Enjigiriza eno ey'edda eyinza okuziba olukonko ku masomero. Okuva bwe kiri nti obuyigirize obusinga obungi obusookerwako mu Amerika bweyoleka ku masomero agakola ng'eby'okulwanyisa bya gavumenti z'ensi eyo, enjigiriza eno ey'edda eyinza okuzibaganya okuvunaanibwa amasomero.[1] Ekiragiro kino kiraga nti mu kunoonyereza okusobozesa ennyo abakungu ba mateeka okulwanirira eddembe lya gavumenti oba ery'obufuzi okuteekawo eddembe lya gavumenti. Okumanya engeri gye likolamu, nga guwangudde, era n'ebiteeso nga bannannyini ebiteeso by'eby'obuyigirize bya gavumenti byetaagisa abakungu mu by'amateeka, abakungu b'essomero, n'abakulembezza emisango. Ekitundu kino kiwandisizza ekyambi mu ku n'obutebenkenkenkenkevu.

Obumu mu Gavumenti Kye Ki?

Enjigiriza ekwata ku kugattibwa kw'obufuzi bwa gavumenti mu Amerika, yawandiikiddwa mu 1795. Enjigiriza eno ekkirizibwa mu nsi enfuga mu 1795. Empandika ewa: “Amaanyi g'etteeka mu Amerika tegayinza kutwalibwa okuwa omutindo gwa gavumenti omulala gwonna aw'amateeka oba okugattika, gwa kutandika oba okuvunaanibwa mu ggwanga erimu mu United States okuyitira mu Batuuze b'Eggwanga lya gavumenti endala, oba Abatuuze oba Abatuuze b'eggwanga lya gavumenti yonna ey'e Ggwenga.” Wadde nga ekyawandiikibwa ekyo kye kiraze nti kyogera ku buyinza obw'enjawulo, Kkooti Esingako Kkooti ekkulu kinnyonnyonnyole ng'enkola ng'ewagidde abateeteekako amateeka: tegayinza kutwalibwa mu kkooti za gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti, ka kibe nga gavumenti z'egamba nti, oba nga gavumenti z'ekkiriza kuwagira ensonga, oba nga gavumenti z'egamba nti gavumenti y'ensi ekkiriza okugobe.

Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, Kkooti yeeyongera okusimattuka ebitongole bya gavumenti n'ebirabo, nga mw'otwalidde yunivasite za gavumenti ne siteesite za gavumenti. Ekibuuzo ekikulu mu kkooti z'amateeka mu masomero ga gavumenti kiri nti, ddisitulikiti y'abawayiriziddwa esaanira ‘ ng'omukono gwa gavumenti” gulina obwa nnannyini okulwana ne gavumenti. Okutwalira awamu, essomero ezikola ku buyinza bw'ekitongole kya gavumenti ziyinza okukwatibwa nga kampuni era nga tezirina muntu w'afuga, naye nga gavumenti zisobola okuwanirira amasomero ga gavumenti ga gavumenti gaagitwala okuba n'ebyokulwanyisa.

Kyokka, okugattibwa kw'abafuzi tekuli mu bujjuvu. Kkooti esinga obukulu ekkiriza enjawulo ezisinga obungi, era Consert eyinza okukugira gavumenti obutawangulwa singa eteekawo amateeka wansi w'Olukalala olw'Ebitundu 5 ku k'ekkumi n'enamba ebitegeke ebitegeke ebitegeke.

Okuweereza ng’Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna mu Masomero ga Bannamukadde

Ebisomero bya gavumenti bitwalibwa ng'ebiraga nti bizannyi. Singa omuyizi, omuzadde, oba omukozi atwala essomero, essomero liyinza okugezaako okwesamba omusango ogwo. Kino kiyinza okukolebwa ku ntandikwa, nga kiyitira mu kugaana mu bufuzi bwa Federal Procedure 12(b)(1) olw'obutaba na buyinza busingawo. Singa lituuka ku buwanguzi, essuti eyinza okusalibwa nga tennaba kutuuka ku nsonga.

Mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, obukuumi obufuga empalana tebukola ku ebisaago eby'ensimbi byokka naye era n'okusaba obuyambi obw'empewo obw'empewo gamba ng'okulagaana oba okusala emisango egy'ensobi, wadde nga Ex pace Young[ [okutaasa] okw'okutaasaamu (nga kuli wansi) buwa abakungu bye bayinza okukolako.

Olw'okuba gavumenti tezirina buyinza ku muntu, ziyinza okutwalibwa mu kifo kyonna, ka kibe mu kifo ekyegombebwamu oba mu ngeri ejulirwamu. kino kitegeeza nti omusango guyinza okusalirwa okumala emyezi oba emyaka olw'obukuumi.

Ekisumuluzo Ekiva ku Mufuzi ow’Obuyinza w’Ebintu Byonna

Embeera Eyagalibwa Okuseswa

Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti eyinza okutongoza etteeka erikkiriza oku kkooti z'essomero okukugira amasomero ga gavumenti okusattululwa oba okusattululwa endagaano mu mbeera ezimu. Kyokka, abo abawanguzi batera kuba batono, nga beetaaga okuwewereza abawabuzi mu nkola ez'eby'obutongole, nga bagoberera obuwandiisi obutonotono, era emirundi egimu bakkirizanga okuwandiisa obuguzi obutonotono. Mu kusibawo, omugugu guba guba gugudde ku ttalanta nga bawaze.

Okutwala Enkiiko ng’Olwali Okuteebwa mu Kizimbe eky’Enkomerero mu Kkomera ery’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ennya

Olukiiko luyinza okusubya obufuzi bw'eggwanga nga luyisa mu Kitundu 5 ku Kikumi eky'Empeereze ey'ekkumi n'ena, ekiwa Consert amaanyi okulaba nti enteekateeka y'okugobererwa kw'empeereza tekukkirizibwa (obukuumi bwenkanankana, enkola esaanira, ennyagirwa oba egattibwa). Amateeka mangi agafuga etteeka erireetawo okusazesebwa kw'ensonda z'essomero gaateekebwa wansi w'obuyinza buno.

  • Ekitundu VI eky'omu Kiteeso ky'Eddembe ly'Eddembe ly'Abasosoze ekya 1964 (okusosola mu langi, ne mu mawanga mu nteekateeka eziweebwa gavumenti);
  • Omutwe IX ku by'Enjigiriza ebiteerekebwa mu 1972 (eraga nti okusosola mu by’okwetaba mu by’enjigiriza kye kiruwa);
  • Ekimu ku bitundu 504 mu lukalala lwa Rehabilitation Act olw'omwaka 1973 (okusosola abantu abali mu bulwadde);
  • Ebikola nga Act (IDEA) ey'omulembe ogulema, eyamba abaana abalina obulema okuwona ekizibu kyabwe.

Kkooti enkulu yawagidde nnyo Congress obuyinza obufuga abantu abamu naye si byonna ebiragiddwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu FITGRALD v. Barnstablement Kakiiko k'Essomero (2009]), kookolo ke kakakasa nti Olukiiko IX luteekeddwawo eddagala erikkirizibwa mu mateeka olw'okuba Congregation arroughtment. Kyokka, mu Board of Trust of University of Alabama. [FLT:][2001], Kkooti eyo eyakkiriza okukosebwa kwa AD (empera) okusoosebwa mu ngeri y'okutumbulaamu. Naye, mu [FFogractive] ebivamu ebiva mu lukujjunyuunyuufu y'omuti: [200]] era n'ennyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyoleddwa mu kukkeromenti eyagibwa mu lufulume nga propu .[5]

[[Act:0] Ex Parte Young[[Act:1] Enjigiriza

Mu mpalo [[NKULU:0] Exte Young (08), omukungu ayinza okusasuza omukungu mu buyinza bwe kiba kimuganzizza okugonjoola obuweerero obw'enyongeza ku mateeka ga gavumenti. Kino tekimenyawo mu Amereka olw'okuba omukungu yaggibwamu obutemesi bw'amateeka bwe yabanga akola mu bukyamu, era n'eddagala ery'amateeka terinoonya ssente mu ggwanika lya gavumenti. Etteeka lino likozesebwa nnyo mu ssomero: omuzadde ayinza okuweebwa omuwanika oba ekikopo ky'esso nga tawandisizzaamu ku by'enjigiriza bya bantu bonna ebituufu (FAP) wansi w'ekibiina kya ID, oba okugaana okufuna obuyambi mu kkooti esaba ebikolebwa mu kibiina.

Enjigiriza eyo tekkiriza abo abagiwa buyambi ku bizibu bye bafunye nga baddiridde ebivudde ku ebyo ebivudde ku bufuge, okufaananako eky'okuyisa obulagiro okukomya omulimu oba okukola emirimu egimu egy'obuyigirize. Kyokka, ssente za bannamateeka ze ziyinza okusasulibwa nga baddiddwawo amateeka ne bwe gaba nga ge gokka agayinza okugonjoola ekizibu.

Essukalo Wansi w’Amerika 42 76 1983

Ekitundu 1983 kitandika okumenya amateeka oba amateeka agakwata ku ngeri z'eggwanga mu ngeri eya bulijjo. Wadde nga gavumenti si “nnyangwe” mu mwaka gwa 76 1983 era nga tesobola kutongozebwa butereevu, obukiiko bw'essomero mu bitundu ebimu butwalibwa ng'abantu. Kyokka, ezi disiturikiti ez'omukono ogwa ssemasaza si bwe zisobola okugonjoola ekizibu ku kibiina. Abawoofisi bateekwa kutwala bakungu kinnoomu mu kifo kyabwe okusasula ebbeeyi z'etaasaawo oba mu buyinza bwabwe obw'okudduuka ku mulimu. Abafuzi baaweezza obusinga obungi ku butundu obwa bulijjo mu bitundu bino ebisookerwako obuyambi mu

Omusango gwa kkooti esingayo obukulu guleetawo enjawukana ey'amaanyi: obutuuti obwa buli omu ku buwangwa bw'ebifo bya munne mu kifo kya 76 mu kifo kya 76 mu kifo kya 76. Omusango ogwo guleetawo enjawukana mu: ebibitundu by'essomero ebinoonyezebwa nga buli muntu asinziira ku buwangwa bwa ddoolalw'omu Amerika ne mu bitundu bya Mfumbo.[1] Ekitongole kyago kyagoowa obudduukiridde obwa nnannyini mu Amerika okusobola okufuna empandika ez'enjawulo mu mwaka gwa 2016. Okwawukanya, obutundu bw'amasomero obunoonyezebwa ng'obutundu obunene obwa bulijjo mu ssemasekukko ne mu nsi ya Hawaii, bwe buba nga obunene obwa bulijjo.

Obumu ku Bubonero bw’Essomero Obumu

Okusosola mu Ngeri y’Ekikula, Obwenzi, n’Obutakkirizibwa

Okusala omusango mu kkooti kusinziira ku mateeka ga gavumenti agagamba nti okukugira obusosoze mu by'okwetaba oba okutulugunyizibwa abakozi oba bavubuka ban'abo, olukalala lw'ebiragiro olw'okusala olukunkuudo mu masomero ga gavumenti, olw'okuba etteeka erikugira obusosoze mu by'okwetaba likkirizibwa mu kkooti mu Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education (1999). Mu ngeri y'emu, wansi wa ADA ne Ekitundu 504 eky'obulema, amateeka gayinza okubaamu okusososokebwa, wadde nga abakungu mu kkooti mu beeteereddwa okulaga obusosoze obw'obusobozi mu kifo eky'okwewala obuteekisobo.

Obulimba n’Ensobi Embi Ebaawo ku Bubwe

Negligence kyewawaanya amasomero ga gavumenti kitera okukkirizibwa okukakaatika ebiragiro. Eggwanga lin'asaba abawandiisi bawandiike obubaka mu kaseera katono.[1] Ebiseera ebimu 90 oba emyezi mukaaga." ne bavunaana mu gavumenti, so si mu kkooti. Wadde kiri kityo, gavumenti ezimu ziyinza okukola ku busosoze mu byewawaanyi eby'amaanyi ebizingirwamu abakozi, era ne ziziyiza ensala ezikwata ku nkola z'omulembe. Ng'ekyokulabirako, essomero liyinza obutafuna bufuge mu kabi akava mu ku ekyo ekikolebwa mu butaka ate nga kibi kiremesembye, ate nga okulemererwa okukuuma ebyuma bikozesebwa mu kibiina kitwalibwa ng'ekikolwa eky'obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okulabirira.

Okumenya Amateeka (Emirimu, Okwogera mu Ngeri ey’Ekisa, Okunoonya n’Okugolola)

Abayizi balina eddembe ery'okunoonyereza ekimala nga bavudde ku ssomero, okwogera nga basukkulumye wansi wa Tinker v. Des Moines, era n'obutanoonyereza mu butali bukakafu mu New Jersey v.T.O.[FL]][FLT]] eddembe erya tteeka bwe limenyebwa, abayizi bwe baleetera abakungu b'essomero okumenya amateeka, ekiva mu 1983 bayinza okukiteeka mu buyinza bwabwe okufiirwa oba okukozesa [[FLT:] Ek'ekitundu ekya Young olw'obudduukirize] olw'okugaba mu buwambi , naye nga mu lufuluma lwokka tezikiba na kalonda wa gavumenti okuggyako nga bannannabiina. Ekiragiro ekigobenjereberye kiyinza okugobeetaasaawo abasomesa. ssesso ssesso ssesssso projectived productionmentment pro solution, prosorces profile

Obuyigirize obw’Enjawulo (IDEA) Obutakkaanya

IDEA ewa enteekateeka ez'okukakasa abayizi abalina obulema. Bizingiramu enkola ey'okufuga ekyetaagisa okusobola okuwulira, oluvannyuma lw'embaga ezo eziyinza okuleetera obukungu bwa gavumenti oba essomero. IDEA erimu obutundu obuwera obw'okwetongoza gavumenti okufuna ensimbi ez'okuweebwamu abaana abawagizi (gako gavumenti zonna ze zikola), n'olwekyo abazadde bayinza okusasuza ekibiina kya gavumenti okusobola okukigoberera. Kyokka, abawagizi ba IEA beetaaga obuyambi bw'eby'enkola mu kkooti z'amateeka okusobola okufuna obuyambi nga tewabulibwetaaze (um.g., ekitongole eky'okunoonyereza ku by'enjigiriza kya IEP, eky'okusomesa, n'okusasula abakunguzi.

Okusalawo: Ebiragiro by’Abalimi

Omuntu asobola okugezaako okulwanyisa endwadde z'okukwatibwa essomero ng'akozesa enkola eno:

  • [[Akawayiro:0] Bw'obanga ogenda okuwa omuwayirwa omutuufu, ekiragiro kigerageranyiza ddala omuwayirwa. Singa essomero liba nga mukono gwa gavumenti, oba nga liba limu ku bakungu ab'obuyinza abali mu buyinza bwabwe bwonna. Obusobozi obw'omu mateeka busobozesa omuntu okufuna obuweerero wansi wa [ Expace Young. ASSso nga k'omukunguzi kikkiriza ebiva mu butereevu okutaagibwa omukungu (oba muwansi) era nga takyayinza kuziyiza kiwandikiro kya muwandikiro.
  • Focus ku mateeka agakkiriza enkola ey'okutakwata ku nkola ekkirizibwa mu gavumenti. Akataagibwa ak'ekika kya IX, Ekitundu 504, Umutwe VI, ne IDEA baba ba maanyi nnyo okuteeba. Abatunzi ba gavumenti basaanidde okulumiriza okumenya amateeka era n'okulaga enteekateeka eziba zikoleddwa.
  • [[Akawayiro:0]] Obusobozi bw'eby'okwerinda. Singa embeera ebaamu ekikolwa eky'okuguwaya ekiragiro, nga kigoberera obulagirizi n'ebisaanyizo ebiragibwa mu nnyiriri, kiyinza okulemesa omulimu ogwa kkopi ez'omu nviromenti okukola.
  • [[Act:0] Noonya obuwere n'okukyusaamu mu nkola yo. Wadde nga ebiva mu ebyo ebikosebwa tebikkirizibwa kumenya gavumenti, ekiragiro kya kkooti eky'okulagira essomero okukyusa enkola yaalyo oba okugawa ebigikozesebwa kiyinza okuba eky'omuganyulo bwe kityo.
  • [[AKMENT:0] Bw'ofumiitiriza ku kkooti y'amateeka, ojja kukebera ebifa ku ggwanga. Ebirala biremesa abantu abamu okwewaana olw'ebyo bye baba beewaanawaanyisa mu kkooti zaabwe. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti eyinza okukkiriza empalana ez'okumenya endagaano ezikolebwa ku masaza ne bwe ziba nga kkooti za gavumenti zigaaniddwa.

Okukulaakulana kwa Kkooti Enkulu okw’Ebyafaayo

Kkooti enkulu yeeyongera okutereeza enkyuuka ez'okukugira obuteefuga. Penshurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman (19984), kkooti eyo yagamba nti okukoma okukoma ku kkooti ez'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'etaano ez'empaka obutakkiriza bakungu ba gavumenti kugoberera mateeka ga gavumenti, era nti obusobozi bw'abakungu ba gavumenti okukaka obukkirizibwa okuyisa emitindo gy'eby'enjigiriza okuyitira mu kkampuni. Kino kitegeeza nti omuteesi tayinza kukozesa mateeka oba amateeka ga gavumenti; eddembe lya gavumenti liba lirina kukola.

Mu Allen v. Cooper [20]), kkooti yasalawo nti kakiiko akafuzi tekakkiriza gavumenti kufuga busomi bwa ddooti wansi wa copy Remedificiation Act, kubanga Ekitundu 5 ku kikumi tekissaawo kkomo ekimala ku lukalala olwa 14 eza kika kya bayiti, naye ekiragiro kino kyalaga nti mu kiseera ekitali kya nnukuta eyo tewandibadde na magezi ku bikwata ku ku kuleetawo buyigirize obwandigifuga mu biseera eby'omu maaso singa gavumenti zigezaako okukola enteekateeka ez'okuleetawo ebiteempalo.

Gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti eyo eraze obukulu bw'okuggyawo olulimi olumenyese. Torres v. Ekitongole kya Texas eky'obukuumi obwa gavumenti (2022]), kkooti yawagidde walala wonna wetaakiriwo okusobola okulondamu eby'obusuubuzi mu nsi endala, naye waaliwo emiganyulo gya bya magye era tewaaliwo kalonda yenna agakwata ku K-12. Wadde nga keenyinyiyo k'enkola ewandisizza mu kkooti erina ekigendererwa eky'okwerinda okw'eby'empandika y'eby'obuteempagabuzi, era nga kino kyetaagisa abakugunjufu b'eby'eby'eby'enjigiriza okunoonyereza ebireeteewagirwa mu bitundu ebisabivaamu.

Okusobola okusigala nga banywevu, abakungu ba gavumenti balina okwebuuza ku Connell Legal Information Institute ku kiwandike kya kkumi na kimu eky'empewo era balabe ensala empya eziba zisaliddwawo kkooti enkulu ezikwata ku kukugira gavumenti okuteebwa.

Obuyambi bw’Abakulu b’Amasomero n’Abakwasi b’Ebitongole

Ku bikwata ku bakiiko b'essomero, bakulu b'ebitongole, n'okukubula mu mateeka, okutegeera obusobozi bw'abantu kikulu nnyo okusobola okugonjoola ebizibu ebireetebwawo obwetwaze. Wadde nga abo abakuuma ebweru basobola okukugira ebizitoowerebwa, tekibakugira kuweebwa mu mateeka. Naddala abakungu bwe babaako kye bakolawo nga basukka ku buvunaanyizibwa bwabwe oba nga amateeka g'eggwanga gagobeddwawo. Abakuumi bazingiramu:

  • [[AKMENT:0] Tosobola kukuuma bukuumi bwa gavumenti ng'engabo. Enjawulo nnyingi ez'obuyigirize obwa waggulu zisalibwa bulungi ku mutwe ogumu, ow'ekitundu 504. Essomero eritagoberera mateeka ga gavumenti lisobola okusalirwa ebbeeyi, ebbeeyi ya mukungu, n'okwonoonebwa kw'ebisalebwa ne bwe biba nga tebisangibwa mu ggwanga.
  • [[Act:0] Abasomesa okuva bwe bayinza okusasulwa abawabuzi kinnoomu olw'ebyo ebiba bibalinako ekibonerezo, okukakasa nti abasomesa n'abayigiri bategeera bye balina ku bikwata ku kusosola, okukangavvula, n'obuyigirize obw'enjawulo, kikendeeza ku bbeeyi.
  • [[AKATANDIKI]] Amasaza agamu gakuuma insuwalensi. Gayinza okugula ssente ezisasula ebizingirwa mu masomero ne bwe kiba nti aw'okugattibwa kwa drimu tekusobola kugattibwa. Applications emirundi mingi ereme okukomya ku nkola ya drimu okuzikwata, n'olwekyo kikulu nnyo okukakasa nti aw'okusasula aw'okusasula aw'a masomero gago gago gago gago gago gago gago gago gasobola kufuga.
  • '[[NTLL:0] Kino kitegeeza nti ebikolebwako biwandikidwa oba biwandikidwa oba biyisibwa nga biwandikidwa. Ebitundu ebisinga bibaamu obubaka obuba busobola okwetaagibwa mu bwangu. Ennaku n'ennaku ntono, biteekewo amateeka agafuga ennyimba ez'ekiwandikiro ne biwandikirwa okuwa amagezi agayinza okukolebwako ne wabaawo ekiseera ekiba kisalibwawo.
  • [[NKULA] Mu bitundu awatakkirizibwa lukalala wakati w'obuyinza n'obufuga mu nsi. Mu bitundu ebisangibwa mu masaza gye gatayinza kukozesebwa, nga etteeka erigafuga liyinza obutakozesebwa, ne kiviirako essaza okuba n'obuzibu obw'okutuukibwako ebizibu mu mwaka gwa 2016 oba 1983. Mu matwale ng'ago, okuddukanya obutundu bwa gavumenti okubawagizi ku kabi ku nsonga eyo, tekulina kubaamu maanyi nnyo n'okusinga ago.

fundikira

Ekiragiro kino kikuuma enzigi z'essomero ne kikuuma empalana mu madiini agafuga enneyisa ya gavumenti. Okusalawo okw'empaka n'okukukkiriza okw'enjawulo.[1] , okukkutula, Exparte Young obuweerero obukolera mu matendekero ga gavumenti okusobola okukaka obujulizi obwa bulijjo obwa bulijjo. Era kireetera abakungu okukakala nti buli kibiina kibawagizisa eddembe ly'omutindo.

Abayizi, abazadde, n'abakozi abaagala okubonerezebwa mu nkola y'obuyigirize obwa bulijjo, okukuumibwa kw'empaka tekwandireetedde bantu kuggwaamu maanyi; wabula, kyandibaleetedde okulowooza nti kiba kirungi okuteeka essira ku mateeka g'ensi agafuga obuwagizi bw'ekiwagizi, okunenya ab'obuyinza kinnoomu we kisaanira, era n'okufuba okufuna obuweerero bungi. Abakulembeze b'amaso, nga bamanyi ekkomo ly'okwerinda tekukubiriza kugoberera ddembe ly'abantu era n'amateeka ag'enjawulo ag'omulembedde mu kifo ky'okwesiga obuwagizigizigibwa mu mateeka, bayinza okulemererwa.

Eddaala ly'amateeka bwe ligenda likyuka mu kusalawo kw'amateeka okuva mu kkooti enkulu, kikulu nnyo obutafuna kumanya. Ekitongole ekifuga ebbeeyi kya Amereka era ne kikola ku ddembe ly'ekitongole e lirinamu obuvunaanyizibwa obwawula eddembe ly'ekikungu kya orgomin kiwa obulagirizi ku ku kukuuma amateeka agafuga obuwanguzibwa, ng'ate aw'obuyigirize kiwa obulagirizi ku ngeri y'okwerinda ebiteesiteesiteesi. Ekiko kisalawo, okugatta wakati w'obutebenkenkevu n'obwetongozesa bwa masomero, k'obukankanyi wakati w'obusosoze n'obusosoze obw'ebiragiro ebiriwo mu mateeka, era n'obusobo obuva mu kkooti zigenda mu maaso.