Ekitongole Ekirabo mu Ddembe ly’Enzikiriza: Engeri Obukuumi Obutono mu Kusalawo Obulungi

Bill of Rights .C.ekkumi eryasooka okukomya okulongoosebwa ku kkaasa y'Amerika. Zaawebwa okusooka okukomya obuwambe obwo okuggyako nga ssemateeka waabwe abawagidde okugattibwa. Omusanvu guno gwaleetawo eky'akabi eri abantu abatono abasososolwa ku ggwanga ne ku ggwanga. Mu kyasa ekyayita, kkooti enkulu ezibidde okuziba olubala olwo mu njigiriza ey'omu mateeka eyitibwa nga tegoberera enkola eya bulijjo ey'okuteekawo amateeka ku bukuumi. Ekiwandiiko kino kyawandikiro ekisinga okubaamu etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu ab'enjawulo nga kigoberera amateeka nga kiyitira mu kuteempewo eya 147. Kampula eno efuuse ekimu ku by'okulwanyisa ennakusumbi ez'amaanyi mu Amerekayini, nga kikakasa nti eddembe ekkulu ery'okutegeka ebitongole terimu mu Amerekawo oba ebitongole eby'okuteekawo.

Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga tekisalawo kukwata ku musango gumu gwokka, naye kiba tekigatte ku nkola ey'okusala omusango ku mitwe. Kkooti ebuuza obanga eddembe erimu liba “eri mu ndowooza ey'eddembe erya tteeka” oba“ erikwata ku ntegeka ya Amerika ey'obwenkanya.” Bwe kiba nti, eddembe liteekebwa mu matwale ga gavumenti era ne ligasiba ku magye. Obutafaananako okugattika buli lukalala olwo lwe kinaakyusaamu omulundi gumu, “‘ olulwo olukalala lwe lukkirizibwa okusinziirwako buli kika kya mukono ekya ddyo. Enkola eno egaziyitibwa ku bukuumi mu bitundu by'ensi byonna ebinene, okuva ku ddembe ery'okusiikuzibwamu n'okukwata ku bannabya poliisi.

Okuva ku Barron Okutuuka ku Gitlow: Olubereberye of Lesort Incorporation

Ekiragiro kino kitandika n'ekigambo bron v. Baltimore (1868), omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall gye yagamba nti Bill of Rights yali ekolera ku gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka. Emyaka nga kkumi emabega, eyinza okuwandiika ebigambo ebitegeeza okusemba, oba okugaana okusala emisango ku lukiiko lw'abalamuzi awatali kumenya mateeka. Oluvannyuma lwa ssematalo wa Civil, Amereka (1868) gye yayanjulira Bill of Rights oba Bill of Rights, Super Social [[FLT:] Battery Programme [[FLT:]]: “[Estame teriyinza kweggyako omuntu yenna obulamu, eddembe, oba eby'obutebenkenke, nga tewali mateeka galina. Ateesaamu eyo mu myaka mingi, kkooti enkulusaamu yagaana okukozesa ekkomya enteko enteko ebigambo bino mu mawanga, ekyo kiyinza okuleetera okusunguwatyisa mu ggwanga.

Enkyukakyuka yajjawo mu Getlow v. New York (1925). Benjamin Gitlow, omusosomiiti, yasalirwa omusango mu mateeka g'omu New York ag'okugaba akatabo Ekikook'omu ekkomera [[FLT:]] Ekikookebwa ky'omu Kikookolo ekya Keedenti [[FOLT:3]]. Kkooti enkulu yakiwagira okukkiriza kwe naye, kyalangirira nti “okuva ku kigendererwa kya kaakano tuyinza okuggulawo era ne tulowooza nti eddembe ery’okwogera n'okukuba mu empapula ebikolebwa mu empapula n'okukuba ebitabo bikuumibwa mu kkooti ento eziddako, era ne mu buli lukugiro lwomanala ense. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kye kiwandiikibwa mu n'ebiwandiiko ebisaakulaakulaanyi eya Sourcer Resourcesburgt [Exmaged Resources] Assement, mu Nkomera ez'enkola y'entebe

Engeri gye Bakolamu Ekirabo: Ekyengera Eddembe Eryateekebwawo

Kkooti eyo yagezaako okugezesa emirundi ebiri okulaba obanga eddembe lisaanidde okwegatta ku lino. Esooka, kyawulirizibwa mu Palko v.Connecticut (1937), era nga kibuuzi oba nga ddembe lya kiwa bukwaso mu “kusalawo okw'eddembe” ne kisobozese nti“ enkola ey'obwenkanya n'ekitangaala teyinza kubaamu. Mu mpalo guno, Kkooti eyo yateekamu okwogera, ekiteezesebwa, oba ebimenyesebwa, obutereezesebwa bw'eky'Ekkumi n'okunoonyereza okuteetegeera, n'ensonga ez'okutaano eziragiddwawo mu ku nsonga ez'ekitongole ekyo. Ekyokubiri, ekipimo eky'okubiri, ekya waggulu kyalabika mu [FL.5]v.[5][5][5][5]

Okusalawo kusalawo kulala kubanga Kkooti ekkiriza okukuba olukalala olw'ebiragiro okulaba obukulu bw'eddembe n'obukuumi obwa nnamba. Ng'ekyokulabirako, olukalala olw'okufugafugafugafugafuga tekunnaba ku mateeka. Olukiiko olwo lusalawo olwataano okusobola okukiteeka mu lukiiko olukulu olw'ensonga nga terunnatwalibwa nga lukulu. Mu kiseera ekyo, eddembe erirukwata ku obwalm'okufuga olulk'olukalala [[[FLL:1]] liteekeddwa mu Malloy v.[FLT][64]]], omusango ogwagoogoosa ekituuka ku bantu ab'enkula y'eggwanga ekibaluusibwa ekivume mu kwa poliisi. Ek'ensonga eyo y'ensonga eyo etwalibwa ng'ey'edda, ey'eby'eby'eby'ennakulembedde ku nsonga.

Okuziyiza Eddoboozi Eritono: Okutongozebwa kw’Ekiwandiiko Eky’Okusooka

Enkuŋŋaana Ennene n’Ennyombo Ennungi

Ekitongole ekidduukiridde kya Kkooti Gitlow, Court nga zoogera ebigambo, nga zikuba ku nnyimba, nga zisengeke, era nga zeegayirira. Denge v. Oregon[FL:3] [1937]] [1937]] Kkooti yakuba etteeka erikugira obusokezi mu kibiina ky'Abakomu, era n'egamba nti, eddembe ly'okukuŋŋaana liba lirina okuba nga “ggulu lya ddembe ery'obulamu." Kino kyasobozesa ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebitono okutegeka nga tewali kutya mumenyibwa. [FLT:][FLD][FOLD][FD]

Okweyisa mu Ngeri ey’Eddiini

Amadiini amatono era gaganyuddwa. Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940), kkooti yatongoza Free Execree Claus, era n'ekkiriza Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa okugaba ebitabo eby'eddiini wadde nga biteekeddwamu amateeka ga gavumenti. Shertbert v. Verner[FLT] [1963]), Kkooti yasobozesa okukebesa obwa bwereere okukebeesa obwewanjufu omulimu mu South Carolina, okukiggiramu abakkosebwa ab'envanyunzi ab'ekkumi n'oseera abaagaana okukola ku lunaku olw'akawumbiri. Wadde nga [FLT][FFFF:] (1990]) ebigezo ebigo mu maggyincuka bya Kristendomu ebitono, tebyabunnyikirizibwamu mu ngeri y'enkola mu ngeri ey'ennobooti ey'ennoomu n'ennoomuti.

Okukuuma Abo Abatono Abakwerwanako: Enjawulo Eva ku Mumenyi w’Amateeka

Okugatta obukola kino kyakuliriza nnyo obusosoze mu langi ne mu by'enfuna. Kkooti ya Warren (1953-1969) yaleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nkola z'obumenyi bw'amateeka, nga ereetawo enkyukakyuka mu ngeri y'okuziyiza ebikolwa eby'okuyisa obubi ab'eggwanga.

Etteeka ery'okumalawo: [[NTLM]Mapp v. Ohio[[:1] (1961])

Mu Ekiragiro kino kyawayira ddala empaka okuva ku '. Colorado], kkooti yalaga nti okusobola okukugira olukalala olw'ebiragiro, kyali kirina okukifuula eky'okufuga mu ngeri eteri ya bulijjo. Yakola enkola ey'ebitundu bibiri: ebitono mu kkooti ey'ensi gye byafuna obufuzi obwa bulijjo, naye abo abali mu kkooti y'eggwanga tebaakola. Ohio. Dollree Map’s, anoonya ebiteeterekebwa, era n'azuula eby'obubonero. Yakwawuluza obujulizi ku bujulizi obwo bwo bwokka. Kkootikko kyakyusa enkola ya Centummat'omulembedde mu [FFF:] naye abo abali mu kkooti ya gavumenti tekola.[5]

[Akabonero:0] Gideon v. Wainwright[[[NKITO] (1863)]

Clarence Earl Gideon, omusajja omwavu eyalina obuyigirize obw'okutaano, yavunaanibwa okumenya ekisenge ekimu mu Florida. Yasaba munnamateeka; gavumenti yagaana olw'okuba Florida yokka gye yawabula ensonga ez'okutuumako omusango. Yawa ensonga ze era n'asibibwa omusango. Kkooti enkulu yagamba nti Omuteesi ey'omukaaga ey'okutereeza ebadde ekyetaagisa okutereeza ebizimbe. “Bawynersssss mu kkooti z'eby'amateeka tebyetaagisa buwazi,” Judridge Black yawandiika. [[FLT:] Gideon[FL:1] Kino kyayongera nnyo mu ngeri esingayo.

Ekuyamba obutaddamu kwefuga wekka: Miranda v. Arizona[[:1] (1966)

[[NKULA:0] okulabula ku bw'oti, Hogan[[FLT:][FLT]]Kubanga oliko obwannannyini okusirika".[1]Ikyetaagisa kubanga kkooti yagattamu eky'okukyusaamu eky'okutaano olw'okussawo olukalala mu [[FLT:] Malloy]. Hogan[[FLL:3] [1964] era oluvannyuma yakozesebwa okukola etteeka ery'oku prophycyC [[FL:4] [O] Mandasting [[FL:5]. Ernesto Mira, omwavu mu Mexico-Melika, yabuuzibwa okumala essaawa nga talekeddewo ku ludda lwe olusooka okusirifu oba okuwabula. Yakozesebwa mu ku mateeka ag'okusiba. Empala amateeka agafuga mu [[FLY: 4, NW]

Okubonerezebwa okw'amaanyi n'okw'enjawulo: [[KITABO:0] Robinson v. California (1962) era ne Tyonna

Kkooti y'e California gye yakutulirako etteeka eryaleetera okunywa enjaga omusango. “Si kyangu nti mu kiseera kino mu byafaayo, gavumenti egezaako okusobya omuntu mu nteeko okulwala obulwadde bw'obwongo,” Omulamuzi Stewart yamanyibwa. Kkooti eno ereseewo abantu abatono okusoomooza etteeka eryalimu enzijiro (Ekiwandiiko eky'okugatta empaka za Claus enfish) mu [FLT:] Timbs v[FLT]. [FLT] (2011]) era n'ekyava mu kkomera olw'enjawulo ekyo kiresezza ebiva mu langi ezikola ku Bankalansi. [FOK]

Okukuuma Okulingana ng’Oyitira mu Ntegeka Esaanidde: Okukolagana okw’Amaanyi mu Kiseera Kino n’Ekiruubirirwa Ebitono

Okutongoza tekukkirizibwa mu mateeka ga bamenyi b'amateeka gokka. Kkooti egasseeko okugobawo okwa taano okw'obukuumi mu kukozesa obubi erinnya Claus ([[FL:0]]Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railrough v. Chicago[]) (1897), okukakasa nti gavumenti tezisobola kutwala bintu nga wazzeeko obusaawere obuwagizi obwa bulijjo.[FLT]A , obukuumi obwandiridde bwa bulina bannannyini obwandikulembedde mu kifo kya waggulu. , okusoosebwa kwa bannannyini buliwo ssaayansi okusobola okuziriisa n'okusiikiriza mu [FLT:] [Mcdald. Ekibuga ky'ekibuga kya Chicago:] (2010), olw'ensonga eyaleetebwa omutunzi w'omuyaga at'omulala mu kifo ekya waggulu. Kkoluuni ekigamba ekigamba nti: ekituufu kibeeramu ekyo kye kibeeramu. Kko, ekyo kye kikwata ku

Oboolyawo, enkola ey'ekikungo eky'okulonda n'okugatta n'abo abakkirizibwa okubeera abatono evuddewo mu nsonga ez'okugatta abafumbo abatono. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015]), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti, okugattika enkola y'obukwasiddwawo kwa Kkooti ey'okugattaamu n'abafumbo ab'ennuk'enna, kikakasa nti okufumbiriganwa kwa Clauslee okukkirizibwa mu ngeri y'emu. Wadde nga Kkooti eyo teyesigazza bukwate ku ku ku kutandika kwa bannakyenzi, era n'okukebera obusosoze mu United States, okutandikawo obutundu obusinziza enkola obw'okulaga obutuufu obw'okutandika enjigiriza: eddembe eririmu ery'okufumbiriganwa n'okufumbiriganwa. Addondexpt'okufumbiriganwa n'okugatta ebitundu eby'okuna.

Enkizo Ezaaweerekebwa n’Engeri Ezaakwata ku Butono

Etteeka erikwata ku kusalira abalamuzi omusango omusango ku nsonga ey'okusasula etteeka eryo lisigala nga liteekeddwa ku buli katawaana, era lisobola okulumiriza n'ensonga eziba zisaliddwawo abakungu aba bulijjo. Omutemu ogwokubiri gusobola okugattibwa mu 2010, era ne guteekebwawo amateeka agaweramu n'abakungu abatonotono abasobola okuganyulwa mu kusalira abakungu omusango mu nsonga ez'enjawulo.

Enkola eno etegeeza nti Kkooti eyinza okuddamu okwekenneenya eddembe ly'abo abawandiikiddwa okusinziira ku mbeera ezikyuse. Ng'ekyokulabirako, enteekateeka ey'okuwerebwa kw'ebiwandiiko eby'empeerezaamu tezifuzeeko mu ngeri ey'okufuga endowooza, naye oluusi kkooti entono zikolera ku nkola ekkirizibwa. Singa gavumenti egoberera enkola enzijanjaba eziyiza abawambe abatono, kkooti eyinza okusalawo okuyingiza mu mu mukolo oguyitibwa Spiral Bail Claus ow'eggwanga lyonna okuteekawo omutindo ogumu.

Olugero: Eddembe Eriko Obutono Ekiruubirirwa

Ekiragiro bwe kisalawo okugattika obukwasi bw'amateeka 20 mu bitundu ebya 20 eby'embala eno, tekiri mu njigiriza ndala esobola okutuukana n'obukakafu obupya obuva mu ddembe ly'abantu abatono. Gavumenti bw'eyisa abasambajja amateeka agakwata ku bwenkanya bw'eggwanga, okugateeka mu Amereka okwasooka kiwa buwambikwa ku mateeka. Abapoliisi bwe beenyigira mu kunoonyereza okubaamu okugatta amawanga, okugawanyisa okw'enjjulukuka ne kiwagira, ekiwandikiro kya gavumenti ne kiwandiisa abawayiririza obujulizi. Gavumenti bw'okuteeka ku tteeka ery'ekika eky'enjawulo ery'omu langi ekimu, ekiwereetebwawo ekirengo kya Sendey al kiyinza okuleeta obuwerezo.

Okunokolayo kalungi kali mu kukozesa obusobozi obwa bulijjo, era n'okukukuuma, kkooti esobola okugaziya obukuumi bw'abantu nga bafuukafuukafuukafuuka. Kazuufu nti mu Amereka mu buli ggwanga beera n'eddembe essaawa, ka kibe nti abantu baazo baawula ku balala oba bannabyabufuzi. Okusosola okw'ekika kino kwa njawulo wakati w'okusigirwamu n'okuyisibwa obubi nga tewali kuwabula magezi oba okukuumibwa, wakati w'okunoonyezebwa awatali nsonga, n'okwewalanirwa mu n'okweyingiza mu n'okweyingiza mu nsonga ezitasaana. Ng'eggwanga lizirwana n'empakaago ezigenda zikola ku nsonga ezikwata ku gavumenti, okulongoosebwa kwa poliisi, n'olingana, n'okugatta abantu abamu ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe lijja kweyongera okuba omuwandikiro ogutwala etteeka eri mu mawanga agafuga n'abo abasinga obungi.

Okusobola okweyongera okusoma ku nsonga ezikwata ku nkalala ezikolebwako n'okukusobozesa okulondawo enkalala z'ebizingirwamu, kebera omulimu OYEZ [ okulaba endowooza ez'enkumbo, Connell Enformation Institute osobole okumanya enkakasa enjigiriza eyo, ne SCUSTUSLY[[] okulaba obanga waliwo obuwayiro obugikwatako mu kkooti enkulu efuga ebikolebwako.