Omukutu ogw’Akataano n’Obukwata ku Kiseera Kyagwo mu Kiseera Kino

Ekiwandiiko ekyo kigamba nti: “Ebigambo eby'etteeka mu Amerika tebyanditwalibwa ng'ebigwana ku mateeka oba okukkirizibwa, naye era tebyatandika oba okuwozesebwa abatuuze mu Amerika okuva ku ggwanga eddala: ebiva ku bantu ba gavumenti emu, oba Abatuuze oba Abatuuze mu ggwanga lyonna ery'e Misiri.” Wadde ng'ebiwandiiko byayo birabika nga bitono nga bifunvuuniddwa obusuti nga biggiddwa mu mateeka oba mu ggwanga lyonna erya United States. Kkooti enkulu ekira ddala ekibaanyiikiddwawo ekijulizizza enzivvu.

Emyaka bwe gizze giyitawo, obukuumi buno bubadde buyamba okusaasaanyizibwa ku ggwanga eryo nalyo ku bwalyonnyini.[1] "a'''akawayiro' ne'akawayiro ak'okuwanirira oba okuteekamu enkola esobola okukozesebwa mu by'obulamu. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa ebitongole eby'eby'obulamu okuteeka ku nkola y'obuwangwa obw'eggwanga nga byesigamye ku bintu nga ebifuga, ensibuko y'essente ezikozesebwa, era oba nga okusala omusango gwabyo gujja kuweebwayo okuva mu ggwanika lya gavumenti. Laba

Engeri E nkola y'Eby'Eby'Eddagala gy'Eyinza Okufuukira Enjigiriza y'Obufuzi

Enkola z'okujjanjaba abalwadde zikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo: amalwaliro ga yunivasite, ebitongole bya gavumenti ebikola ku by'obujjanjabi mu malwaliro, amalwaliro agakkirizibwa mu mateeka, n'ebifo eby'enjawulo gamba ng'amayumba g'abannamukadde oba amalwaliro g'abalwadde b'obwongo. Mu magye gonna, ebibiina bino bitwalibwa ng'ebyokulwanyisa bya gavumenti era bwe kityo, kyenkana n'eggwanga erina okusabibwa mu kukozesa ebisawo eby'ekisawo, obufiiri, oba okufa okukyamu, olwo nga gavumenti eresembyewo okubuvuusibwa okubuusibwa eky'okwewala?

Ekiragiro kino kitera kusinziira ku lukalala lw'amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti nnyingi ziwa ebiragiro ebikkiriza okukkirizisa ab'obuyinza okunnamateeka okumenya enkyusiza mu madirisa amafuliro. Wabula ziwandiisa ddala bye bateekeddwa okwetaazanya. Wabula, singa biteeka mu tterekero lyazo ebizingirwamu mu ddirisa erimpimpi, ebisale bye biba bikendedde, ne kiba nga kyetaagisa omusango okusalirwa mu kkooti ey'enjawulo (nga kooti y'ebyo bye gulagirwa). Eggwanga endala zikuuma abo abawanyisa ne basigala nga tebalina muntu yenna akyewaze, ne kivaamu ebisale nga tewali muntu yenna ateekeddwa okuzikolako.

Enjawulo ey'Ekikulu: Enjawulo ey'ekika kya freeti n'egw'okuna ebiri mu gavumenti

Kikulu nnyo okumanya nti wadde nga gavumenti y'ensi eno tesobola kulwanyisa bantu kufugibwa gavumenti (ewaliddwa ekitongole kya Federal Tort Antions Act), okusobola okwewala obuteefu ku gavumenti y'ensi eno, gavumenti eyinza kukugira gavumenti, so si gavumenti. Ate era, gavumenti zisobola okulwanirira kkooti nga tezirina mateeka ga gavumenti agafuga, tegakkiriza Amereka ak'aw'amakumi mataano. Bwe kityo, eddwalibwawo eddwaliro mu kkooti z'amateeka ne gavumenti okugaana obuwaze.

Kye Baasalawo Okukola mu by’Obujjanjabi

Wadde nga balina engabo, abalaguzi oluusi bayinza okuwangula omu ku abo abasatu abakkirizibwa.

Ekiwandiiko ekyo kirimu omutwe ogugamba nti ‘ Kkooti oba Waiver. ’

Eggwanga liyinza okugaana eddembe eryo kyeyagalire okuyitira mu mateeka oba enneeyisa yaalyo (mmm'a., okugula yinsuwa ewa obukwasiddwa obuwagizi mu ngeri ekkirizibwa). Asinga okugulibwa mu mateeka nga ayitira mu gavumenti.

  • [[AK'AKAFUMBO:0] K'awulu era n'awunzika akafuga ennukuta ennukuta 810 et seq. – empandika zirwanyisa ebiwandiiko ebisambajja ebitongole ebikola ebiva ku “mbeera ey'akabi eri ebikole by'abantu bonna” n'ebikolwa by'abakozi eby'obulagajja, nga baweebwa ebiseera n'okugonjola ensaavu ez'emyezi mukaaga.
  • [[AKMENT:0] Kkooti eri ku Biragiro – Enk'awo nyingi ezikkiriza okuvunaana ebilwaliro ebikolera mu gavumenti, naye mu kkooti ey'abalamuzi mwokka tewabaawo; okuwozesebwa kw'abalamuzi tekusangibwa, era ebiva mu bye boogera bimenyedwako bikosebwa.
  • [[NT:0] Acts Tort Act – Abalina ebisago ebiva mu kukozesa ebidduka oba ebyuma ebimala naye bakuuma obujanjabi bw'abalwadde bungi ne bat'abalwadde abali mu ddwaliro.

Olw’okuba abawanguzi batwalibwa ng’abatono, abagoba bateekwa okusala etteeka okulaba obanga kye bagamba kituuse we kituuse.

2. Ekiwandiiko ky'Eddembe ly’Obwannannyini Kigambibwa nti Wansi wa 42 Amerika lekisa nti mu 1983

Congress, okuyitira mu Kiragiro kya Civil Rights ekya 1871 (yanywezebwa mu 42 U.S. 1983), ekkiriza empagi ezikwata ku “w'oluganda” yenna akkirizibwa mu mateeka oba mu mateeka, era nga wa langi, agitwala omuntu yenna mu ggwanga oba mu nnukuta empalana. Kkooti enkulu ya Boomijani ya Bowaze ya Michigan b'aw'awuka[, 491], U. 581 (19989), ekyo kye kiteetaaze nga “bannaakyewa obwa bulijjo oba eddembe eri mu kifo ekya 76, naye abakungu baaweesudde mu busobozi bwabwe obw'okudduuka mu ku ddembe lyamukkiriza okubonerezebwa okw'enjawulo. (58:08) okugaana enkola ey'obuvuzizeemu ey'obuvuzi. Kino kiyinza okukyusiza abavuzibwe mu nkola y'envugizi y'envugizi y'envugizi y'emu.

Kyokka, 76 1983 tegikkiriza kubonerezebwa kw'empaka oba ebitongole byayo butereevu. Okusobola okuzuula obuweerero obw'eby'ensimbi, omukungu alina okutuuma omukungu mu buyinza bwe kinnoomu (ayinza okugamba nti akuuma obusobozi obwo) oba okulaga nti gavumenti esobola okutaasa ebisago ebigoobuza ku mateeka. Laba DOJ Covil Rights Division: 42 U.SC. 76

3. Okukuba Ekitongole

Ekiragiro ekyo kiyinza okusumulula etteeka erikugira obusobozi bw'okufuga mu kifo tteeka nga likozesa mpuliziganya ey'ekika 5 ku kikumi ekola nga kikakasibwa enzivuunula y'amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, enteekateeka ez'okukyusizaamu za Amerika ezilina obulema ADA) era n'Akakwate akakwakulizo akaddanyuma zikkirizibwa mu mbeera ezimu, nga zikkirizibwa okutaasasulibwa ebitongole ebiziziyiza okutakkirizibwa mu gavumenti, nga nkolanga ebitundu 560 (nga ne 3601). [Olw'okuteekako oluggi olw'okutuuti ezisinga obusososokereza.][FOT][5], 351] U.[3][3][3]

Kyokka, okugoba ekiwayi tekweyolekerawo buwandiike; akuuma akakkusi kateekwa okulaga nti Consert yakyogerako bulungi ekigendererwa kyayo eky’okukuba ekisago era nti okugoba ekivume ku mateeka kikwatagana n'etteeka ekkulu ennyo.

Okugezesebwa Kwe Tufuna

Ne bwe kiba nti omuntu tateekeddwa kukozesa nkola eyo, okugezaako okukola ku nkola y’obujjanjabi ey’omu ssaza Şrun kiba kiyinza okuleetawo obuzibu obw’enjawulo.

Weetegereze Ebisaanyizo

Eggwanga liyinza okubaamu ebisale, ennaku ntono okusobola okuwandiika ebigambo nga bitegekebwa mu kiseera ekitono.[1] Emirundi egisinga 30 okutuuka ku 180 oluvannyuma lw'obulumi. Bwe kitakkirizibwa kugoberera kiwato, kiba kya kabi eri site, kabe nga biki ebinaavaamu. Amalagi galina okubaamu n'okunnyonnyola ebiva mu kibi, ennaku n'ekifo, era nga n'omuwendo gw'ebirungo binoonyezebwa. Kino kikkirizibwa okukaka obukalu era ne kkooti tezikkiriza buli omutemwawaaze olw'amateeka obutamanya.

Okubeera Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna ng’Alwana n’Ebibiina

Olw'okuba okugattibwa kuyinza okukolebwa mu buli nsonga, ne bwe kiba kimaze okusalirwa omusango. Ekiragiro era kiyinza okugaana ekiragiro eky'okukigonjoolwa nga kigoberera enkola y'empandika en'enkola, ekirowooza okumala emyezi oba emyaka. Laba [[FL:0] P.S. v.C. Department of State Health Service, ekitongole kya Texas ekimaze ebyakayitawo ebitongole ebifuga embeera z'eby'obulamu [[FLT], nga kusalawo kwa Texas kweyoleka engeri ekitongole ekikuuma obukuumi gye kiyinza okukomya obujjanjabi ku ddwawo eddwawo eddwawo ku ddwaliro.

Ebikosa Enkola y’Edda

Singa ewawa obuwanguzi ku by'okulwanyisa ebiwayibwa gavumenti, emirundi mingi eteeka ebisawo ku byonoonebwa n'emirundi mingi nga doola 1000,000 buli muntu agiwandiise. Ate era, ebibonerezo kumpi mu nsi yonna tebisangibwawo ku bibiina bya gavumenti. Juries era ziyinza okusalirwamu olukunkumuli lwose okusobola okulwanirira ebitongole bya gavumenti, era gavumenti eyinza okukozesa eby'obugagga byayo eby'amaanyi okusobola okukomyawo obuwagizi. Abakungu ba ba mateeka balina okupima obulungi okutereeza ekiyinza okusobola okutereeza ebizikwata ku ssente ebyo.

Obumu bw’Abo Abalwanirira Buli Muntu

Singa omukungu agoba omukozi (musawo, munnajjanjaba, akulira) mu busobozi bwabwe obw'okusasula ensimbi, oyo awandiisiddwa ayinza okwewa ebbeetuka obutabaako musango. Kino kiwa abakungu b'obukuumi obutabaako musango okuggyako nga baamenye eddembe eryateekebwawo ery'en engoberera z'amateeka omuntu omutegeevu lye yandibadde amanyi. Mu nkola ey'ekisawo, abajjanjabi b'omu ddwaliro bwe basala enzige ku bye basalawo ne bwe bivaamu akabi ak'amaanyi. Eky'okukwata ku by'okwerinda mu nfuna y'obutebenkenkenke kya waggulu kiyamba ekiwandikiro ekya waggulu.

Enkyukakyuka mu Bufuzi n’Okugenda Obutandikawo

Omufuzi w'obutonde bwonna nsonga ya mateeka g'ensi n'amateeka g'ensi n'ago agafuga ensi, era kino kiviirako etteeka eryo okubaamu enjawukana ez'enjawulo mu buli matwale gaayo.

Kampaniribwa n’Abasaabaze

Florida, Georgia ne Washington bataddewo enkyuuka ez'enjawulo ezitakkirizibwa ku nkola y'obujjanjabi mu ssaza bikola bulungi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Florida Florida Omufuzi Immuniny Signate (Fla. Stat. 76.28) zikkiriza obusawo obuwerako obuwerako nga doola z'Amerika0,000 ku muntu kinnoomu ne doola 5000,000 buli mulundi, nga kino kiviirako amateeka okwetaasa ebifiibwa ebisukka mu bungi.

Ziragaganye ne Narrow oba Wayivers

Ku luuyi olulala, mu bitundu ng'ebyo, okusobola okuwona endwadde zonna eziba zizzeewo, kiyinza okuba nga ku mateeka mu 76 1983 oba essomero erigaana abakugu mu by'obujjanjabi (bwe kiba nga tebeefiirayo mu maanyi ga gavumenti agatali ga bulijjo). Ebbula ly'omulwadde omulwadde abadde alumizibwa ennyo mu ddwaliro, omulwadde alina ebisago eby'enjawulo ayinza okuwona obulungi ate n'asigala nga takyalina ky'asobola.

Ebikoleddwa mu Kkooti Ezaakafulumizibwa

Kkooti eziwerako ez'ekitongole eky'ebitundu eby'ebitundu gye buvuddeko awo zoogedde engeri gye ziyinza okugobererwamu obuteefu ku bibiina ebikuuma endwadde mu malwaliro ne bwewandiikibwa Medicari oba Medicaid. Mu kiseera kye kimu, ekibiina eky'obutuuzeebiri eky'omu Benendett v. University of Alabama Health Services Foundation Foundation[[[FLL:1] [202])] (2023) kyasalawo nti enkola y'eby'obulamu mu yuniva ya gavumenti teggya buteesitemu enkola ya gavumenti ya gavumenti mu by'obujjanjabi nga egoberera obutongole obwa nnawo. Mu kiseera ekyo, ekitongole ekibadde kigibadde kigoberera enkola ya gavumenti y'obujjanjabi mu by'obujjanjabi obwa nnannyini. Era, tekyuukanya ku nsonga zino zoose bye kikoze mu ku bikwata ku ku ku kunoonyereza.

Amagezi Amalungi Agakwata ku Bimera Ebitali Bimu ne Bye Baalondako

Omutendera Ogusooka: Manya obanga Omulwanyi Oyo Eyeerwanako Y’Eggwanga

Buli ddwaliro eririna “obukiika obwa .” Erinnya lyalyo terituukiriza bisaanyizo bya gavumenti. Enkola ez'enjawulo, obukiiko obukola ku buwagizi, era n'okwesanyusa ku bwabwo, biyinza okufuula ekifo ekya“byabufuzi obwawula” mu kifo ky'ekitongole kya gavumenti. Ebitongole bya politiki birina amateeka abyetaagibwa okusobola okugobererwa. Okwekenneenya ebizimbiddwa mu ngeri ey'okwefuga n'okuwagira ssente kyetaagisa.

Omutendera ogw’Okubiri: Manya Abakosebwa Abayinza Okusikiriza

Weekenneenye ekiragiro kya gavumenti kino: enkola y'obujanjaba, etteeka erigobererwa mu mateeka, ne buli byafaayo bya gavumenti. Gezaako okulaba obanga waliwo enkola y'ekisawo eyinza okusaasaanyizibwawo, era weekebere obanga gavumenti egulidde insuwalensi (etera okukugira obuwangwa okukwatibwa ku nkola ya gavumenti). Era weetegereze amateeka gonna agayinza okukugira endwadde (umb. Emergency Medical Active and Active Labor Act, EMTALA, gakiikiddwawo okusobozesa gavumenti okutaasatlula ekiwandikiro ky'okwerinda obutundu mu bitundu ebimu eby'ensi.

Omutendera ogw'okusatu: Manya Ebisaanyizo

Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga kya tteeka kwe kyaseesaawo, kikola ku buli mateeka agawandiike. Ekiragiro bwe kiba kya kwetaaza kukola biragiro, era nga kyakwetaagisa okulayibwa, kikolako affidavit. Obusimu obwo busobola okukolebwa nga buli lunaku luvannyuma lwokka. Obulwadde obwo busobola okujjuza ebyo byonna bye kiwandisizza oba okulemererwa okulagira ddala obungi bw'ebyo ebikosebwa.

Omutendera ogw'Oku 4: Tegeera Endowooza Ezimu

Singa wabaawo okugaana obuweerero obwatuusibwa ku kipimo kino, lowooza ku bigambo ebya grandment (umb.. nga tebeefiirayo mu bugenderevu mu kiseera kya KGPL ku basibe oba ku balwadde kkumi na kimu eky'ekkumi n'ena) oba nga wansi wa ADA, Rehabilitation Act, oba AffordIble Care Act er act errect ebiteebwa sigrand. Ekiragiro kino kitera okusigaza obuteeyagaanyizi obwa nnawo okusobola okwekuuma obuwandikiro olw'okuva mu ku ku kukuŋŋaana ey'okukyusiza oba

fundikira

Omuntu akyetongoozeddwa aw'obufuge asigala nga kimu ku bintu eby'amaanyi ebiremesa enkola y'obulyi bw'eby'obulamu okukkirizibwa mu gavumenti. Emirala mingi egy'edda egoberera amateeka ga mateeka. Abalwadde n'ab'omu maka gaabwe balekebwawo obusaze obw'enjawulo obubangi ennyo obukkirizibwa mu mateeka. Practicalss kiteekwa okuba nga kikwetaagisa okugoberera emitindo gy'amateeka egigobererwa abantu n'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'ekitongole, era nga n'enkyukakyuka ennene mu njigiriza ezigobeetereezebwa zisobola okukyusa obuteeyi mu ngeri enfugevu. Enjigiriza eyo eyoleka obukyayi mu mbeera wakati w'obutebe bw'obulwadde n'obutebe bw'ebitongole, era n'ensonga eziba zisembedde zisembyewo mu mateeka.

[[AGUMENTI:0] Okusobola okwongera okusoma, laba [[[NKULA:1] KITUNDU] Ekiragiro ekizuukusa ebikwata ku bufuzi obwa nnannyini ku bulimba[ ne Eproject ku kkooti esinga obukulu ereetebwawo obukuumibwa obujjanjabibwa mu by'obujjanjabi[