Enjigiriza eno erina amakulu mangi nnyo eri abantu abaagala okuyingiza abakungu ba gavumenti mu mpaka za gavumenti z'ensi yonna. Era esobozesa abo abaagala okuyisa obulungi abakungu ba gavumenti, abakuumi, oba abakungu ba gavumenti okumenya eddembe lyabwe. Omuntu yenna amenya amateeka ga gavumenti ne yeewa obukuumi obw'amaanyi eri ab'obuyinza mu gavumenti, era ereetera obutereevu okulemesa ab'obuyinza okuba n'ab'obuyinza okuba n'obuyinza ku gavumenti okulwanirira obwenkanya. Okutegeera ensonga eri wakati wa poliisi n'obutebenkenkevu, kyetaagisa nnyo eri omuntu yenna okumenya enzijanjaba eri ebibiina by'eggwanga.

Emirandira gy’Obufuzi bw’Eggwanga

Ensibuko y’Omukutu ogw’Akataano

Enjigiriza ey'okwefuga okw'ensi mu Amereka egoberera ensibuko yaayo eya Lwiragiro olw'enkola eyagobererwa mu 1795. Okutereeza okwo kwali kusalawo kwa nnawookeera wa Ssekukkulu mu 1793. Ekika kya Chisholm v. Georgia[, kkooti gye yasinziira nti omutuuze omu yekka ayinza okutwalibwa mu kkooti y'ensi emu. Gavumenti yasindika mangu mangu ku lukiiko olumu okuzza empagikkiriza empagifuge mu kkooti y'ensi yonna. Ate era gavumenti za gavumenti zaalagira nti gavumenti ez'empandika mu ggwanga erina okuzzawo gavumenti ez'enjawulo okuzza etteeka erifuga. Ate nga mu kkooti enkulu mu Amerika tezirimukkiriziddwamu. [Ekko]

Ekiviirako Eggwanga Okutabaala

Abo abawagira obusobozi bw'okwefuga bagamba nti kikuuma ebbeeyi za gavumenti obutayonoonebwa olw'enkuumu za gavumenti, era nti gavumenti zisobola okuteekamu eby'obugagga okusinziira ku ebyo ebisoosa ebizingirwa mu mateeka mu kifo ky'okusala emisango. Era kikuuma eddembe n'okwefuga mu nsi nga zissa kimu mu ntegeka z'ensi. Awatali kugobererwa, gavumenti ziyinza okuwalirizibwa okulwanirira ebbeesaawo obutuufu bw'amateeka, ne kiyinza okukomya obusobozi bwabwe obw'okufuga. Kyokka, okukontana n'ensonga zino ziyinza okuziganya n'ensonga ezireeteebbe nga teziriiko kigwana buggirawo. Obukuufu wakati w'obufuzi bwa gavumenti n'obuwagizi bwa gavumenti.

Engeri Enteekateeka y’Okukolagana n’Eddembe ly’Omukungu wa gavumenti gye Ziragamu nti Zirina Okukolagana n’Ekyokulabirako kya Nnamaddala

Ekizibu Ekiri mu Kugoba Gavumenti mu Buwagguzi

Omuntu bw'aba amenyeddwa eddembe ly'abantu erikolebwako abazannyi ba ssemateeka, n'ekivaamu, omusirikale akozesa amaanyi agasingawo ng'akwatibwa.(kaadi eyo y'ekozesebwa okusemba ekitongole kya gavumenti ekikozesa omukungu wa gavumenti. Naye, obuteefu bwonna busiba zisuti butereevu ku gavumenti oba ebitongole byayo mu kkooti y'ensi. Kino kitegeeza nti ne bwe kiba nti omukungu amenyese empaka, ayinza obutasobola kufuna ebiva mu ggwanika lya gavumenti okusasula ssente okuggyako nga waawaliwo.

Abakungu ab’Eggwanga Abassa Obubi mu Buwanguzi Bwabwe

Enjawulo eriwo wakati w'okusingisa omukungu wa gavumenti mu buyinza bwe n'obusobozi bwe obw'omulembe. Essuti ez'omukungu okusobola okuweerera ddala si kibinja ekiwakanya gavumenti era tekkirizibwa gavumenti olw'obuteefukufukufu. Empalana ey'enkalakkalira enoonya okuwanirira omukungu omu mu mateeka akkirizibwa olw'enkola ye eya bulijjo. Ssatu ng'ezo tezikkirizibwa olw'obuteefugeka bwa gavumenti kubanga omukungu, so si gavumenti, ye n'eba ng'ekibiina ekya ddala ekizingirwamu. Kyokka, empatuuti ezisobola okwerwanako zitera okwolekagana n'ennamba ezitako, ng'ezo ezikuuma abakungu ba gavumenti obutabaako kakwate ne “teeteeka mu mateeka agaawula mu bulombolombo obwa bulijjo.

Omulimu ogwa 42 Amereka ← ← 1983

Consert eyakola nga 42.C. 1983, mu kakwate ka Civil Rights Act eya 1871 okugabula eddagala erikwata ku bantu abakkirizibwa mu mateeka era nga baatyolwa eddembe lyabwe mu mateeka." Ekyaww'omwaka 1983 tekireeseewo ddembe lya nukuta; kiwagidde okukakasibwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Kkooti esinga obukulu ekkiriza nti 76 1983 tergyment tergystement kufuga gavumenti. Laba Quern [[FL:1], 440], nga kimaze okuteezesebwa ne obuvunaanyizibwa obw'amaanyi. Kyokka, mu 1983, Kkootikko ebeera nti Kkomero erisingako abakungufu mu buyinza bwabwe era ne mu kifo eky'okukikuuma.

Ebiraga Eŋŋamira z’Abakungu ba Gavumenti

Wadde ng’abakungu ba gavumenti balina obukuumi, bangi abataddewo enkola ezikkiriza abantu okuttira ku bazannyi ba gavumenti.

Waiver Ewakolebwa gavumenti

Gavumenti eyinza okutongoza gavumenti kyeyagalire, mu ngeri eyo ne kiremesa obusobozi bw'okuziyiza obusobozi bw'okulwanyisa obusosoze. Waiver ayinza okubaawo okuyitira mu lulimi olw'amateeka oba nga yeeyingiza mu nsonga eziraga nti etteeka lirina okukkirizibwa. Gavumenti nnyingi ziwagidde okugaana ebiteeso ng'okumenya amateeka agamu, nga mw'otwalidde n'okumenya amateeka agafuga, okukugira ebisaanyizo n'obunafu bw'ebimenyesebwa obusaawerengo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Tort Acts Acts zikkirizibwa okuzigguliza ab'obuyinza ku ggwanga lyazo, naye eyawawaansi yaayitirr atera okumenya amateeka agamu n'okumenya etteeka eririna obukwasifu, naye nga teyesemba mateeka agatali gago.

Okutongozebwa kw’Ekizimbe mu Kitundu 5 eky’Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ennya

Constitution ewa Consert obuyinza okuyisa Kkooti ey'ekkumi n'ena mu “tteeka erituufu” wansi w'Ekitundu 5. Kkooti enkulu ebadde egamba nti Consert eyinza okukugira gavumenti okwefuga singa eyoleka bulungi ekigendererwa kyayo era singa amateeka gateekako enkola ey'okugikozesa mu Kitundu 5 eky'obuyinza. Ekyaw'okussaawo amateeka gagikoleramu. [A].[FL][FL]Sitricky vvvuvu 2.1], U.S. 445196666, kkooti ewagira obusokesesebwa bw'okusosokebwa kwa Kooti y'okugoba omulimu wansi w'Enzimbe z'ekiragiro. Era mu kkooti y'ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekimanyiddwa mu mu kkooti (AML) ekiwanjula ekiwandu, ekiwandu kiwandu kya Asvuvuukyusizza omuwe (EMMMM).[5][5]

Enjigiriza Egito Ennyo Egibadde Ku nkomerero

Emu ku njigiriza enkulu ennyo ezitakwata ku kwefuga kwe kuba nti Ex erroup Ekiwandiiko ekyawandiikibwa oluvannyuma lwa kkooti enkulu ey'omu 1908 Ex pacee Young, 209 U.S. 123. Enjigiriza eno ekkiriza abantu okunoonya obuweerero mu bakungu olw'okumenya amateeka. Omukungu amenya amateeka. Ekironde ky'afuga, eky'okuba nti omukungu asalawo amenya amateeka, aggibwako obuyinza bwe oba obuyinza bwe, era n'ensonga nti asobola okukkirizibwa. Mu buli kimu ku biragiro eby'ebiragiro ebyo, ebivumiddwa mu mateeka agakkiriza okugobererwa. [FLT:][FFFF:], ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole kigaana amateeka okugobera amateeka okugaana amateeka. Kino tekiba kye kiyinza okusobozesa okukyusiza mu nkola y'okugo.

Gavumenti ez’Omu Nsi n’Ebyafuga Obuwangwa

Ekirala eky'enjawulo kiri wakati wa gavumenti z'ensi n'ebitundu bya zokka. Monell v. Ekitongole ekirabirira ebitongole ebikola ku mbeera z'abantu, 658]. Kkooti enkulu yagamba nti, abantu mu bitundu bya gavumenti bakkirizibwa okukolagana ne “abantu. . . . . . . .C.M.C. tesobola kufuga kukwata ku bantu mu ngeri y'obutundu oba ebitongole bya gavumenti olw'obusobozi. Wabula, gavumenti ziyinza okukkirizibwa okumenya eddembe ly'okumenya eddembe lya bannannyini mateeka singa ebiba bivudde mu nkola y'obutongole, empisa, oba okukola ekintu ekirala (emirundi mingi kiyitibwa] okusobererwa mu mwaka gwa 1983.[FF]] Kino tekikkirizibwa mu kifo kya kuyisa bubi obukulembedde mu kibuga kino. Kyokka, gavumenti tezingirwamu ku bantu aba waggulu, ekitongole ekibadde nga babadde bakkirizza obuyambi bw'okugobereddwa mu ku nkola endala.

Okukulaakulana kwa Kkooti Enkulu okw’Ebyaka Bitono

Ebyo kkooti enkulu by’esazeewo biraga nti ensi egenda ekyukakyuka.

Allen Cooper (2020) ne Bayimbi bawandiisa

Mu Applen v. Cooper, 140 C.C. 994 (2020), kkooti yagamba nti kyenkana oba nga Consert yali emaze okusemba obusobozi obwa nnannyini ku busobozi obwagiwandiikiriza okumenya amateeka wansi w'ekitongole kya Kompyutapenti. Lestelevier yasalawo nti empula za North Carolina zikozese mmaapu ey'ekimenyesebwa nga tezikkiriza kukola kivumenti ya mu nnyanja. Kkooti yakkiriza nti okumenya amateeka tegalina bujulizi mu ngeri emala okuziganya ebikolebwa okulungamya enkola y'okumenya amateeka wansi w'Ekitundu 5. Okusala mu mateeka kunyweza omusingi oguva mu ku kugabaawula obwa bulijjo. Era, kkooti ennyonnyola ensonga ezikwata ku by'obugezigezi eyinza okugobeetaanyezebwa mu ngeri y'okumanyisaamu.

Torres . Madrid (2021) ne Alassorder

Mu [[NKULA:0] Torres v. Madrid, 141 S.C. 989 (2021), kkooti yayogera ku makulu ga “Emmeeri” wansi w'Olukalala olw'okuna olw'obuyinza obusingawo obunene mu gavumenti. Abakungu baasaabaza ekisolo mu mmotoka nga baddukanya, naye oluvannyuma ne banoonya obuyambi bwa bujja. Kkooti yakitwala nti omukungu agezaako okukwasa obuwambe ne bwe kiba nga yeekwesebwa. Omulaze bwewaze ne bwe kiba nga yeekwese. Omulango ogwo bwe guba nga guvudde ku bulungi obutuufu bw'ekitongole ekiteeyimirimu eky'etaano, gulaga engeri gye kiyinza okufulumya mu n'olupapula lwonna. Olukiiko olwo bwe lwayisa ebiteekiso mu kifo kya waggulu, olugazi lwokkanyaze olw'okutukira ku nsonga eyo, nga ku nsonga endala.[5][3]

Ebintu Ebirala Ebikulu Bye Tusalawo

Kkooti era eyogera ku buteefu ku nkola za gavumenti ezikwata ku bantu abasala ensumbi. Franse Tax Board ey'omu California v. Hyatt, 139 S. 1485 (2029), Kkooti efuga ekisinziirwako okukuumira gavumenti obutakwata bukuumi ku bantu ab'enkalakkalira mu kkooti ez'enjawulo.[FLT], okusalawo okwakwata ensonga eziyinza okuzibazibalira ekituli ku bantu abanoonya obuwato abanoonya obutuuti mu ntegekabukulu. Ate era, mu [[FL:]] Fir.[F.5] Kino kisobozesa ekibiina okuteekawo ekiwandiiko ekikkiriza enkola eyo okukibeeramu.[FLT]

Eby’Okukola mu Bifo Ebiyitibwa Plaintiff and Attorney

Olw'okuba kitwalibwa ng'enkunala, abakuumi balina okweyabiza ddala mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Ekisooka, kitegeezezza ddala oba ng'omuwayitibwa kifuuse kintu kya ggwanga, oba omukungu mu buyinza bwabwe, oba gavumenti ey'omu kitundu. Ekyasatu kye kiraga ekiyinza okukola. Ekyokubiri, noonya obuyambi mu bantu bwe basobola okufuna obusobola okusobola okufuna obusobola okugonjoola ensonga mu oba ekitundu kya gavumenti ekya bulijjo. [[FLT:]][1][FLY]][2]][Esatu] Kino kye kisalawo okukola nga kiremeddwawo. Bwe kiba kyetaagisa, kiba kyetaagisa okutegeeza abakungu kinnoomu nti balina okukola nga bagoberera amateeka. Obw'enjawulo, oba n'okunoonyereza embeera eba nga egobeeze mu kwe kugamba, oba nga bawandisizza mu nkola endala. Ekitongole ekimenya amateeka kiwakanya oba okutta ebitongole ekitongole ekiwayinja. Ekitongole ekigamba okuta, ekigamba nti ekitongole ekitongole ekiba kiyinza okukyusa oba ekiba ky'okugisawo, ekiba ky'okukyusizza ekitongole ekiba ky'oku

Attorney era alina okumanya ebisaanyizo eby'okumwegayirira ebisaanidde okukolebwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti. Ekkomo era liteekwa okutegeeza obuweerero era ne kilyoka kiragibwa bulungi obusobozi buli omu omu awayiriziddwa bw'aweebwa. Okulemererwa okubuteekako kiyinza okuleetera omuntu okugobebwa. Okugatta ku ekyo, etteeka ery'obukoma obutono, lirina okusooka okuwerezebwa emyaka esatu mu ngeri ya njawulo, naye essaawa eyinza okuzikwata ku ngeri gye ziyinza okuziyitamu okusinziira ku ngeri y'obusosoze gye buzzemu. Mu nkomerero, lowooza ku busobozi bwa kkooti y'eggwanga. Omufuzi tewandikiddwawo mu kkooti z'ensi yonna nga mu kkooti z'ekitongole; ezimu zirina okugaziwa oba okunnyonnyola okwawukana. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu enzirowo enzirowola ekiikirira essiraasaze mu kkooti ey'amateeka awatali kumenya amateeka. [5][5]

fundikira

Omuntu abadde yeetongodde aw'okubonerezebwako awatali buyambi bwa gavumenti ereme okukomya obusobozi bw'abantu abatuukiriza emitindo gy'amateeka. Enjigiriza eyo, esibuka mu kukyusa kwa Ente mu ngeri eya 11 n'ebyasa ebifuga, ekuuma eby'obukuumi n'obukwanguzi bwa gavumenti naye era eyinza okuleka abo abagifugibwa nga tebalina kisale. Naye, ebisalibwawo mu kkooti enkulu byeyongera okutereeza ebbanja eryo, oluusi byeyongera okugaziya, ekiteeyambibwa ku ngeri y'obukuumi mu ngeri y'okumanyisaamu abafugenyi, era n'obusobozi obubavuvumu, obuba nga bulina okumanyira ddala enjigiriza, n'obusobozi mu bantu, nga bakkiririza mu nsonga enkulu ez'ensonga ez'enjawulo.[F]