Okutandika: Demokulase

Okwekenneenya amateeka geetaagisa kkooti okwekenneenya ebikolwa bya bannaawula amateeka n'eby'okufuga era ne bavumula abo abawakanya amateeka. Ab'obuyinza buno, wadde nga tebwassibwa mu biwandiiko bingi ebiteekebwawo, bufuuse kitundu kikulu mu nkola y'amateeka ez'omulembe guno. Mu kuwa amaanyi olukiiko olukola ku bukulembeze okusobola okukakasa etteeka lya ntegeka, okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, okukakasa nti gavumenti evunaanyizibwa mu buli muntu, era n'okukuuma obufuzi obufuga okuva mu kusooka mu United States okutuuka ku mateeka gaalyo okw'omu mateeka okw'omu nsi yonna, okunoonyereza ku bikwata ku mateeka ku mateeka kusigala nga kunywevu era nga kuwakanya enkola ya demokulase.

Enjigiriza eyo esinziira ku musingi omukulu: tteeka ekkulu eriwandiikiddwa lirina tteeka ekkulu, era abalamuzi balina obuvunaanyizibwa okunnyonnyola etteeka eryo nga wazzeewo obutakkaanya. Awatali nkola esobozesa tteeka erya jirikiti okukakaatika obugulumivu, ssemateeka w'amateeka ateeka obulamu bwabwe mu kabi okufuuka ebiruubirirwa byennyini ebiteereddwawo.

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo n’Okukula kw’Eby’Omwoyo

Ensibuko y’Amateeka g’Olungereza Eyasooka

Endowooza nti kkooti zisobola okujjuuliriza amateeka agafuga ensi nga tegannatandikibwawo Amerika. Mu Bungereza, Sir Edward Coke, endowooza ya Dr. Case [1610] [1610], yagamba nti “ng'ekikolwa kya Palamenti kikontana n'obutuufu era n'amagezi, oba ekikyama, oba ekiyinza okukolebwa, etteeka lijja kukifuga." Wadde nga omusingi guno tewasimba musingi mu United Kingdom olw'enjigiriza y'obufuzi bwa palamenti, gwaleetera abasuubuzi abawandiikibwa oluvannyuma okukola amateeka aga waggulu.

Ekyasa eky'ekkumi n’omunaana we kyatuukira, abagezi mu by'amateeka mu Bungereza nga William Blackstone baakiraga nti gavumenti, wadde nga zifuga, zaali zisobola okuteekebwawo amateeka ga butonde.

Marbury v. Madison: The American Breakthrough

Omusango ogukkusiddwa ku Madison (1803) mu nsi yonna gutwalibwa okuba nga gwatandikawo okusala emisango mu Amerika. Omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall yawandiisa nti “kyeyoleka lwatu nti ssaza era n'omulimu gw'ekitongole ekisala emisango okwogera amateeka kye gali.” Marshall yagamba nti, Amateeka ga ssemateeka ge tteeka ekkulu ery'ensi yonna, era nti etteeka lyonna erigakyawa liteekwa okuba nga lya bwereere. Wadde nga Kkooti Kkooti Kkooti Kkooti Kkooti tewaawa k'okolo k'ekangalaze, Marshall yagamba nti amateeka ge gamu.

Enkaayana eyamangu(*'empaka eya 'William Marbury' yaweebwa obuyinza obw'okusala omusango mu mirembe --yagonjoolwa mu ngeri eyaziyiza okukaanya ne Pulezidenti Thomas Jefferson. Bwe yazuula nti etteeka eriwa kkooti obuyinza obwasooka ku mandamus lyamenya Akatundu III, Marshall yassaawo ennyinyonnyolako era n'ayisa mu nkola etteeka erikwata ku by'okusala emisango. Soma ensonga zonna ezaali ku Oyez

Okwejjukanya Okusala Omusango okw’Ensi Yonna

Oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II, amawanga mangi gaagoberera amateeka oba ne gawa kkooti enkulu ezaaliwo obuyinza obw'okujjukanya. Kkooti ya Bugirimaani eya Federal Constitution eyatandikibwawo mu 1951, yafuuka kyakulabirako eky'okukalambira ennyo ku nsonga z'amateeka. Charter of Rights and Freedoms ey'omu Canada (1982) yawa kkooti obuyinza obw'amaanyi, wadde nga “emyawuliddwawo teriimu mateeka” ekkiriza amakampuliro okumenya amateeka agamu. Ne ku kkooti z'omu Bungereza, ezimaze ebbanga ddene nga ziziyiza okunoonyereza ku mateeka agasinga obukulu, zikirabye mpolampola obuyinza obw'okumenya amateeka ga Bulaaya oba Ago ga ddembe ly'obuntu.

Okukuuma Enkolagana Yaffe n’Ekibiina

Entegeka z’Abantu n’Eby’Obusosoze

'FLT' kye kibadde kinnementi y'okulaga ekiragiro okusobola okuleetawo entegeka z'abantu mu Amerika.' 'Brown v'. Boodi y'empandika ey'Enjigiriza (1954) yasaanyawo enjawukana mu masomero ga bantu ab'eggwanga, n'ekubisaamu “enjigiriza ey'empandika naye nga yenkana” ey'enjigiriza ya . Ferguson. Omukulu w'ekitongole kya 'Sazesaze' yawandiika nti ebizifo bya basokero bya bannazo ate mu kkooti egattiddwamu tebyawukankanankanankana. [FLT:] era n'ebrown'.[FLD]

Mu ngeri y'emu, [[NT:0] 'LY] v. Virginia (167,) yakozesa etteeka erivunaanya gavumenti okusattululwa oba okugattibwa mu mateeka agamenya amateeka agafuga enfuga oba obutayingira bufumbo, nga bagamba nti “eddembe ery'okuwasa oba obutafumbirwa omuntu, omuntu ow'eggwanga eddala libeera ku muntu kinnoomu era teriyinza kunyagibwa gavumenti." Awo ekiragiro kino kiraga ekifo kya kooti ng'ekuuma ebibiina ebit'ebitongole ebifuga.

Okwogera n’Okwogera Obulungi

Era okulambula kw'abalamuzi kukuuma obutale bw'endowooza. [[FLT Times Co.] mu New York Times. v. Sullivan (1964), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti Kkooti eno efuga propuleesaamu ekuuma ebigambo eby'obulimba ebikwata ku bakungu ba gavumenti okuggyako nga zikoleddwa nga ziriko “enkola ez'obukambwe,” zissaawo ekisiba ekigulumivu ekireeta empanyi okusiiga empanisibwa empatu. Gye buvuddeko awo, mu [FLT]Citenns United. FC[FT:3] (20), Kkooti ewakkero ewandikiddwawo n'endwaddemu enzikkiriza enkola za Baparpartainst Reformation Actives Plation okukugira ebisalezebwa mu bya bufuzi obwa bulijjo okuyitira mu bibiina bya bannabiziina. Wadde awo, ensonga eno eraga obunene ensonga ezikwata ku ngeri y'okunnyonnyola mu lukujjuzi lw'ego.

Ekizibu eky’Ebwama n’Eky’Ennyama

Eddembe ly'okwekwekaawo, wadde nga tekyogerwako butereevu mu Mateeka ga Kieteegis, likuumiddwa nga bakuba kkooti. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) (1965) etteeka erigaana enkola ey'okwegatta ku ku kuzaala abaana, lyatandika okuwera “penubra” ey'enkizo mu Bill of Rights. [FLT:]] [2] Roe v. [[FLT]][FLT]][127]][73]] Ekireetera abakazi okuggyamuzeesokereza endowooza eyo mu ngeri ey'okwewala okuggyamu ebbongera ku ddembe ery'okwewala okuzaala mu nkola ekolebwa Clausce. Waded Resolutionstionstionstionss Resolutionsment Resolutionssss Resolution Requement.[FFFocration][F][F][5] ed reze okuzza enkateeka mu mateeka ekigodyisiddwa mu

Okugaba Obusobozi bw’Okufuga

Okwawukanya Obufuzi

Okwekenneenya ensonga y'emu n'ebirala obwekenneenya obw'amaanyi erina okukolebwa ku matabi amalala. Mu lukiiko olwo] Ssawtown Appell & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952), kkooti enkulu yafeebeza omukulembeze Truman okusitula ebiragiro eby'ekyuma mu kiseera kya Ssematalo w' Korea. Kkooti yagamba nti Pulezidenti teyalina buyinza bwa mateeka kukola kintu ng'akkiriza enteekateeka eyo. Omulamuzi Robert Jackson's Constice Constice, as Constice, as contment arractive departive serciate for tractive for the trativertivel, akasigala nga ke kamu ku ndowooza ezisinga okumanyisa amanya amanya ag'obuyinza.

Gye buvuddeko awo, [[NKUMENTI]S v. Chacha [193] '.'' 'Cream'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''akadedededededededededededededededededededede aka' akako n' akako n' akasikereza akasitongo akasitongo akasikero akasikero akako aka 'pa aka 'S' aka 'S' aka 'S' aka 'S' aka 'S' aka 'S' aka 'S' aka 'S' aka 'S

Gavumenti n’Obufuzi bwa Gavumenti

Era enneekenneenya eby'amateeka era n'ebikwata ku ntegeka wakati wa gavumenti z'amawanga ne gavumenti. United States v. Lopez (1995]), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti okusitula emmundu mu kifo ky'essomero tekukwata ku by'obusuubuzi mu nsi emu, okukoma ku buyinza bw'eby'obusuubuzi obw'ensi yonna. Kino kye kyali omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka nga mukaaga, kkooti essaase essaase etteeka erifuga ennyo eby'obusuubuzi, ne kiba kiraga nti ekitongole ky'eby'obusuubuzi kiddamu okukirwanirira amateeka ga gavumenti.

Ku luuyi olulala, [[NTLALA:0] Arizona v'Akamenti y'Amerika (202) yasazeseza etteeka ek'eggwanga eriragira abatuuze nga bateekeddwawo okukkirizibwa. Okuyitira mu kusalawo kuno, okukebera ku nsonga kukuuma amateeka agafuga n'obwannannyini.

Endowooza z’Abalamuzi ku Kunoonyereza ku Lukiiko Olukulu

Ekyokulabirako ky’Abamerika: Okwejjukanya n’Okunyiikira okw’Amaanyi

Mu Amerika, waliwo enkola eyagobererwa ennyo: kkooti yonna esobola okuyisa etteeka eritakkirizibwa mu bukulembeze era n'ennyinnyonnyola ya Kkooti ey'oku ntikko. Tewali mateeka gaago tegaagobererwa mu kukyusa enzivuunula kw'amateeka, era kizibu mu bugenderevu. Kino kiwa kkooti obuyinza obw'enkola, era kireetawo obuzibu ku ngeri y'okukwatamu amateeka.

Ekyokulabirako kya Bungereza: Obufuzi bw’Olukiiko lw’Enzikiriza

Mu makomera g'omu Bungereza, kkooti z'ensi yonna tezisobola kukomya bikolwa bya Paalimenti olw'okuba mu lukiiko lwa gavumenti ye y'etongodde. Kyokka, akakwakkulizo ka Human Rights aka 1998 kakkiriza kkooti okutongoza “etteeka erigaana enkola ya demokulase,” nga liraga nti etteeka limenya endagaano egoberera etteeka lya Bulaaya ku ddembe ly'obuntu. Paalimenti esigaddewo ekisembayo, esaza esazaamu amateeka. Okunoonyereza kuno okusobola okugooza entegeka entegeka entegeka nfugezo ezikwata ku demokulase. Act Act errect of Human Rights

Ekyokulabirako ky’Abakanada: Ebiwandiiko by’Oluganda Okwejjukanya n’Ekipande eky’Okwerinda

Ekiragiro kya Canada’s Constitution Act, 1982 nga mwe muli ne Charter of Rights and Freedoms, kiwa kkooti enzikiriziganya obungi okuziddamu. Kyokka, Ekigaba 33:___w'ekibiina entegeka za gavumenti” nga ze ziggulawo obukiiko obwawula amateeka mu mateeka.[1][2] Gakozesa eddembe ly'ebiwandiiko eby'ebiwandiiko eby'eddakiika ttaano. Gavumenti eno okusobola okugonjoola obulungi eddembe ly'ab'obuyinza bw'amateeka n'enfuga amateeka ga gavumenti.

Kkooti za Bulaaya Ezikwata ku Ssaddaaka

Ensi nnyingi mu Bulaaya zirina enkiiko eza bulijjo ezikubiriza obusomi amateeka ageegobererwa nga tegannaba kufuga mu ngeri eyo era nga zejjukanya (abantu kinnoomu okwemulugunya). Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti ya Bugirimaani ekola ekirango enzikkiriza amateeka agakwata ku kwewa yekka, okwogera awatali kuwalirizibwa, n'okukuuma obubaka, ebikola ku mateeka. Kkooti ya Justice of the European Union ne European Court of Human Rights ewandibweko obwenkanya amateeka, ewanjudde mu ngeri y'okwekereza, era n'ekola enteekateeka ey'okukuuma eddembe eri mu nsi.

Emisango Egitegeeza Okutunula mu Lulango

Okugaziya Eddembe Lyabwe Kubwe

  • [[NT:0] Mapp v. Ohio (11961]): Yayisa mu kkooti ez'enjawulo, ne kiremesa obujulizi obusobola okuweebwa nga onoonyezesezza nnyo oba nga weekwase ebikalu.
  • [[:0] Miranda v (1966): Poliisi yali ekyetaagisa okutegeeza abo abagilinako obwannannyini okusirika n'okuteesa nga tebannabuuza ba ddembe ery'okutongozaamu omulimu.
  • [[NKULA:0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Obufumbo obwakkiriziddwa mu mateeka nga bukwatagana na buli omu bw'ekikula mu ggwanga lyonna, nga bugamba nti, Amereka ag'okugatta aga kkumi na kimu gawandisizza obufumbo ka bube bwa buli kika kya 14.
  • [[AK'AWULA] LAWREnce v [2003]] ('%): Amateeka agafuga omuddomi, nga gaafaayo ku nkolagana ey'oku lusegere.

Okukebera Gavumenti n’Obutayagala Batuuke ku Bukulembeze

  • [[NKULULA] United States v. Nixon (1974): Kino kyagaana omukulembeze Nixon okuba n'enkizo ey'okufuga en'empandika ye yonna, ne kimuwaliriza okuwanyisa kaseti za Watergate.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Clinton v. City of New York'1998: Ekirala kyagobererwa ekiva ku lukalala ekiyitibwa Learn Veto Act, ekyawa Prezidenti obuyinza okusazaamu ebintu ebisaasaanyizibwa nga tewali lukusa.
  • [[NKULULA] Espartema ya Homeland Security v. Regents of University of California 2020): Yazuula ekifo ekitegekebwa Trump nga kinoonya endowooza n'enkyukakyuka ku DCA.

Okuvumirira n’Okusoomooza

Obuzibu bw’Akakiiko k’Abaziyiza

Abalamuzi bwe batalondebwa kussaawo mateeka agateerebwawo amapeesa, bawa abo abatuula ku mayumba g'abantu mu kifo ky'amateeka gaabwe. Alexander Bickel kye kimu ku bizibu ebyamanyibwa ennyo mu kusala emisango.” Abakuutivu bagamba nti okunoonyereza kukuuma obutundu n'eddembe ebisookerwako ebiyinza okubuusibwa amaaso n'ebya demokulase era nti eddiini y'emu ewa demokulase ekiwandiiko ekya demokulase ekikugira ennyo eby'obufuzi.

Okukugira Okusalirako omusango

Abavumirira ennyo bavumirira kkooti nti “zirina obutuuti obwa 'bulamuzi'' bwe zisala amateeka,' nga zitendereza“ ez'amateeka okukugira". Naye bwe zoogera ku makanisa. Naye, ennukuta zino ziteekeddwamu endowooza za njawulo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abakuza ] Bannabyabufuzi mu United[ (okukubiriza amateeka agakwata eby'ewandikiro) bayinza okukkirizisa [ Obergefell[[] (nga bassawo nfumbiri z'abagassessaamu , era n'obukaba nga bakyazaamu obukyamu. Mu butuufu, abalamuzi bonna bannyonnyola; okubuuza obanga bagoberera amakulu agasooka ag'enyanjulaalaalaala eky'empala eky'empala ekiri mu mateeka oba enzirogo.

Okutuukiriza Obuvunaanyizibwa bw’Okusalawo

Mu nsi nnyingi, enkola ey'okulonda abalamuzi efuuse ya maanyi nnyo mu by'obufuzi.

Okuyimirizaawo n’Ebikolwa by’Enkola

Mu 1937, Prezidenti Franklin Roosevelt yateekateeka okwongera ku nkola endala mukaaga mu kkooti enkulu oluvannyuma lw'okusaanyawo programu ye eya New Deal. Olukiiko olwo lwalemererwa, naye ekikolwa kino kiraga engeri amatabi g'eby'obufuzi gye gayinza okugezaako okukomya omulamuzi atalina kisa. Ebirowoozesebwa nabyo byaddamu okujjuulibwa mu myaka mitono egyakayita, nga kino kyaleetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku nkola y'okunoonyereza okw'ekitongole kya kkooti ekya Division.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Okwejjukanya Omusango

Enjigiriza Ezikyuka

Enjigiriza z'okusala emisango bwe zigenda zikyuka. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika okukyusa endowooza y'obusobozi n'empandikibwa ebigambo, nga bukubirizibwa Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia era nga yeeyongerayo abantu aba bulijjo, kiyinza okukendeeza ku bukuumi bw'eddembe ly'abantu. Mu kiseera kye kimu, kkooti entono era ne gavumenti zeeyongera okutaputa amateeka g'ensi okusobola okuwa obukuumi okusinga Amateeka g'ensi.

Eby’Obuyinjaba n’Ebyabwe

Tekinologiya wa disitulikiti ayoleka obuzibu mu kunoonyereza okw'okuna. Kkooti ziteekwa okusalawo engeri Omutemwa ogw'okuna gye gukwatamu ebintu ebizingirwa mu busenge bwa serveri oba nga tegukyali mu lukalala lwa kompyuta. Era ne ku ngeri emisingi egy'eddembe ery'okwogera gye gifunze mu bifo eby'enjawulo. Karperter v. United States [2018], Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti gavumenti erina lukusanyaze olw'okutongo olw'okuzuula obuwandikiro, nga kikkiriza nti terikwasizza buwandikiro ebyafaayo ebirengo eby'ebyafaayo ebireetebwa, nga bikakasa ekkakafu ebirengo eby'ebiteego.

Enkyukakyuka mu Nsi Yonna

Mu nsi nga Hungary, Poland, ne Butuluuki, gavumenti ziremerezza kkooti z'amateeka, ensala z'amateeka, era ne zisaasaanyizza abalamuzi abeekusifu. Okwetongoza ku gavumenti empya kulaga nti gavumenti tezikyamye. Kyokka, kkooti za Africa zigenda zikyusiza eddembe ly'obuntu ne eddembe ly'obuntu, era ziwa abalamuzi essuubi ery'okwetongoza eddembe ly'obuntu.

fundikira

Mu kunoonyereza ku bikwata ku balamuzi, okusobola okuggyawo amateeka n'ebikolwa bya bannakyewa, kiba kikulu nnyo okukebera ebitongole ebikola ku nsonga z'amateeka. Enzivuunula y'amateeka esobozesa kkooti okumenya amateeka n'enkola za gavumenti, era ekuuma n'obusobozi bwa mateeka okutakontana. Buli muntu okusala omusango ku Marbury[ ] era ne gulaga obusobozi bwe gulina obw'okukyusa, ate nga n'okuvumirira okutaavunavuna ebika byagwo, n'okujjumbula, n'okujjuzisa obubonereempuzaamu, obujulirwamu, obujulizingirwa mu lukalala lwokkakka lusinziira ku mateeka amanya, ne ku ku ku ku kulondoola amateeka amapya.