Enjigiriza ey’Obuggya Eyakyusa Endowooza z’Abamerika

Mu byafaayo byonna eby'amateeka mu Amerika, emisingi mitono nnyo egikutte ku bukuumi bw'entegeka za bantu kinnoomu okusinga enjigiriza ey'okugatta awamu. Gavumenti eno eyava mu Amereka ak'okubiri, ekyuse enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti ez'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ena, n'eddembe eryaleetebwa Line. Abawagira eddembe lya bantu, okugattika enkola eyo kwetaagisa nnyo kubanga eteeka omusingi gwa mateeka okugooleka obukuumi bwa gavumenti.

Nga tannagattibwa, Bill of Rights yakozesebwa ku gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka, ne eleka eggwanga lya ddembe okuwera okusala olulimi, okunoonyereza mu ngeri etategeerekeka oba okugaana enkola esaanira. Enjigiriza eyo yakyusa byonna nga ekola ekifo ekikulu ekya Bill of Rights ekwasibwa mu matwale ga gavumenti ne gavumenti z'omu kitundu. Enkyukakyuka eno teyabaawo mu lunaku lumu lwokka; yalabika okuyitira mu mikutu gya kkooti esinga obukulu mu kyasa ekya 20. Ekyo kisobozesa eddembe ly'ennamba okukuumibwa mu mateeka okuyita mu bitundu byonna ebitaano.

Enteekateeka y’Okukyoboola Amateeka

Etteeka erikkirizibwa mu Kkomyunizimu ey'ekkumi n'ena mu mwaka gwa 1868 likkirizibwa mu Lukiiko olw'ebbeeyi lwa Screate Process Claus. Ligamba nti tewali ggwanga "eririna kufuga muntu yenna nga talina ddembe, oba kintu, nga tasoose kugoberera mateeka". Okumala amakumi g'emyaka, abanoonyereza ku nsonga ez'enjawulo beebuuza obanga ebigambo ebyo byalina kukozesebwa mu buli Kibiina ky'Eddembedde nga bigoberera mateeka ga n'obukwasisa oba nga obutundu obwa ddowo obunene obwali obwali nga "funzidwantinti y'eddembe oba obwa buli muntu yenna akkiriza eddembe erya nnamaddala eryali liteekeddwawo".

Kkooti enkulu yatongoza eddembe ly'omuntu n'ekkiriza okukyunga ku lukalala lw'ebiragiro. Kkooti enkulu enoonya obutuufu ku buli mutwe gwa muntu. Ebibuuzo ebikakasa obanga eddembe ly'olina kye likolawo bibuuza oba nga "lirina kwe lyesigamye ennyo ku mateeka oba mu byafaayo by'eggwanga lino. Enkola eno ereeseewo kkooti okwongera ku bukuumi ng'essawo obukwata ku bufuzi bwa gavumenti.

Omulamuzi Benjamin Cardozo yannyonnyola ekisinziirwako mu [FLT] Palko v. Connecticut (1937], ng'annyonnyola nti eddembe erimu kkulu nnyo ne kiba nti okusobya okwo kuba "kugoberera eddembe lya nukuta mu kussaawo eddembe eririna kukkirizibwa". Kino kyayamba nnyo mu kusalawo okutomera ku nsonga eno era kikyasinzeeyo mu bulamu obwa leero.

Ekifo ky'Omutemwa ogw'Ekkumi n'ena Ogusaanira Claus

Ekitongole ekiyitibwa Status Process Claus of the 14th Amendment kikozesa olukalala lw'amateeka olukulu ennyo mu kkooti ekola ku bukuumi bwa ddembe erya bulijjo. Olulimi lwa Claus(" ne bwe luba luli lwonna gavumenti teruyinza kunyaa muntu yenna bulamu, ddembe, oba ekintu, nga terukyali lwa mateeka"" lubikkusiddwa okuzingiramu eddembe eririna okuzingiramu eddembe eririna okukkirizibwa n'obwenkanya. Enkola eno tereeteeba ya ku bukuumi bwa mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna. Abawakanya gavumenti baawakanya nti abateeseteeseteeseteesetemebwa mu ku ddembe ery'ekkumi n'ennamba (14) tebalina kigendererwa kya kutwala mukolobeetaago. Kyokka, bye Kkooti z'amateeka zikola byonna bikakasa nti amateeka gakkirizibwa okugatta enteekateeka zino, era nti tegasaamu ne mateeka okukuuma emirembe egiva mu nsi yonna.

Ebyafaayo Ebiraga nti Ebintu Byabaawo

Mu kyasa ekyasooka wansi wa ssemateeka, Bill of Rights yakikakasa nti ekyo kyali kituufu mu gavumenti. Kkooti enkulu yakikakasa mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833), Kakiiko akafuzi John Marshall gye yakkiriza nti Omuteesi ow'Okutaano tewaali mu buyinza. Kino kitegeeza nti gavumenti zaayinza era nti zaagobererwa, ne zityoboola eddembe lye tutwala kati nga toyagala eddembe erya bulijjo, eddembe ly'okusinza, eddembe ly'eddiini, n'obukuumi ebiziziyiza okukkirizibwa mu ngeri eterimu.

Okutongozebwa kw’Ekiwandiiko eky’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebirimu mu 1868 kwaleetawo entegeka empya, naye kkooti mu kusooka yali tekkiriza kukozesa Lupapula lw’Eddembe eriwakanya gavumenti.

Olukalala olw’eby’obufuzi olusooka: Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Omusango ogwaggulawo oluggi okukkirizibwa kwe kuba nti gavumenti yali Gitlow v. New York (1925). Benjamin Gitlow yali mulwanyi wa nnaakalyako ani mu gavumenti ya New York eyasibibwa wansi w'obuyinza obwa nnalukalala olw'okufulumya olukalala olw'enzikiriza ya gavumenti. Gitlow yagamba nti okusoosa obujulizi bwe okumenyebwa Omutemwa gw'amateeka ogwasooka okumenya amateeka ge. Kkootikkootikko yakibwa olukulu, n'okusanga nti empandika ey'okugoba tekukuumibwa, naye mu n'okuvunaanaanaanaana mu kkooti yayisa ekiragiro: "Kusaba tuyinza okumanyisa oba okulowooza ku ddembe ery'okufulumyawo ebitongole ebitegekebwa okuva ku ku ku ku kkopi eyasooka mu k'empewo akaafuleenukko.[5] Kino kiragibwa mu kkooti esooka.

Wadde nga Gitlow yafiirwa omusango gwe, omusingi gw'amateeka gwe yateekawo gwayamba okumala amakumi g'emyaka okuwangula obuwanguzi mu mateeka. omusango gwalaga nti okubonerezebwa kw'enjogera ya Sande mu Mpulment kwalina okukuumibwa, okusooka obuwagizi eri gavumenti okusobola okubunyisibwa, kati kuyinza kukozesebwa ku gavumenti ne ku gavumenti.

Ekikola ku kunoonya ebinaakolebwako kiwandikiro Takes Hoy: 1930s-1960s

Oluvannyuma Getlow, kkooti yatandika okuteekamu Bill oba enkuumi za ddembe. Nearb v. Minnesota [1931], kkooti eyo yakolamu eddembe ly'okuteekamu eby'okukuba empapula, okusattulula amateeka agakkiriza okukugira ebitabo. [FLT:] DEMBONE v. Oregon [197]

Mu 1960, wansi w'Omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren, waalabira ddala eky'amaanyi eky'okugatta awamu. Kkooti ya Warren yali mukozi nnyo okukomyawo enkola y'okukukuuma abamenyi b'amateeka mu magye. Mapp v. Ohio [1961] yateekamu olukalala olw'okufuga okw'Emitendo Egyokubiri, olulagira abamenyi b'amateeka obutafuna obujulizi okuva mu kunoonyereza n'okukwatibwa ebiteetegeera. [[FLT:] Gedeon. Wainright[[FLT] [1963]] [1963]) okulabula okw'omutemwa okusobola okubuuka olukalala, ne bannamateeka balsobo. [FLY'okuvanyuma][F][5]

Enkola endala ey'omuwendo yalimu Klopper v. North Carolina (1867) obwa obwannannyini ku kugezesebwa okwa mangu, Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) olw'okutuusibwako obutuufu mu musango ogw'amaanyi, ate Bennv. Maryland [1969] obukuumi obusobola okwekuuma abantu obutagwa mu kabi emirundi ebiri. Ku nkomerero y'ekiseera kya Warrenner, kumpi obukwakuliriza bwonna mu kkooti ekola enzijjuvu mu nsonga ez'abamenyi b'ensonga ez'amaanyi.

Ensonga Enkulu Ezaali Zikwata ku Njiri Ekwata ku Bulombolombo Obukyamu

Okutegeera obujulizi obulala obulaga empandika y'enzikiriza eyo kya muganyulo nnyo mu kuwagira eddembe ly'abantu.

Eddembe ly’Okusooka

  • [[Akawayiro:0] Gitrow v. New York (1925)[[Akawayiro:1] – olulimi olw'amakulu lwago tegwasobola okukozesebwa ku bitundu
  • Nearb v. Minnesota (1931)[[FLT]] – eddembe ery'okuteeka ku mpapula z'ekikubisibwa lisk/*
  • [[Akawayiro:0] De Jonge v. Oregon (1937)[[FLT] – Ku ddyo kw'egguka
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Cantwell v.Connecticut (1940)[[Akawayiro] – obwa bwereere okukomya omulimu ogw'okuzimbisa eddiini
  • [[Act:0]Everson v. Agooti Enkola ey'Essomero (1947) – 'Escape'' - 'so ssi n'eky'okutongoza ekiragiro Claus'

Eddembe ery’Okuna

  • [[Act:0]Mapp v.O.1961)[[Akawayiro:1] – Exclussion system
  • [[Akawayiro:0]] Wolf v. Colorado (1949)[ – 'oseek' n'endwadde ez'ekika kya soketi bisobola okuwewerebwa ku ludda olwa ddyo'

Eddembe Ly’okutaano

  • [[Akawayiro:0]Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad v. Chicago (197) – okutwala Claus wafunze
  • [[AK'AWULA:0]Malloy v. Hogan (1964) – enkizo etakkirizibwa bwe yali nga okozesa 'incription' ekola
  • [[AGUMENTI] Benton v. Maryland (1 969)[[Akabonero:1] – okukuumibwa okw'emirundi ebiri tekugobererwa

Eddembe Lyo Kuwerebwa kw’Emitengo Kyenda

  • [[Akawayiro:0] Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)[[Akawayiro:1] – Ddaaki efugibwa okubuulirira okutuufu kugobererwa
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Pointer v. Texas (1965) – Ku ddyo okulaba nti Abajulirwa bawanyisiddwa
  • [[Akawayiro:0]Kloppfer v. North Carolina (1867)[[Akawayiro:1] – Ku ddyo okugezesa okwangu okwamako kwakolebwa
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Duncan v. Louisiana (1968)[[AGUMENTI] - Ku ddyo ku lukiiko olukulu olw'abalamuzi olwakolebwako

Eddembe ly’Obufuzi Omunaana

  • [[AKITANDIKI] Robinson v. California (62)[[AK'AWULA]] – ekibonerezo ekitakkirizibwa

Engeri Enjigiriza gy’Ekwata ku Kukkiriza Obusosoze mu Bantu

Enjigiriza eyo ebadde kyangu nnyo eri abakkirizi b'eddembe ly'abantu, era eteekawo ebiwandiiko eby'amateeka n'ebikolwa ebimenya amateeka g'ensi n'amateeka. Nga tebannagiyingira, abawagira ensonga baalina okwesigama ku mateeka g'ensi n'enkiiko za gavumenti ezaawanga obukuumi obutono. Okugattibwa kw'eggwanga okusobola okuleetawo eddembe eririna okussibwamu ekitiibwa gavumenti zonna, nga bakakasa nti omutuuze mu Missississippi afuna obukuumi bwe bumu ng'omutuuze mu Massachusetts.

Empandika z'amateeka ziwa abawayiriziddwa obutawa bujulizi mu bukyamu era n'okulabula ku ddembe ery'okusirika. Mu bitundu eby'eddembe ery'okwogera, okugatta awamu enzikkiriza, okusoomooza amateeka agakwata ku nzikkiriza, n'okukugira eddembe ly'obumenyi bw'amateeka. Mu madiini okusoomooza amateeka ageeyita eby'eddiini, okugattika obutundutundutundu ky'eddiini ekimu okusobola okussaawo amateeka agawagira eddiini emu okusinga endala oba okuzitoosa okukkiriza.

Ebibiina ebikola entegeka ya American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ne Ekitongole ekikola ku ddembe ly'amateeka, biwa ekiragiro kya mateeka okusobola okuyingiza emisango mu kkooti y'ensi yonna wakati w'omwaka 42 E.C., etteeka ereetera abantu okuvunaana abakungu ba gavumenti olw'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Akakwakkuliro kano kaakozesebwa mu ntalo ez'ekika kya Constitution, eddembe ly'abasibe era n'okusoomooza okukebera programu.

Okuwa Obujulizi ku Bukulu bwa gavumenti

Okugattika era kuwadde abawagira enkola mu ggwanga ebeere nga lya ddowoozi. Olw'okuba Bill of Rights essawo omutindo mutono, eggwanga liyinza okweyongera okukuuma eddembe lyalyo wansi wa puligaanyi. Kkooti nnyingi ez'omulembe zinnyonnyola amateeka g'ensi gaazo okuwa obukuumi obw'enjawulo okusinga Bill of Rights .a enkola emanyiddwa nga "Gyriutialism". Bwe kityo, ekikongo ky'obusobozi kya gavumenti ekola enkola ekola essaawamu ente bbiri: ekisenge kya gavumenti empandika ennukuta enzivu era n'obusoboseera ku bukuumi mu mateeka. Abakkiriziganya bayinza okulondawo oba okulondoola oba okugoberera ebiwandiikibwa wansi w'obuyinza obwa gavumenti.

Okunyweza Obukulembeze mu Bulamuzi

Enjigiriza eyo yeeyongedde nnyo okusobola okulambula ebikolwa bya gavumenti. Kati buli kiseera kkooti za division zeenyigidde mu nkola z'obumenyi bw'amateeka, amateeka g'ensi agakwata ku ddembe ly'eddiini, era ne ebikolwa bya gavumenti ebikwata ku ddembe ly'eddiini. Obulabirizi buno busobozesezza gavumenti z'abantu okuvunaanyizibwa eri Amateeka era buyambye okuvvuunuka ebikolwa ebimenya eddembe ly'enkwaso. Obusobozi obw'okuleeta emisango mu kkooti y'ensi yonna, nga zikuumibwa zigobereddwa era nga za maanyi, kibadde kya muganyulo eri abakkiririza ku ddembe ly'abantu.

Kyokka, obulabirizi buno obugazi era buviiriddeko okukaluubirirwa. Abavumirira okugatta n'okusaasaana kw'amateeka era ne kisobozesa abalamuzi ba gavumenti okulonda enkola eyaddirira. obwenkanya obumu, naddala Clarence Thomas, babuusabuusa enjigiriza ezitongoza enzikiriza ez'okugatta awamu, nga bawaanyisa nti Bill of Rights tessa mu nkola gavumenti. Wadde nga bannaazo babadde bakkirizibwa mu mateeka, basala emisango egimu ku kitongole ekyo.

Entegeka z’Abantu n’Ebinaabaawo mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Wadde nga Bill of Rights nyingi nnyo tewabaddemu bukuumi, ensawo ezimu zisigala nga tezitabiddwa.

Ekitongole eky'okubiri kyawaanyisa ekibuuzo. Okumala amakumi g'emyaka, Kkooti enkulu yali tesaze obanga eddembe lya kukuuma mikono n'okugikwata ku masaza. Ek'ekyusa ekyo kyava mu McDonald v. Chicago[ (2010), kkooti bwe yateekawo olukusa olw'okubiri mu nteekateeka ya Chicago. Ekiragiro kyali nga 5-4, nga kw'awandiika nga Samusoosiya Samuel Alito ategeeza nti eddembe ery'okwefuga yekka lirina lirina okuba "gaanyiri ku nsonga y'eggwanga."

Entegeka ey'okugiyingiramu eyinza okuba nga temenyesebwa mu Bill of Rights. Ng'ekyokulabirako, eddembe ery'okubeera obwama, erikkirizibwa mu .Connecticut[65][FLT]][FLT]]ROEV. [ROE] v [12] (103]) ne Oberged v. Hodges[ (2020:], erengulira okuva ku "NUMB" ne ku ku birala bya Ddyo ebya Claunice'. Enkola eno tezingirwamu, naye ziyinza okweyongera okumanyibwa mu ngeri y'enjawulo, naye nga tezigoberera enkola y'enkola y'emu n'eyo ey'enkola eya bulijjo. Ennagobeembiriranombe empya tezirimu. Ennago ezifulumya y'enkola empya ziyinza okumanyibwa. Enna okumanyibwa.

Bye Bayinza Okukola Leero

Abawagizi ab'eddembe mu kiseera kino basigala bagoberera enkola y'enkola entuufu. Bwe bagezaako okusoomooza etteeka ly'eggwanga erizitoowerebwa okulwogera oba erisalira abamenyi b'amateeka ebikakali, ekibuuzo ekisooka kye kisooka: Etteeka lino limenya amateeka agafuga oba singa kiba bwe kityo, omukungu wa gavumenti asobola okussaawo amateeka ga gavumenti, ng'anoonya obuweerero mu kkooti z'ensi. Ekkubo lino lisobozesa abawagizi okuleka ab'enkiiko z'eggwanga okuleka ab'obulabe era ne beesigama ku nkola ezaakulagibwa obulungi.

Era kaweefube ow'okusaasaana asobola okusobozesa kaweefube mu ggwanga lyonna. Ebibiina bisobola okusengeka enkyuka mu bitundu bingi nga byesigamye ku musingi gwe gumu ogwa tteeka, okusoomooza obukuukuutivu ng'okulonda ab'enjawukana mu langi, amateeka ga nukuta, oba etteeka erikugira okugattika. Okuba nti eddembe ly'obuntu lirina okubeera n'enkola ez'enjawulo kisobozesa abakkirizi okufuna empaka ez'okuteekawo ekyokulabirako n'empaka ez'eby'eby'amateeka.

Ate era, okugattika n'okuleetawo ebibuuzo ebippya. Ebibuuzo ebyakabukyibwawo ku kuwera enkola ey'okukyusa abantu ba Katonda mu by'ennenga ez'okukkakkanya, era n'okugaana abantu obutakkirizibwa mu ddiini okukkirizibwa mu mateeka agafuga enjawukana, byonna byeyoleka eb'okuba nti ebitongole bya poliisi bikkirizibwa okugattika eddembe ery'okusooka okugattika mu mateeka. Tekinologmu era byeyongeramu ensonga nga gamba nga ebiteeso by'Omuteeso gw'Emmerezo ogw'okutaano ebireeteebwa okunoonyereza ku kumanya ebikwata ku mikutu gya kompyuta oba enkola ya poliisi.

Okukolera Wamu n’Enkaayana z’Ekibiina

Wadde nga bateekebwamu enkola esobozesa ebbeeyi mu nsengeka, abawagira enkola eno balina okusala ku buzibu bwonna obwa gavumenti. Obumu ku bukalu ne bugattibwako ebitundutundu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, olukalala olw'omukaaga olw'okuyisa emisango mu kkooti z'abalamuzi, lwateekebwa mu Div. Louisiana [1968], naye Kkooti ekkiriza nti omukono gwa ddyo tegufuga ku musango gwa myezi mukaaga oba ntono mu makomera. Mu ngeri y'emu, Enzivvuunuzi ey'okujulirwamu tekkirizibwanga mu kkooti y'abakungu okuzza omusango mu nsonga z'abantu, ebitegeeza nti tegubalibwa mu nsonga za gavumenti.

Okugatta ku ekyo, okuteekebwawo kw'eddembe tekisinziirwa ku buwangwa obwo. Kkooti enkulu etera okunnyonnyola empewo w'obuyinza obwabulina obuyinza mu ngeri ya njawulo okusinga ku y'eggwanga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, entebe ey'okutangirizibwamu okusobola okumanyibwa mu by'obusuubuzi ne mu bigambo eby'abakozi, ziyinza okuba nga zisobola okumanyibwa ku gavumenti. Abakkirizi ba ddembe okunnyonnyola engeri z'ennyinnyonnyola ensonga mu kkooti.

Okufundikira: Obusika obw’Olubeerera

Enjigiriza ey'okugatta eddembe ly'abantu mu Amereka ekyuse nnyo. Enjigiriza eyo ereeteddewo eddembe ly'obuntu mu Amerika okuva ku bukuumi obwa gavumenti obwali bugattiddwako obukulu era n'ewa ebiwandiiko ebikakasa eddembe lya gavumenti mu nsi yonna. Mu myaka 100 egyasala ku kkooti enkulu, kumpi buli ddembe eryateekebwawo mu mitendera kkumi egyasooka lyaba liteekeddwako enzigere ku mateeka. Enzijirizi eno ewadde abantu eddembe ery'okusoomooza okubeesaawo obubenje, obukuumi obwa buli kiwagizi kya nukubiri, era n'efuula gavumenti okuba nti buli mu kiwandikiro kya buli mu nkyukakyuka.

Wadde nga wabaddewo okuwakana ku ngeri ekkirizibwa okuyingizibwa, omusingi gwayo ogweyoleka nti eddembe erimu kkulu nnyo ne kiba nti tewali gavumenti eyinza okulimenya.[1] Esigala nga emusingi gwa mateeka ga Amereka. Omuntu yenna eyenyigidde mu kulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu, okutegeera si kuyiga buyigirize; kya muganyulo nnyo okusobola okubeera omuyigirize. Enjigiriza eno ewa olukalala lw'amateeka okuwandiika n'eby'okukozesa eby'enkola okukuuma eddembe ly'okwogera, eddembe ly'eddiini, enkola esaanira, era n'obwenkanya obw'omu buli ggwanga.

Ng'okusoomooza okuppya kutandika, okuva ku nkola ezikolebwa ku mikutu egy'obwannakyewa okutuuka ku ndowooza ez'okukwata ku butamanya, n'okugattibwa kw'ebintu mu ngeri eyo kujja kugezesebwa era kulongoosebwa. Naye si kyangu okukendeeza ku ddembe ly'abantu okusobola okulwana n'obukodyo bw'obufuzi. Enjigiriza ey'okugatta awamu ebeera ndala y'obukakafu obw'olubeerera obw'okumanyisa era n'okukuuma eddembe lya buli Mumerika yonna w'eri.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma ku kukulaakulana okw'ebyafaayo okukwata ku kugatta, laba Kino kitegeeza Kitongole kya DDIGURA ] ku mukutu gwa National TTEREKERO[. Okusobola okwongera okubunyiga mu lukalala olw'amateeka n'engeri gye gakukolebwamu, kebera [[[FLT:][FLT][FLT]] oluvanyuma mu mu kifo kya [P][FLT][FLT]][FLT]][FLT]][FLT]][FFLT:][FFULT]]][FFF:FFF:N]][FFFOLY]][FFFF:[12]]]][FFFFOLT]]]]