Act:0] BBd. Bya bakkoomi brown (2006) n'Ebirala ebikolebwako mu ngeri ey'okusengeka ebigambo

Wadde nga tewagattibwa na bantu bokka abakwatibwa obubangi, ebyo ebisalibwawo biraga engeri enjigiriza eyo gy'ekola ku kiyamba mu kukyusa obusosoze mu mbeera. Abazannyi ba gavumenti bwe bamenya amateeka agafuga enfuga n'amateeka, abakungu bakkirizibwa okusemba obukwasifu nga 42 U.S.C. nga wayiseewo 1983, okwegayiriza obusaze obwa bulijjo ku mateeka. Ekkubo lino oluusi libawa ebisale oba obuweresebwa okusinga amateeka gokka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuntu omulema bw'agaana okufuna ekifo ekiyinza okunoonyerezebwa, ayinza okuleeta ekiwayiti ekiteeyambisibwa okusinziira ku kkomo lya Claus Claus mu mwaka gwa 1983 ogwa tekirina kakwatego katemba

Engeri Okugattika Ebiwaatiro by’Omuntu n’Etteeka Ekkulu Ery’Okulemererwa Okufuga

Abaamereka Abalina Ekikolwa eky’Obulema (ADA)

ADA egaana obusosoze mu mirimu, emirimu (Title II), amayumba (Tit III), ne tetragrammation (Tit III), . Ekiragiro ADA okukigatta awamu kinyweza ADA nga kibawa ebiragiro ebigilwanyisa nga biri mu mateeka ga ntegeka. Singa gavumenti oba gavumenti eremeseza ADA, kiyinza okumenya enzivvuunuzi eya Claus III oba Enkola ya Claus.

Ate era, okugattibwa kukugira okuwakanya nti ADA esingira ewala obuyinza obwa gavumenti kubanga gavumenti ziteekwa okugoberera Bill of Rights, ebizingirwamu bingi ebyetaagisa ADA okukola nga Amateeka bwe gagamba.

Ekimu ku Bikwata ku Kugonjoolera Emitendera Egimu

Ekitundu 504, ekigaana obusosoze okuva ku buli muntu yenna afuna ssente mu ggwanga, kisooka kuweebwa ADA. Okutongozebwa kwalina ekifo kikulu mu Kitundu 504 ekyasooka kubanga abakungu ba gavumenti baagezaako okutegeeza nti okufuna ssente tezisobola kubuusa maaso bukuumi bwenkana obwa bulijjo. Kkooti zigamba nti Etteeka eriri mu Kitundu 504 okutakkiriza kuvvuunulibwa kw'amateeka lyali likwatagana n'amateeka agafuga .

Abo Abalina Omutendera ogw’Enjigiriza Omulema (IDEA)

Etteeka ery'enjawulo erifuga omuteesiteesi lya IDEA liwa abaana obuyigirize obwa bwereere (FAPE) obwa bwereere mu kuyigiriza abaana abalina obulema. Ennamba ez'okusomera mu nkola ekkirizibwa mu IDEA(**'enotice, eby'okuwulira, byewuunyisa `/impulizizo'okuyingizaamu CECENTECEC. Gamentis' bwe bigezaako okukomya obukwakulizo buno, abazadde bayinza okukozesa eddembe lya buli limu n'enteekateeka ya mu mateeka ebizimalawo nga bitegekeddwa mu IDEA, nga bayita n'ebbeekirago ebireetebwawo okuyitira mu .Mathes v.[FLTridget:][16].[16][6].ES'okulonda ebiteesitemu ebigamba nti omwana ateekwa okubaamu enkola ey'okutegeka obulungi mu by'enjigiriza.

Ebiyinza Okukolebwa mu Bukulembeze bw’Eggwanga

Okukolagana n'enkiiko ezikozesa amaanyi; kukyusa engeri enkiiko za gavumenti gye zigobereramu amateeka. Eraga nti eddembe ekkulu teriyinza kumenyebwa, kubanga liba liteekeddwawo okussaawo entegeka ezissa ekitiibwa mu ddembe ly'abantu abalina obulema. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti nnyingi ziragidde “Olmetad” okukendeeza ku nteekateeka, si lwa kuba ADA yeetaagisa naye olw'okuba Amateeka gafuga eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Mu ngeri y'emu, mu ngeri y'emu, ewandikiro, okutandikawo emitindo gy'amateeka egy'okutuuka ku bufunze, ku kigero ekitono ekisinziirwako kubanga gavumenti zitegeera nti ekizimbe kya gavumenti ziyinza okugaana okukkirizibwa.

Mu nkola y'amateeka ereetera abawayiribwa abalina obulema okukuumibwa mu ngeri y'emu n'abantu abatali balema. Eddembe ery'okuwabulwa, eddembe erina okutuukirira abajulizi, era n'eddembe ery'okusala emisango mu bwangu ddala,(byonna biteekwa okugattibwa n'abalina obuzibu mu kutegeera oba mu kutegeera. Kkooti zigamba nti, abantu abawandibwa tebasobola kuwa bavvuunuzi oba ebisenge eby'obutebenkevu bye bituukiriza enkola yaabwe.

Omufuzi w’Eggwanga Omuyinza w’Ebintu Byonna

Ekikolobero ekimu ekisigalawo kitwaliramu obuteefuga bulyi bw'enkuunzulwa eya Anje mu Amereka. Okugatta obusonyi ku bakungu ba gavumenti kinnoomu kisobozesa eddembe okukkirizibwa eri abakungu ba gavumenti okubakolako ebisasiddwa, okusumula emmere y'ensimbi emirundi mingi kyetaagisa okukakasibwa n'okukwetongola obwannannyini. Kkooti enkulu mu ] . Ekiragiro Garrett[[FLLD] [[200:1] (2001] kikkiriza nti Olutimbe I olwa ADA teruukirwawo oluvanyuma lwa gavumenti okugoba omulimu. Kyokka, kkooti ewandikiddwawo nti omutwe II gulina enzijjuvu mu nsonga ez'enkiikizo ez'enkalakkalira. Enjawuka eno eraga obukulu bw'okwegattira obugamba obugattiddwa obugattiddwa mu mateeka, ate olumu olukwata olwo teru olwo lw'olukomera.

Ebizibu Ebibaawo mu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso n’Emiryango Ebiriwo mu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso

Okutuukiriza Emitala w’Eggwanga

Wadde nga waliwo amaanyi agagatta awamu, n'okuleetawo enjawukana. Eggwanga ezimu zirina amateeka agagazi agafuga obulema agasinga n'obutebenkevu obwa gavumenti .California, New York, ne Massachusetts, agatera okukulembera. Wabula amalala gawagidde, naddala mu bifo nga okulonda oba okukuba akakwate. Olw'okuba okulonda obululu oba okugatta obukalu obuli mu mateeka kiteetaagibwa, enduupu z'amateeka ziyinza okukugira eddembe ly'obuwanvu singa tezimenya amateeka gat'okulonda obutereevu, naye nga tegataddewo omugugu mu n'ensonga ezitakkirizibwa mu mateeka, ne mu ku kukyusaamu eddembe enzijjuvu.

Obusobozi bw'Okuvumbula n’Okwaziganya

Enkola za digitations `online literal' ez'emiganyulo, okulumiriza kwa kkooti, telemedicine/raise ebibuuzo ebippya. Singa omukutu gwa sistemu tegukkirizibwa bawagizi bamuzibe, ekyo tekimenya nteekateeka oba kikuuma? Kkooti zitandise okukozesa enkola ya enkalala[[FLT]]State ku nviromenti, nga zigamba nti eby'enkola eby'ennamba tekisoboka okumanyibwa bulungi okumanyisa abantu nga bali mu bulema. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti ekyetaagisa empandikaawulu y'amateeka ekyetaagisa ebiwandiiko bino, tezisobola kutuukiriza bulungi buzibuvuzi bwa kompyuta.

Enjawulo Ebaawo wakati w’Abantu n’Engeri ez’Okusosola Abalala

Abantu abalina ebika by'enjereere eby'enjawulo — balimu ebika by'abantu abatamanyi langi ez'enjawulo — baliko obulemu LGBTQ+ bye batalina bukosebwa. Obusosoze mu biwandikiro biba nga tebumanyise bulungi engeri gye bukolaganamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omubeezikoba ku bumeeri ng'akuumibwa gavumenti ayinza okuba n'ebigambo ebituukirawo (byesigamizibwa ku bulema) n'ebyewandikiro ebikyenkanankanankanankana (ebiva ku langi oba enzikwalinamu mu ggwanga). Ebiseera eby'omu maaso, enkiiko z'okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikolebwako ziyinza okuziganya ebizingirwamu ng'ebiwandikiro ebyo bisobola okukakasa obanga ebiba bya kkopi ez'omusanvuunutizo.

Okuddibwamu n’Engeri Abasirikale Gye Baasisinkanamu

Enkola ey'okuwaliriza abantu abalina obulema mu birowoozo yeeyongedde okwekenneenyezebwa. Mu kiseera kino, gavumenti zireeseteese okukolagana n'ebibiina ebiwandiikiddwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, naye kkooti emirundi mingi zisala ba poliisi mu mbeera ez'ekikalugunya. Emitwe nga Kisela v. Hughes[[[FLLT:1]]] [2018]) Ebbeetaagisa eri abakungu. Mu kiseera kino, gavumenti egezaako okunoonyereza ku ngeri endala ez'okugonjoosaamu (umb., enkola y'abasaze ne banna z'abasawo abagezigezi mu by'obwongo) era eyinza okuggumiza obukaluufu wakati w'enkola za mateeka, naye ne ku nsonga ezibalukanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanya ennyo mu nsonga eno. Empandika enfumenti z'empala y'amateeka ziyinza okukyusiza mu nsonga ezisinga okumanyibwa obulungi.

Obukodyo obw’Okunyweza Obukuumi ng’Oyitira mu Buwabuzi

Okusalawo mu Kitundu Ekyali mu 1983

42.C. .C. 1983, bukkirizi bulaga ensonga enneyisa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ereme okugobererwa abazannyi ba mateeka. Abawagira eddembe ly'obwannamunigina, kino kitegeeza nti omuntu agaana okukkirizibwa okufuna programu ey'obulema olw'obulema, ayinza okumenya enkola ya Claus Procestion Claus oba Claus ow'omu Procestion, nga bwe kyategekebwa. Ekiwandiiwo 1983 kitera okuwa abawi b'eddagala ng'ebitakkirizibwa oba ebisawo bya munnamateeka ebitakkirizibwa wansi wa ADA mu ndukusa ezimu. ADOrney yeeyongedde okugattika ebigambo ebigamba nti Clavice oba Sse Cevice ebibalimu ebibalibwa mu kifo ekya 1983.

Okwenyigira mu Bukulembeze bwa Gavumenti

Ekiragiro Florida kye kisobozesa okussaawo ssemateeka awantu awateekebwa amateeka mu ggwanga, naye ne lifuuka ssemateeka wa gavumenti kiyinza okuwa obukuumi obulala. Nga Florida bwe kikuuma obusosoze obuva ku bulema obw'omu nkalakkalira, oba etteeka lya Hawaii okukkirizibwa okuyingira mu bifo ebya lukale(advocates) liyinza okuwakanya nti amateeka ga gavumenti tegooleka gavumenti okubeera wansi w'obuwanguzi. Kino kisobozesa olukalala luno olw'ebibiina (okugatta awamu n'amateeka g'ensimu) okuteekawo ekisinziirwako okusobola okukuuma abantu nga baliko obulemu.

Okunyigiriza Okubonerezebwa kw’Ekiwandiiko Eky’Okukyusa Omunaana eky’Okuvumirira Obukambwe n’Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo

Omuntu omulema mu nkola y'amateeka, awereddwa ekibonerezo eky'okubonerezebwa mu ngeri etali ya bulijjo era nga tasobola kussa mu nkola ebibonerezo eby'amaanyi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okusibibwa mu kkomera olw'obulema bw'omulimu kuyinza okumenya amateeka agabagasse ne mu nkola y'amateeka.

fundikira

Okukolagana si njigiriza ey'ebyafaayo; nnyangu ate ng'esobola okukyusiza ddala obulamu bw'abantu abalina obulema. Nga bayisa mu buwangwa bwa gavumenti n'eby'obuwangwa nga gavumenti, n'okugatta awamu kikakasa nti eddembe ly'obulema liyimiriziddwa mu Mateeka era si mu mateeka agagamba nti oluvannyuma Consert eyinza okumanyibwa n'okugobererwa. Amateeka agagobererwa mu bantu nga ADA ne IDEA galee, galeeseewo enteekateeka ey'obukuumi esobola okusobozesa obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu okufunira eddembe erina, okufuna eddembe erisingako n'obusobosefu mu nsi za Amerika.

Kyokka omulimu tegunnakolebwa. Okufugibwa kw'obutuuti, okusoomoozebwa kwa tekinologiya, n'obuzibu mu nsonga z'obwannakyemalira eby'okukuuma obulwanyi obw'obwongo n'eby'amateeka byetaasa byeyongera mu kifo. Abawi b'amateeka, abalamuzi n'abakwasi b'amateeka bateekwa okutegeera engeri enkola y'okukwatamu n'okugatta awamu ebintu ebyo okusobola okuvvuunuka ebisaanyewo. Eri abantu abaliko obulemu, enjigiriza eyo ziba ngabo era n'ekitala ekikozesebwa mu ngeri ey'amagezi, ekiyinza okukyusa empisa n'ekitiibwa kya buli muntu yenna.

Okusobola okweyongera okusoma ku byafaayo eby'okunyigamu, kebera Enzijjuvu ey'ebyo ebizingirwamu mu ngeri ey'okuzuula ebizingirwamu mu by'enkola eya bulijjo mu kibiina ekiwandikiro. ADA National Network[[]] Kino kiwa eby'obugagga eby'okussawo mu kugatta wakati w'entegeka ez'enkola za ADA ne 'sycroographices. Ebikolebwa gye buvuddeko awo, bitegeeza ensonga ez'ennono. Kino kigyengerako, [[FLT:]]'obuzibuvugibwa'obubonero bwonna obuva mu kifo ekiva mu ku ku ebyo ebikolebwakobera mu kifo eky'obuyonjo obwa bulijjo.