Table of Contents
Engeri Okulondebwa gy’Kukuumamu Eddembe ly’Eddembe Ekkulu mu Masomero ga Pulimu
Mu Amerika, etteeka likakasa obusika obukulu eri buli mutuuze, naye eddembe lino terikwata ku gavumenti n'amasaza, nga mw'otwalidde n'amasomero ga gavumenti. Enjigiriza y'amateeka eri esalawo okugatta awamu ekakasa nti eddembe lino likuumibwa ku mulembe gwa gavumenti okuyitira mu Lufulumya eddembe ly'obuntu oluva mu 14. Enkola eno ereeteezebwa mu myaka egisukka mu kikumi ekikumi ekya Kkooti esingako obunene, era ereesezza eby'enkola ku by'omu mateeka ku bayizi ne basomesa.
Okutegeera Ekirondebwa
Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika esazeewo okugatta awamu amateeka ga gavumenti. Mu kifo ky'okugatta Bill of Rights yonna ey'entegeka mu mulundi gumu (egaaniddwa mu musango ogwa 1833] Barron v. Baltimore]), kkooti ekozesezza obukwakulizo okuva ku Bill of Rights okugenda ku magye. Empandika zonna ez'enjawulo ziremedwawo mu lukiiko olwa olw'amateeka ga Amerika, nga zikomyewozesezza obusobozi ku nsonga ezinaalyo, nga zisalawo obanga olukuuti olutuufu olw'okusalawo obanga olukuuti olutuufu luba "bukuumibwa ku lutuufu."
Ekiragiro ekifuga entegeka y'eggwanga eryo kisigibwa mu era ne kiwandiikibwa mu 1868, nga kino kimu: "Tewali gavumenti erina okusiba oba okukuutira buli mateeka aganaayamba abatuuze mu United States; oba gavumenti yonna teyinza kufiiriza muntu yenna bulamu, ddembe oba bintu, nga tewali mateeka gagoberedde. Kkooti enkulu ennyonnyola nti, enkola ya Cesaawo y'okukwasisa Bill ey'okukuuma eddembe lya ddembe mu ggwanga. Kino kikakasa nti gavumenti tezisobola kusamba ddembe lya nnamba nga ery'envuma, eddembe ly'eddiini, oba ery'emirimu egyabwegalwa.
Ebyafaayo Okukulaakulana kw’Edda mu Ngeri Etakyukakyuka
Enjigiriza yatandika okusembera mu kyasa ekya 20. [FLT]] Gitlow v. New York (1925), kkooti yatandika okugamba nti eddembe ery'okusooka ery'okwogera eryakozesebwa mu nkola ya Claus. Omusango Edward Sanford gwawandiikiriza abasinga obungi nti singa tuba n'ebigendererwa nga tusuubira nti tusobola okumanyisa oba okulowooza nti eddembe ery'okwogera n'eby'okukuba ku mpapula ebiba ku ntandikwa erikugiddwa ekiteebwa Constantion liba mu ddembe ery'okuteekawo ekkusisitemu erigobeebwa mu nkola eya Kko addibizibwa ebikolebwa mu Amereka obuteesiteesi."
Ebitundu ebiddako bwe bityo bwe bifuuka, obutuufu obulala obwatandika n'obugazi: [FLT][FLT]] SEW [[FLT]] [1931]] eddembe eryagattibwa mu nnyimba ez'oku pulintanti; [[[FLT:][5]][FLT]][FLT] v.[FLT][FLY]][FLT][FLY][FLY][F:10]] [19] [19] [19] Kino kyamanyibwa mu ngeri ereetebwa Classissiationation; [2:] ne [12][12][FFFOLT][194][194] Kino kyaleetera ekiragiro okukeengera okukeengera okukeengera enziromenti yo mu nsonga ezisingako obutuufu.[19]
Engeri Amasomero ga Bannakyewa gye Gayinza Okukwatibwako
Ebisomero bya gavumenti bikwatibwako butereevu enjigiriza eno kubanga biteekwa okunywerera ku mateeka. Kkooti zisazeewo nti abayizi tebafiirwa ddembe lyabwe nga batandise ku ssomero, naye eddembe lino liyinza okuba nga lyanguyirwa okugonjoola obwetaavu bw'essomero okusobola okukuuma emirembe n'okukangavvula. Kkooti enkulu bwe ziba nga zimanyiddwa mu [FLT]][FLT]]] [[FOLT]]] . Dessiness Independent Community School [ [12]: Tekiyinza kuziyizibwa nti omuyizi oba abayigiriza bannazo ez'enkiikizo ez'enkola bakkirizibwa okufuna eddembe ery'okwogera oba ery'oku ku luggi lwoti."
[[NKUMBO:0]] “Sisobola kugambibwa nti omuyizi oba asomesa baggya mu mateeka eddembe lyabwe ery'okwogera oba ery'oku mboozi ku mulyango oguyingira ku ssomero. ” — Judge Abe Fortas, Tins v. Des Moines [1969]
Omusingi guno gugobeddwa mu bitundu bingi ebya ssemateeka, nga gukakasa nti obukuumi obwateekebwa mu Kiteeso eky'Ekkumi n'ena butuuka mu bisomero, mu lukuubo, ne mu mirimu egikolebwa ku ssomero.
Eddembe ly’Okwogera
Emu ku ddembe ery'enkizo erikugirwa okuyitira mu kulonda enkalala y'enkola z'enkola z'ebyo ebiragibwa, kwe kugamba, eddembe ly'okwogera. Abayizi balina eddembe ery'okwogera endowooza zaabwe kasita tebaako ba mutawaana n'eby'enjigiriza. Obubonero obusinga obungi mu ngeri y'ekiragiro obukozesebwa mu kulonda enneyisa ey'oku [FLT]][FLT]][FLT]] Bulina obuyinza okuteekawo ekigo ekigo ekigobero ekya bayizi boogera ku bwereere mu masomero.
Mu [[NKULA], kkooti yawagira eddembe ly'abayizi okwambala enkoba eziddugavu okukajjanya Vietnam, nga basanga essomero teritaddewo kintu kyonna ku bintu ebikyukakyuka. Omulamuzi Abe Fortas yannyonnyola nti, "okutya okw'enjawulo oba okutya okutabulwatabulwa tekumala okusobola okuvvuunuka eddembe ery'okwogera. Embaga eno yateekamu obukuumi bw'okukyusaamu ebigambo mu mitwe gy'essomero erigobeetera okuziganya n'emitindo gya mateeka, ne kisobozesa amasomero okuba n'obuteegoberezi bw'emitindo gya mateeka.
Kyokka, ebilagiro ebirala byakolebwako bikulu. [FLT]] .Bethel School Disitulikiti Na. 403 v. Fraser (1986), kkooti yakkiriza nti amasomero gasobola okubonereza eby'obugwenyufu, oba okwogera ebitasaana ebifeebya essomero. [FLT][FLY:5]][1986][[Kkolokolo]. Kusitelegisma[[FLT:][8] [FLT] [1998:], Kkooti eyinza okusala ekkomero eriko obutundu obutono n'amatabi], era n'ebikolebwa mu mapepanhau bwe bibaako ebisengekebeevu, ebiba ebisengekese "[5][5][5][3]]
Leero, emboozi z'abayizi zituuka ne ku bifo ebyava ku mikutu gya Intaneeti. Kkooti za wansi zimeganira okukangavvula oba ng'amasomero gasobola okwogera eri'abayizi ku Internet. Obutundu obumu bukozesezza ekitongole [ ekipimo ekibadde kiwandikibwa[[[FLL:1] ate ebirala byawula olugambo lwa kompyuta. Olukiiko olukulu gye buvuddeko awo lunaayogera n'abaana mu [FL:2][FL][FLT][12], olufuga omuyizi gye buvuddeko awo olugenda okubonereza omuyizi olw'olulimi olulongoofu ku ssomero olutali lwa waggulu, kubanga olugenda okunyanyisa olulala lwogerwa mu ssomero lugenda okuvundabi. [[FLT:][FLT][5]
Okufuna Eddembe ly’Eddiini
Ebisomero bya gavumenti era biteekwa okussa ekitiibwa mu ddembe ly'eddiini ly'abayizi. Kkooti zigamba nti abayizi basobola okusaba oba okwogera ku nzikiriza yaabwe singa tezireme kulemesa mulimu gwa bayizi kutwala buyigirize. Obukuumi buno buva mu kutandikawo omutemwa gwa Eddembe ly'okusinza ne Ebriclacy Clauss[].
[[FLT][11] Okutongozebwa kwa Claus kwagaanibwa okuva ku [1] Everson v. . Ekiragiro ky'omulimu ' (1947]), ekyakozesebwa mu gavumenti ez'omu n'ezo, ekiragiro nti "kubaako musolo gwonna, munene oba mutono, kiyinza okuteebwa okuwagira eddiini yonna oba ebibiina ebirala.[FOLT][12][12][12][FP][12]
Mu kiseera kye kimu, Free Exeece Classione(etendekeddwa mu [[FL:0][[FLT]]] Cantwell v. Connecticut[[FL:2] [[[FLT]]] [[FLT]]][3]][[[[FLT]]]][Kikuumibwa eddembe ly'abayizi okusaba kyeyagalire, okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'eddiini, n'okugaba ebitabo eby'eddiini, ekiseera ekimala nga tebitataataataasa bayizi balala. [FF][11]][F][F][3][3]]
Okunoonyereza ku Bintu Ebya Buli Omu by’Atomanyi era n’Okufuna Obukuumi
Ekitongole eky'okuna eky'okumeemeza, kyewanyisizzaamu ebitongole ebikola [[FLT]] Mapp v. Ohio (1961]], kikuuma abaana obutanoonyereza oba okugwa ensimbu mu masomero ga gavumenti. Naye, mu kifo eky'okunoonyereza ku buli muntu, kibayamba obutanoonyereza ebiteetuuka ku buzibu mu n'okugwa mu buzibu. Abakulembe baakirizibwamu mu ngeri eyo. , [1985], kkooti esinga obukulu bw'etakkiriza abasomesa kuteebereza butuufu".[FLT][FLT] Kino kirina okunoonyereza ku bintu bye banoonya mu kifo "bumanyirivuzi] n'okunoonya ebiba ebiba bisengeke mu ngeri eyinza okumanyibwa obulungi mu kifo eky'okunnyonnyola "bubonero obutuufu" obwa "bubonero obutuufu" obwa "bubonero obwa bulijjo].[FLT:], kkooti enkulu], olukulu wakkulembedde ku nsonga enkulu esooka]
Ekikolwa kino eky'okulaga engeri abaana gye baganyulwa mu by'obwannannyini, abakulira essomero balina enkola ey'enjawulo esobola okukebera okulaba abo abatendekeddwa mu by'okwerinda. Okugezesa abaddusi okuva ku musingi ku bayizi kwakulembezebwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo.VLT]VFONIAS School Disiturity 47J. Acton[[[FLLT:2]] [195] [195] [1995]] [1995] [195][195] Okugezesa] kwe ku bayizi mu by'awulizo ebikolebwa mu [[FLT:]]. Okunoonyereza okutaayinja enzirogo kusinga ku bwetaavu bw'ogezi. Naye okunoonyereza ku by'ebyuma kusobola okukebera ebizingirwamu ku ssomero.
Mu myaka egikolebwa ku digitayo, okunoonyereza ku bayizi ku ssimu ez'omunnyindo n'empandika za kompyuta kuleetawo ebibuuzo ebippya. Kkooti esinga obukulu mu [FLT]] era kwe kugamba nti abaana babaddenga bakkirizibwa okukebera amasimu gaabwe okusobola okukwatibwa abakulu, naye kooti entono zikozesezza ku mutindo gwa bakulu mu masomero. Gamu agamu gataddewo amateeka okukugira obusoosa bayizi okukebera nga tewali bukakafu bulaga nti abaana balina bukuumi oba buwagizi bwa mu ssomero.
Engeri gye gukolebwamu Etuukagana n'Enkola ya Bayibuli
Enkola ey'okukyusiza ekiwandikiro era etuuka ne ku buwagizi obwandikulembedde mu ngeri ey'okwerinda wansi wa Amerekale 14. Mu [FLT]] Gos v. Lopez[, kkooti enkulu , yasala okusalawo nti abayizi bakyusibwe ennaku kkumi oba batono bakkirizibwako mu nkola esaanira: okumenya oba okuwandiika obujulizi ku nsonga, oba okuwandiisa obujulizi ku ludda. Okukkiririzibwa oba okugobebwa kwabwe okusingako.
Omusango guno gwazingiramu n'etteeka lya Century Process Claus mu ssomero, nga ligaana emitendera egisalirwamu oba egitali gya bwenkanya. Kkooti yakitegeera nti okusomesa oba okutunda ebintu kikuumibwa ne k'Ekiwandiiko eky'ekkumi n'enaana, era nti erinnya ly'omuyizi n'emikisa gye egy'okuyingira mu biseera eby'omu maaso biba byoleka eddembe. Wadde ng'amasomero gago gago gagoberedde okukola mu bwangu nga wazzeewo akabenje, bateekwa okugoberera emitindo egy'obwenkanya.
Mu myaka egyakayita, okweraliikirira enkola eya zero-topless n'okukangavvula okungi okw'abayizi abatono, byaviirako okusoberwa mu mateeka okugamba nti enkola zino tezituukiriza bisaanyizo bireedwa oba nti zikuuma. Wadde ng'okugatta agamu tegakkiriza butereevu empandika ey'enjawulo ey'ekika kya INYAKA n'ekitundu okuwerera ddala, ekiragiro eky'okukukuuma ekiva mu nkyukakyuka (ebeereeyambiddwa mu ngeri eya 141:0) kiremedwa okusosokebwa mu [FLT] v. . Komiti ekwata ku DDIGOPUS [54]] ]]) ekifuga ekiwandikirowo, era amasomero tegakkiriza okusosola mu ngeri ey'okwenkanya olubala.
Obuzibu n’Okwetaagira
Wadde okugatta awamu kuyinza okukuuma eddembe ppini nnyingi, waliwo ekkomo. Amasomero gayinza okuteekawo enzivuunula ez'omuganyulo okusobola okukakasa obutebenkevu n'obutebenkevu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, enjogera ezitumbula ebikolwa eby'obukambwe oba obukyayi ziyinza okuwerebwa ne bwe kiba nti omuntu asobola okwogera ku ddembe erya nnamuni. Kkooti mu Wissin v. Mitchell [93] ewandikiro ezikulembeddwa ziyinza okuwanirira ebibonerezo olw'okukyawa oba okutulugunya obusosoze obuva mu masomero g'omu nsi.
Okugatta ku ekyo, si buli Bill of Rights ebikuumibwa biteekebwa ku buwangwa. Omuteende ogw'okubiri gukkirizibwa okukuuma n'okusituliramu emikono. [FLT]] [[FLT]]McDonald v. Chicago[ (2020:0), gukkiriza etteeka okutegeka obukujjukulula mu bifo ng'ebiragiddwa mu masomero. Etteeka eriri ku ludda olwa gatatu olwa ddyo erikugira abasirikale obutakozesebwa mu mateeka. Etteeka erifuga ensonga terikkirizibwa ku nkola ebitongole ebikola ku bakungu.
Mu masomero, n'ebitongole by'omulembe bitera okukebera ebigezo ebigezesa ebiwandiiko ebigeraageranyizza eddembe ly'omuyizi ku ddembe ly'omu ssomero erikontana n'enkola eya bulijjo. Kino kireetawo obuzibu mu kussaawo empalana mu bifo eby'enjawulo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ebibiina ebimu biwagidde enkola z'engoye ezikugira obubaka bw'ebyobufuzi, ate ebirala ne bikuttuusizza ddala nnyo. Ebisaanyizo ebikolebwa mu masomero okusobola okugooya empaka z'eddiini emirundi egimu nga bwe kiba nga bakubaganye n'empakaago ku LGBTQ ne ku bibiina by'abayizi abawatuutiddwa mu by'eddiini.
Ensonga Ezaawukana: eby’Obukugu n’Ebigambo
Tekinologiya yeeyongera okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nkola eya tekinologiya. Amasomero kati gasattulukuka nga gakozesa kompyuta oba enkozesa ebigambo ebiteeka obulamu ku mukutu gwa kompyuta. Ebyo ebyasalwawo okusobola okugolola omuyizi ne byewandiisa mu nnenga za kompyuta. Kkooti enkulu egoberera enkola ya bannabyabufuzi Mahanoy[ mu 2021] kye kisazeewo mu mikutu egitali gimu naye nga giresembye ebibuuzo. Kkooti za kiziraga ddi essomero lwe zisobola okukangavvula omuyizi olw'ebitongole ebiwandiikibwa oba ebikolebwa bayizi bannazo. Kkooti ezimu zigoberera [[FLT:] Kino kiragiramu ku mutindo gwa "buuti" ate nga waliwo ebibuuzo ebirala ebisaasaawerezebwa mu masomero ga ne mu matendekero ge.
Okwo kusinga okubaamu okukozesa amagezi n'okulabirako mu masomero. Okulambula enkola z'okukebera ebizimbe, n'okukuŋŋaanya data kiyamba okumanyisa ebizingirwa mu by'okwerinda. Amasomero bwe gatandika okukozesa obusobozi obw'enjawulo wansi wa [[NKULU:0] T.L.O., kkooti ezimu zizudde nti okulabira obulabi obwa bulijjo awatali bulagizi busobola okulemesa bayizi kwesigamya ebibasobozi byabwe. Amaka gayinza okutandikawo amateeka agasaba obulabi n'obukulembedde ku nkola y'okulambula ebigeebirimu.
Okuwera Ebitabo n’Okufuga Obutongole bw’Eby’Omwoyo
Olukalala lw'okukyusa olulina obukwaso ku kumanya era lutuuka ku butundu. [FLT]] Board of Education, Island Pas Union Free School v. Pico[192], Kkooti enkulu yakikkiriza nti obukiiko bw'essomero tebusobola kuggyawo bitabo ku materekero g'esso olw'okuba tebuagala njigiriza ezo. Endowooza egamba nti "Okwalocal ebbokkujjukuuti z'esso kirina amagezi mu ntegeka y'ebiwandiiko, naye buteekwa okutendeka enkola eyo mu ngeri eyoleka ebiteekulembedde mu mu lukalala. Kino wadde nga kyaliwo, kyazuulibwa nti abayizi balina okumanya ebituufu n'okuggyawo endowooza y'okuggyawo enzijirimu.
Emyaka mitono emabega, ebitabo byeyongedde okusoomoozebwa ennyo, era nga biwandiikiddwa nnyo ku nsonga ezikwata ku langi, obukaba, n'okwetaba. Kooti zireseewo obanga obukiiko obutendeka ebisomebwa obuwandikiddwa busobola okuggyawo ebitabo nga "ebigambo ebigattiddwako" (nga mu Pico]) oba singa okuggyawo ng'okwo kusosola mu langi.
fundikira
Okusalawo okugatta ku ntegeka y'abayizi kiyamba nnyo mu kukuuma eddembe ly'abaana mu masomero ga gavumenti. Kikakasa nti amateeka tegakoma ku kukuuma matabi ga gavumenti kyokka, wabula gatuuka ne ku bifo eby'eby'enjigiriza, ne gasobozesa eddembe okussibwamu ekitiibwa n'okukkirizibwa. Okuva ku ddembe ery'okusinza n'okwegawulira abantu obwamaddala n'okukola omulimu ogubagwa mu kifo ekyabulijjo, Bill of Rights, ogukozesebwa okuyitira mu kkampuli, guwa obukuumi buli masomero ga gavumenti gye gasaanidde okussaamu ekitiibwa.
Kyokka, okusobola okuteeka mu nkola eddembe lino tekiri mu bujjuvu. Amasomero galina okugabanya eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu erikontana n'ebyetaago eby'obutebenkevu, entegeka n'eby'enjigiriza. Ssalogo bwe ziba nga zizzeewo, enkola zaazo zijja kweyongera okutereeza enkyuka mu kuteeka n'okugatta awamu enkola mu masomero. Okutegeera enjigiriza eno nkulu nnyo eri abasomesa, abafuzi, abayizi, n'abazadde abaagala okumanyisa amateeka n'enjigiriza bya bantu.
Okusobola okusoma ebisingawo, kebera Okuzuula oba okuzuula mu nkola ey'okulonda enkalala ezoonna, ekiwandikiro eky'okuyingiza n'ekyama by'amakulu g'omu mateeka kinoonya ebizingirwamu [[[FLT:] era ne Esimu ey'enkola eya kyen'okugatta [[FLT:] n'ey'eyeeyamakyusa ya K'empandika]. Olububonero lw'amako Ekiragiro olusooka, olumu ku ndowooza z'empandika eya Kkomyusaawo, nga [[FLT:][FLT][12][12][FLT]][FFLT][2][5][5]