Table of Contents
Ensibuko y’Etteeka ery’Okubeera ng’Abantu Benkanankana
Constitution y'Amerika eggulawo emisingi egikwata ku kulingana okw'omu mateeka okuyitira mu ngeri endala ez'enjawulo.
Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Ana: Okukuumibwa n’Engeri Esaanira
Mu mwaka gwa 1868, Ekitongole eky'Eddamba eky'e 144 Ekirala eky'okukwata Claus(""O'eggwanga lino... tekijja kugaana muntu yenna ali mu buyinza obukyenkana okukuuma amateeka"[1] kye ky'omulembe ogusingayo okuba ogw'amaanyi mu by'amateeka okusobola okulaga nti buli kyenkana. Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza olukalala olw'enkola okugaana obusosoze mu ntegeka z'eggwanga ne gavumenti ez'omu kitundu okusobola okusososolwako. [FOF] Era, amateeka g'eggwanga, n'ebiwandiiko ebirala ebikekwasebwa byagookebwa, nga "66] ate nga ate oluvannyuma, gavumenti esaba gavumenti okulaga obutuufu obw'enjawulo. era n'empala, ebitongole ebireeteerese mu ngeri y'emu ne mu ku nsonga ezisinga obungi.[5]
Empeera ey’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri, n’Eyan’Amakumi Abiri: Okugaba Eddembe
Olukalala lw'ekkumi n'enkumi (1870) lugaana okulonda olukalala olwesigamye ku "race, langi, oba embeera ey'emabega ey'obuddu". Amerekath Amerekary (1920) yagaziyizza abakazi, ate nga Amakumi abiri mu Ssexth Amerekancence (197) bwe kityo, okulonda ne kikendeeza emyaka 18. Kat'ateekako amateeka ga Volga ku ddembe, olutalo olw'okulonda obwenkanankanankanankanankanankanankana olwesigamye ku mateeka n'enkola eya bulijjo. Kkooti enkulu mu [FLD:0] Shelby County v. Hamer[FLD:3] (20:3) yakubaganye n'akakwakko ku mateeka agafuga enneekiso, ne k'amateeka agaakulamya enkola empya.
Omusango Egufuga Eddembe ly’Obwannannyini mu Kitongole kya Lebano
Enteekateeka eno etaddewo amateeka ag’amaanyi agafuga n’okugateeka ku buli kimu ekiba kikoleddwa mu mateeka.
Akakwate ka Kkooti ka Ga Gavumenti y’Enfuna za Kisirikale aka 1964
Ekiragiro kino kigaana okusosola mu bifo ebya lukale (mu maduuka, mu bifo ebisulwamu abantu abangi, mu bifo ebiragibwa) nga kyesigamye ku langi, langi, eddiini, oba ensi. Ekiragiro VII kigaana abakozesa obutasosola mu kukozesa, okutta, oba okusasula ku nsonga ze zimu, era n'okutegeeza olubuto, okwetaba, n'okwesasuza. Act era yatandikawo ekitongole ekikwata ku mulimu ne kinoonyereza ku ngeri y'okumenya amateeka n'okumenya amateeka. Méritator Bank v. VFLson v[FL:] (1986]), Kkooti ey'okukungulwamu ekitwala nti okutulugunya abalala mu mubiri gwa VII. Ekkootikko ek'okusembyewo kitwala ekitongole kigaziwandikiro kya LCI kigaziye ku bantu kinnoomu.[2][2][5]
Abaamereka Abalina Omuze gw’Okulema (ADA) Ogwa 1990
ADA egaana okusosola abantu abaliko obulemu ku mirimu, ku mirimu, ku by'entambula, ne ku bifo byonna ebya lukale. Kiba kyetaagisa "ssulo ennyangu" okuggyako ng'aw'okusula galeeta "obuzibu obutagwa butatuusibwa" ku mukama wo oba ku ddomenti. ADA ennyonnyola obutakaluubiina bwa maanyi obusinga(mu mubiri oba mu bwongo obusobozesa omuntu okufuna obuzito, okukomya omulimu gw'obulwadde, oba okutwalibwa ng'owaze. Olutimbe I olwa ADA lugobererwa ekitongole kya EEOC; omutwe II ne III kigoberera amateeka agagonjola okusobozesa omuntu okufuna enkula y'ebizimbe, okutambula, oba eby'ebyuma bya tekinologiya, wadde nga bitwalibwa ng'embeera y'eyo.
Atteeka erikwata ku ddembe eryakolebwa mu 1965 (nga lyakyusibwa)
Ekikolo kino kyawera enkola ey'okulonda, nga mw'otwalidde n'okukebera ebitongole ebinoonya abantu basomese oba okulonda omusolo. Ekitundu 2 kigaana ebisaanyizo byonna ebiva mu kulonda ekiviirako okugaana obululu oba okuggibwa mu langi. Ekiwandikiro 5 kyali kyetaagisa entegeka ezimu okusala enfuga nga zigoberera enkola y'ekitongole eky'obwenkanya okusobola okulonda abantu nga tewannakyusa mateeka agakwata ku ku balonda. Shelby County[, Congresssions ewarts ebadde tetaddewo nkola nkyukakyuka empya, era n'ebisawandikiro bingi okusobola okuggyamu enkyungi ennyo enkyukakyuka eziba nga zikola ku bayiti n'amateeka agavvumba oba agavvuunulira ddala ago, okuva ku ntandikwa y'okuyingiza mu n'okuvvumba obuvvuunuunufu mu kibiina 2.
Ekikolwa eky’Okubeeramu Amayumba mu 1968
Ekitongole ekirabirira emirimu mu kifo ekyo kiziyiza obusosoze mu kutunda ennyumba, okuwamba, n'okusasula ssente ezikozesebwa mu kutunda, langi, eddiini, obukaba, obuwangwa, ebweru w'eggwanga, n'obulema. Ekitongole ekikola ku kuddaabiriza ebizimbe oba ebizimbe ebizimbe (HUD) kinoonyereza ku kwewozesa okw'okugobererwa. Wadde nga akakwate ako kakyaliwo, obulembezi obuva mu byafaayo, okugoba, n'okusosola mu nsi. Act yakyusibwa mu 1988 okusobola okunyweza ebyuma by'okukuuma abaana n'abantu abalina obulema.
Engeri Ezikolebwamu Ebikwata ku Kiruubirirwa
Okusobola okufuula abantu bonna okuba ng'ababalingani, kyetaagisa okunoonyereza, okusomesa, n'okugobererwa ebitongole bya gavumenti.
Enteekateeka y’Emirimu Egimu (EEOC)
EEOC ennyonnyola era n'ekwasisa amateeka agakugira obusosoze mu mirimu. Ago gayisibwa obwetaavu obusukka mu 60,000 buli mwaka. Ekitongole kino kinoonyereza ku bye kivunaana abawabuzi, okugezaako okukuba emikutu gy'empuliziganya, era kiyinza okuwandiika ebiwandiiko ebijulira omusango ku bakozi babwe. Mu 2022, ku bwa bokka, EEOC yawandiisa obuwumbi bwa doola obusukka mu 500 okusobola okudduusibwamu ssente.
Ekitongole ekikola ku bwenkanya kyawula eddembe ly'obuntu
Kkoyiro erina obuyinza okuvunaana gavumenti olw'okumenya amateeka ga poliisi agakwata ku buteeso bw'enkola n'obusobozi bw'eby'eddwaliro, era n'okugootaanya obutongole. Obubonero obwawula eddembe mu mateeka butwaliramu okunoonyereza mu bitongole bya poliisi mu nkola ezikontana n'amateeka era n'amateeka agafuga abalonda abalonde abatono. Ekibiina era kikaka Amerika ne kigoberera enkola y'okumenya amateeka aga Critureasement ne Ettudiant Laurection.
Ekitongole ekirwanirira eddembe ly'eby'enjigiriza ku ddembe ly'obuntu (OCR)
OCR ewa omukisa okuteeka omutwe VI ku muteesiteesi y'Eddembe ly'Eddembe ly'eddembe ly'ekika kya Civil Rights Act (lwa RAS, langi, ensibuko y'eggwanga), Title IX (sox), ne Ekitundu 504 eky'omukagootaanyezebwa kw'amatendekero g'eby'enjigiriza okuweebwa ensawo za gavumenti. OCR yanoonyereza ku kutulugulwa kw'eggwanga, okutulugunyizibwa mu by'empaka, n'obutaba na wa kusuzibwako kwa bayizi abalema. Mu 2024, abatuuti ba Biden baawe baawe ebiragiro ebipya ebyakyusa empagibwa Trump-era ku masomero g'eby'okwetaba era ne kikuuma LGBTQ.
Okunnyonnyola Okusingayo Obukulu mu Kkooti
Kkooti esingayo obukulu ereeseewo amakulu g’okwenkanankana okuyitira mu misango emingi egikwata ku mateeka agafuga ensi n’amateeka agagifuga.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Ekiragiro bonna baasalawo ekisinziirwako ku "Kyawukana ate kyenkana" enjigiriza y'ekika era ne bagamba nti ekika ky'enjawukana mu masomero ga gavumenti kikontana n'obukuumi obwa Claus. Kkooti yagamba nti okugaba kuleetawo ekika kya wansi mu baana b'omu Afirika nti "kikubiriza omwana okuyiga." Ekiragiro kyaviirako abantu okuwakanya enjawukana mu langi, naye mu nkomerero kyafuuka omusingi gwa mateeka ogw'okuva mu bifo byonna ebibeeramu abantu.
Long v. Virginia (1967)
Kkooti yamenya amateeka ga gavumenti agagaana abantu okufumbiriganwa olw'obusosoze, nga bakitwala nti obufumbo bulina okukkirizibwa era nti okulondebwa kw'eggwanga kulina okwekenneenyezebwa ennyo. Omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren yawandiika, "Mu Mateeka gaffe, eddembe ery’okuwasa oba ery'okuwasa, omuntu ow’eggwanga eddala abeera ku muntu oyo era tayinza kumenyebwa gavumenti. ”
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
Kkooti yagamba nti Kkooti eno yalina okuwa etteeka l'okukkiriza okugattika obufumbo obw'ekikula ekya 14 era n'okukkiriza obufumbo obw'ekikula ekimu. Endowooza y'abalamuzi abasinga obungi ab'omu Kennedy baaggumiza nti okufumbiriganwa ‘ kintu kikulu nnyo mu ntegeka yaffe ey'omu nkolagana yaffe ne bantu ab'obukaba era nti okuggyako abafumbo ab'omu kibiina ekyo kibagaana obukuumi bwenkanankana. okusalawo okukkirizibwa mu mateeka okw'obwegattika okw'ekikula wadde nga okusoomooza okuddirira mu by'obufuzi n'eddiini kweyongera.
Abayizi mu Fair Adgings n’omunaana Harvard (2023)
Mu kusalawo 6-3, kkooti yasattulula programu ezikwata ku kugaana enzijanjaba mu Harvard ne University of North Carolina, nga yagamba nti programu ng'ezo zikontana ne programu ezifuga enkola ya Claus. Kkooti yasalawo nti obukolobozi bwa yunivasite busobola okulowooza ku ngeri ekika gye kikwata ku bulamu bw'omuntu eyasaba okusosolamu abantu mu langi naye nga tebuyinza kukozesa langi ndala okumanyisa oba okuyingiza abangi mu nkyukakyuka mu mateeka gaamu.
Emitindo gy’Empisa n’Egy’Abantu ab’Omu Nsi
Ebitundu bingi n’eby’omu kibuga birina enkola ey’okwekuuma abantu bonna nga bwe basukka ku mateeka g’eggwanga.
Ebikolwa by’Ekiruubirirwa ky’Ekyokulabirako kya Gavumenti
Eggwanga nga California, New York, ne Illinois lirina amateeka agafuga obusosoze mu bika (nga mw'otwalidde okwetaba, obukaba, obuwangwa, n'essente eziva mu bufumbo) naye era agakkirizibwa mu mateeka aga gavumenti ezimu gakkiriza okuteekamu ebisale bingi n'okusobozesa okufuna eddagala erimala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, enzijanjaba y'amateeka esobozesa okuteeka ku mitawaanya ku buli kika kya California Fair Broughtscation ne Holustration Act okuggyawo ebisale ebyava ku kwegatta abakozesa.
Okulwanyisa obumenyi obw'omu kitundu
Ebibuga n'ebitongole bitera okuyisa amateeka agakuuma abantu nga batulugunyizibwa mu maka, abawanguzi b'eby'amateeka oba abo abawandiisiddwa obuwandiike. Ebitundu ebimu bitaddewo kakiiko akakola ku ddembe ly'obuntu okunoonyereza ku kweemulugunya, okuleka enteekateeka z'eggwanga ez'amaanyi. Mu butaba na mateeka ga gavumenti agakwata ku kwetabaganya eby'okwetaba okutuusa mu 2009, ebibuga bingi biyisa obukyayi mu mateeka agagooleka obukyayi.
Ebizibu Ebituuka ku Kubeera Abantu Abalinga Omu Mateeka
Wadde nga waliwo amateeka agakugira abantu okukola ebintu ebikyamu, abantu balina okweyongera okusosola bannaabwe mu mawanga amalala.
Obusosoze mu Bwenkanya mu Bumenyi bw’Amateeka
Ekiragiro kino kiraga nti mu Amerika, okusobola okugonjoola ensonga eziba zikkiriziddwa, abakwasiddwa amateeka babadde bagoberera enkola y'obukulembeze bw'ekitongole kya Claus mu ngeri entegekebwamu.
Okutulugunyizibwa mu Ngeri y’Obuntu n’Okuyigganyizibwa ku Mulimu
Act ekikolera ku mutemwa gwa 1963 ne VII tegusobodde kuggyawo omusaala ogw'abasajja. Okusinziira ku National Parnership for Women & Families, abakazi bafuna amasanti 84 buli doola ge bassente ze baafuna okuva ku basajja nga 2022, nga kino kisobozesa abakyala okusaasaanyizibwawo n'amasasi amanene. Omuwendo: #MeToo gwayasaasa eby'okubeesa eby'okubeetabaganya eby'okwetaba mu makolero ne mu kukola ebyuma, nga End Formand Arbitration of Sexual Assaucity and Sexual Ad Act 2022, ekikkiriza abakozi okuyingiza ebiteeso mu kkooti mu kifo eky'okukakaatirwa obutongole obwannannyini.
Okukugirwa n’Okuvumibwa
Oluvannyuma lw'okusalawo mu lukiiko, amawanga agawera gaateekawo amateeka agaagootaanyezza obululu, okulonda okusooka okukendeezako, era n'okukuggyamu obuvvubi. Ekitongole ekya 2020 Brennan Center kyakizuula nti emiwendo gino gikwata ku bantu bato batono abaagalwako n'abo abaakavvuwaanyi. Felony develocement, ereak'okulonda eddembe lya bantu abalina enzikiriza ez'ekikaawuka kya Amerika, nga 50,000, nga balina obusokeseera obw'amaanyi obw'ekika. Wabula, amawanga agamu gagaziyimu eddembe ly'okulonda obuvvumbuzi n'okugoba obutongoze.
LGBTQ+ Entegeka Esingawo ku Mufumbo
Wadde [[NKULA:0] Lipoota yawaanya okulingana mu bufumbo, eggwanga nnyingi tezirina bukuumi bwa nnamaddala eri LGBTQ+ abantu abali mu nnyumba, emirimu, n'ebifo ebya lukale. A 2023 Movement Advement Advamentmentive Project Kino kyalaga nti gavumenti nga 30 nga tezirina bukuumi obw'enkumbo obw'enkomeredde olwa LGBQ+. Kkooti enkulu teriiko kye zisalawo mu [[FLY:]303] C v. ENKULAUMENTINVU[[FL:] 2023] Kino kyalaga nti omukutu gwa kompyuta teguyinza kukola mikutu gya lukalala ku nzikiriza ez'enzikiriza ez'enzikiriza ez'enzikiriza ez'enjawulo. Okukulisaamu okuwerako, okuwerakobalira mu mbeera y'enkyukakyuka mu by'omukinya ey'omulembe omulembero ogutongo oguva mu mateeka omulembedde mu mateeka.
Enkola ez’Omu Mateeka ez’Okutuukiriza Obusosoze
Obusosoze bukolebwa okuyitira mu kunoonyereza kwa gavumenti, n’okuddukanya emirimu gy’ebitongole.
Kye Tulina Okukola Kye Kimu
Ekiragiro kino kikkiriza abantu okusasulwa butereevu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omukozi ayinza okusala omusango ku mutwe gwa kompyuta nga bw'afuna obusongasonga ku EEOC. Abakozi baawerera ddala ssente ezibaweebwa, okukomezebwawo, okusasulwa, n'okusasula ssente eziweebwayo abakungu ba gavumenti. Ekiragiro kiwandikiro kiyinza okusala obusosoze mu nkola y'ekitongole nga kiri ku .Dukos v. Walmart Storets, Inc. (20) okuva bwe kiri nti Kkooti enkulu ekozesebwa kko. '201]
Okwemulugunya kw’Omulimu gw’Obwakabaka
Okusaasaanyizza okwemulugunya ku kitongole nga EEOCR, OCR, oba HUD kuyinza okuba nga kukendeera ate nga ku kigero kya waggulu. Abakola bano bayinza okunoonyereza, okuzuula ebizuuliddwa, era ne bagezaako okubuuliriza ebiwandikiddwa. Omuntu bw'afuna ebbeesaawo ebituufu, ayinza okuvunaanibwa ab'ekitongole ekyo. Kyokka, ebiwandiiko by'ensimbi tekitera kuba na ssente nnyingi nnyo; ng'ekyokulabirako, embalirira y'e EOC ereeba tezikubaddeko n'etuukagana na muwendo gwa miwawundibwe, era nga kivaamu okulinda okumala ekiseera kiwanvu.
Amateeka agafuga enkola y'ebiragiro
Ekitongole ekikola ku by'obwenkanya kiyinza okuvunaana gavumenti oba gavumenti z'omu kitundu oba abakozesa abakulu olw'okukola oba okusosola mu nkola. Enkwabyo bino biyinza okuviirako enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi okukolebwa, gamba ng'amateeka agakkiriza okukolebwa enkyukyuka ezeetaagisa okutendekebwa kwa poliisi, enkola ez'okulonda abantu abawandisizza, oba enkola ey'okulonda. Ekitongole kya DOJ'Civil Rights Division kikozesezza obuyinza buno okusoomooza enkyuuka z'amayumba, embeera z'amakomera, n'okumenya amakomera g'essomero, era n'okumenya amateeka agagobeetaagoberezza abaana abatono ennyo.
Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Abantu Abenkanankana
Endowooza y’okulingana okw’omu mateeka mu Amerika yesigamye ku nkola z’eby’obufuzi, ez’abantu, n’ez’okusala emisango eby’enkalakkalira.
Ekikolwa eky’Okukuŋŋaana Ennzikiriza
Akakwakulizo kaaweebweko amasasi mangi okusobola okunyweza okuteeba kw'abantu benkanankana. Act esobozesa abantu okwegatta n'abasajja okumanyibwa ng'okusinziira ku mateeka ga gavumenti agafuga oba obwanannyini, yayisa ennyumba naye n'esigala mu kkooti. John Lewis Voting Rights Adveriment Act egendererwa okuzzaawo ebisaanyizo ebibadde by'okumanyibwa nga Shelby County[[FL:1]. Ekangajjo ziyinza okuteekako ssente eziyinza okukkirizibwa mu ggwanga, ne zigaziwangiza Amerika ne kimenyesebwa nga kimenyesemenyesemenyetso ky'enviro n'omutindo (CRGUM).
Okuziyiza n'Okuziyiza ebireetebwawo gavumenti
Gavumenti y'ensi egenda etandika okussaawo abirabo ebiyamba mu kugaziwa n'okukugira okulingana. California, New York, ne Washington bataddewo amateeka ageetaagisa okusasula n'okuwera obusosoze mu mawanga. Wabula, ente nga Florida ne Texas zitaddewo amateeka agakugira okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku langi n'ekikula, okukendeeza obusosoze mu biwandiike, era n'okuziyiza obusosoze obw'enjawulo mu ssemikoro. Enkola zino ziyinza okuvaamu okusoosa okw'enjawulo ku makulu g'okwegatta abadduukirize mu nsi yonna.
Tekinologiya n'Ai Bias
Ago ago gayinza okuvaamu ebintu ebiyinza okuvaamu obuzibu mu njigiriza y'obukuumi ereetebwawo (ekyetaagisa omuntu okusosolwa mu bugenderevu). EEOC ne FTC bawa obulagirizi ku ngeri y'okukwatamu ensonga eziragibwa mu buli tteeka, naye tewali tteeka lya gavumenti liyinza okulagira nti eddiini teyenkanankana.
Mu kufundikira, okukakasibwa kw'amateeka mu Amereka okw'obwenkana kw'ebadde nkola etwaliramu empandiika y'amateeka mu mateeka agafuga amateeka, okukuba obukiiko bw'eggwanga, okunnyonnyola ensonga ezikwata ku nkola y'amateeka, okugobererwa kwa bannabyabufuzi. Ebitongole eby'ensi yonna eby'enkola ebbeeyi y'enkola ey'okussaawo enjawukana mu mateeka, okugobererwa kw'amateeka, n'entegeka z'abantu, era n'okukulembedde mu mateeka gaamu, byonna awamu n'eby'ensonga ez'amateeka byetaateeka mu bantu mu mateeka, byonna bikoleddwawo mu ngeri y'okwegatta era n'ensonga ez'ensonga zonna eziba teziikiikiikiikiikiikiikiddwa mu mateeka.
[[NKUMBO:0] Okusobola okwongera okusoma ku by'entegeka ey'omu mateeka ey'okwawukanya, laba Ekitongole ekikola ku by'amateeka ebiyamba ekibiina okuzuula enkalala, olukalala EC] olw'endagiriro ezitongole [, n'ekiremauka'omulimu ku by'amateeka.