Ensibuko y’Etteeka n’Etteeka ly’Eggwanga Erifuga Byonna

Ekiragiro kino kyateekebwawo mu nteekateeka y'ebintu eby'okwefuga eya Exponent tekiri mu kiseera kino; emirandira gyayo gyagobererwa mu mateeka g'Ekingereza, nga kabaka tayinza kusalibwa musango nga takkirizza.

Enteekateeka eno etuukiriza ebigendererwa bingi. Ekuuma eby'obugagga bya gavumenti ne bitataataaganyizibwa, ekuuma ekitiibwa kya gavumenti nga kibeera ng'ekintu ekifuga, era enyweza amaanyi g'obuyinza wakati wa gavumenti z'eddwaliro n'ez'eggwanga. Kyokka era ereetawo obutakkaanya n'amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu agategekebwa mu ggwanga agakola enkola eyo ne bwe kiba nga omutaamenya gavumenti agikolako.

Engeri Amateeka g’Eddembe ly’Obuntu gye Gakolamu

Amateeka agafuga nnamba z'abantu, era n'amateeka agafuga engeri ezo ku kitongole kya Klux Klan Act mu 1964, ekigo mwe kikoma ku mutwe gwa mutwe VII ku kakwate ka ddembe ly'abantu, akayitibwa Ku Klux Klan, Amerika nga galina omutemwa gw'obulema (ADA), era n'ekitongole kya Amereka ekirina oluvanyuma lw'ennaku ze kifuga. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa abantu okusasulwa mu budduukiriro olw'enkola y'enkola y'emu, enkula, enkola y'okusasula, ey'okusasula ebiva mu langi, ey'okwetaba, obuwawuka, obulema, n'emyaka.

Enkola eyo yeeyongera okuyitira mu bitongole bya gavumenti nga Aumenti Accounting Commission (EOC) ne Department of Justice, naye okusala omusango mu kyama kya bulijjo mu bantu okuwa obuyambi kinnoomu. Omuwawawaabibwa ono aba gavumenti: okulwanyisa empalana esobola okukomya essomero eryo okuggyako nga kakiiko akaagobedde oba nga kamaze okukimesezza.

Ekifo Ekikolebwamu Okutema Amagi n’Okukuba Amagi

Consert esobola okuggyawo obuteesiteesi obwa nnaakalyako mu kufuga naye singa etuukiriza ebisaanyizo bibiri. Ekisooka, eteekwa okukiraga ddala nti ereetebwawo okugattika mu mpandiika y'amateeka. Ekyokubiri, okukakalakulibwa kuteekwa kukkirizibwa mu mateeka okuwa obuyinza emirundi mingi ekiteerekebwawo ekitaano ku lukalala olw'empandika eya 1450, olukkiriza Constantive okukakasa enzivuziganya enkunzivu z'okukyusaamu n'obukuumi obwenkanankanankana. Kkootikko ya Kkootikko ya Kkootikko yaada eno enfunda n'eyo nga kikkirizibwa mu .[FLD:96]

Era gavumenti ziyinza okumenyawo obwannannyini obukuumi obulaga nti teriiko kabi konna ke kayinza okukolebwa nga zikkiriza etteeka, nga zikkiriza ensawo eza gavumenti (ziyinza okujja nga zisaanira), oba nga ziggyawo ensonga mu kkooti ya gavumenti. Kyokka, abo abagigobako balina okuba nga “bakkirize ate nga tebbeekakasa” era nga tebajja kutwalibwa mu buseere. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti ekkiriza ensawo y'enguzi y'oluguudo lw'enguudo eyinza okutwalibwa nga eriko empandika eya ADA wansi w'olupapula II, nga bwe kyalagibwa mu [FL:0] Bboard of Truunies of Alabame.[FLD'.]

Ensonga Enkulu z’Osaanidde Okumanya

Wadde ng’oluusi wabaddewo enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu kkooti enkulu, emaze emyaka mingi ng’esala emisango egikwata ku nsi y’ensi eno:

  • [[NTANDIKA:0][FLT] .[FLT]Fatzpatrick v.[[FLT]] Court yagamba nti, Kkooti esobola okukikkiriza nti Convents esobola okugaana enkola ya gavumenti okwerinda mu Lulasa olwa Ekiragiro 5 olw'okukyusa kwa Kyuma okwa Ddyo nga kigoberera Kyuma ekiteesiteesi ekya 14 KMENT, kubanga okukomyawo okwo kwakolebwa okuko okukomya obuyinza obwa gavumenti.
  • [FLT][FOLT]] Florida v. (1996]): Mu kusalawo kwa 5/4] Kkooti yasalawo nti Kkooti tesobola kukozesa katundu akaayo I. Katundu oba Bankrument Claus Claus / to Bankruptcy Claus /to abrogate arsement Kino kyakugira obusobozi bw'ekibiina kya gavumenti okukigattira ku masaza ku bwa gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti ezitalina kika kya bayiti nga 1440 eza Amereka.
  • [[NKULA][[NKULA] Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents [ Kkooti yagamba nti okuteebwa kwa ADEA tekusobola kubanga obusosoze obw'emyaka bw'obwawukana bwalina kwekenneezebwa ku nkola eya Claus eya Claus; nolwekyo, Consell tewalina kya kusinziira ku mateeka kwerinda kiwandikiro.
  • [FLT] .Board of Trust of Alabama v. Garrett (2001]]: Kino kifaananyirizaako [KML, kkooti ne y'ekubawo olukalala olw'eby'obuteefuga wansi w'Oluti I olwa ADA (okwagala), nga egamba nti obusososokezo obw'obulema tebulina kye bukolawo mu ngeri ey'okwekereza oba ey'okusengeka akakolo.
  • [[NKULA:0][FLT][O][OLT:1]ssee v. Lane [ Mu kusalawo [5] court II ey'omu AD [2], kkooti kyeyava ewagidde olukalala olw'ebiragiro ebisinziirwako okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu kkooti z'amateeka. Kkooti eyo yayawula [[FLT:]] Garrett[[[FL:5]] nga tereeroboosaamu ekifo eky'enjawulo eky'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'enjawulo era nga ne kawereza akakwate ku ntegeka nti kaso.
  • [[NKUMBO:0][[NAMBA][[:1] United States v. Georgia (2006) ([[FLT:] Court yagamba nti olukumbo lwa ADA lukkirizibwa okubaamu omutwe II mu kiwandikiro ekifuga enneyisa nti terusobola kufuga mu ngeri emenya amateeka aga Mbuuni Zombi) era nga kitegeeza nti ebikolwa bya gavumenti bwe biba nga bimenya enteekateeka eya GGUMENTI (obukwaze obwa tteeka lya gavumenti ku bwa digiti ADA) biyinza okukozesebwa ng'ekigookyito.

Emitindo gy’Empisa za Kkooti n’Egw’Eggwanga

N'ekisinga obukulu, emmeeri essira lya kkumi na limu limu liba ligattiddwa buwanyi eri etteeka eriri mu kkooti . Eggwanga tezisobola kwewalika kugoberera binaagendera ku bufunze okuggyako nga ssemateeka oba amateeka gaalyo gawadde abantu obukuumi. Eggwanga lyonna ataano lirina engeri emu ey'okuziyizaamu obwetwaze, naye mangi gaakoze ebiwandibwa nga gagoberera mateeka ga gavumenti. Ebiwandikiro ebyo tebikkiriza bantu kuleetawo bikolwa oba mateeka ga ddembe ly'abantu okulwanirira eddembe ly'obwannannyini mu kkooti.

Kino kitegeeza nti omuntu atasobola kusalira musango gavumenti mu kkooti y'ensi yonna wansi wa kkooti y'ekitongole ekola ebitegekeddwa mu Lukiiko Olusemba 1983 oba ADA ayinza okuba n'oludda olumu mu kkooti y'eggwanga. Kyokka, enzijanjaba za gavumenti ziyinza okuba nga zikyalinawo ekkomo.

Ebikozesebwa Omufuzi w’Obukulembeze ng’Ekiwandiiko Ekikongoza Kkooti Ekola ku Butebenkevu

Olw’enninga ezo, abalwanirira eddembe ly’abantu ne bannamateeka bataddewo enteekateeka endala ez’okuleetera gavumenti okuttira ku bazannyi ba firimu.

Ng’ekyokulabirako, Abakungu ab’Eggwanga Abalyi b’Ebikolwa eby’Ekisawo

Ekitongole eky'ekkumi n'omubiri tekisigira abakungu okubonerezebwa olw'obuweerero oba olw'ebyo ebisasulwa okuva mu nsawo y'omukungu. Mu wansi wa Ex parte Young Ex part [08] Ekiwandiiko [08] Ekiwandiiko ky'enjigiriza (08), ekiwa obukujjukujju kiyinza okuvuna omukungu wa gavumenti okukoma okumenya amateeka agafuga. Guno gwe mulimu ogusinga okusasulibwa mu nsawo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omusibe ayinza okuweesa omukuumi w'ekkomera wansi w'obudduukizi wansi w'obudduukizi wansi w'empeekkumi, wadde nga gavumenti teyinza kusalibwamu ku bubonero.

Okunoonya Obuyambi nga Waliwo Ebikolebwa mu Kitongole kya Gavumenti

Amateeka mangi galagira abantu okuyingiza emisango ku kitongole kya gavumenti nga tebannavunaana bannakyewa. Mu ngeri y'emu, EEOC, esobola okunoonyereza, okusaasaanya oba okusemba amasaza ku lw'abakozi. Olw'okuba Amerika tefugibwa mmemba ya kkumi na nkumi, akakiiko kayinza okukifuula eky'obuyinza okuwakanya gavumenti awatali kuziyiza ekitongole ekikugira obusosobozi. Mu ngeri y'emu, ekitongole kya Justice de de stance kiyinza okusalira abakunguzizza obusosoze mu nkola eya VII, ADA, n'amateeka amalala amalala.

3. Nga bayisa Akakiiko Akakwasibwa Eddembe ly’Abantu mu ggwanga

Buli ggwanga lirina ekitongole ekikakaatika eddembe ly'obuntu oba eddembe ly'obuntu okukaka abantu okumenya amateeka agalwanyisa et'enjawukana. Wadde ng'amateeka g'ensi tegayinza kugonjoolera ddala mateeka ga gavumenti, emirundi mingi gavunaana gavumenti okugawa obuwagizi, okukomezebwawo, era era n'okugoolerawo ebisale. Emirundi egimu abakkirizi basobola okukakasibwa ne “bateeka omulimu ne EEOC.

Wano otaddewo n'Emisono egy'ekika kya soketi n'Emigaati

Okuyisa obusosoze mu makomera oba mu busosoze mu makomera g'omu gavumenti, oba okusosola mu langi mu makomera, oba mu ngeri eya bulijjo mu mayumba.[1] suteeti ey'ekika eky'okukola ku bwannakyewa wansi wa Kkaalupe 23 bisobola okunoonyeza abakungu ba gavumenti ebiragiro ebiragira ba gavumenti okukyusa enkola z'eggwanga. Ssatu ezo tezikkirizibwa kubanga abakungu kinnoomu baba bafunvugiddwa gavumenti kubanga tebabawagirwa muwaayi gwa gavumenti kinnoomu, ate ne gavumenti yokka si y’ewandiddwa.

Enkyukakyuka Ezibaawo mu Kakiiko k’Enzikiriza

Obukuubagano wakati w'okukuuma eddembe ly'obuntu n'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu bukyerabiddwa. Okumala emyaka mingi, Consert elowooza nti amateeka gaagifuula kyangu okusiba etteeka mu masaza olw'okumenya etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, akakwakkulizo ka Civil Rights Act mu 1991 kaakiraga nti abakozi ba gavumenti basobola okusalirwa omusango mu kkooti wansi wa mutwe ogufuga wansi wa mutwe ogugamba nti VII(*) ne [[FLT:] FATPARTRIC Kkosoozesebwa k'etteeka k'ewakko nti okugoba eddembe ng'okugoba eddembe okw'okkakkakkakkakkati.

Gye buvuddeko awo, olukalala lw'amateeka agakwata ku kugonjoolera ebiwangwa ne kigaana omuntu yenna afuna ssente, lukyakola bulungi kubanga abakwana ba gavumenti abakkiriza essente bateekwa okusoberwa mu kukola kino. Mu ngeri y'emu, Kkooti ya Rehability Act (FMLA) ewandikiddwawo kkooti okusobola okukikuuma obulyi bw'ebizizo obwa buli muntu, naye nga tezirimu enteekateeka y'amaka ey'okwekomyawo. [[FLT:] Ekitongole kya Leadibik'Empewo kya Névada ekya 'Plat'[FLT:], 2003, ne [[FLT:] Kkooleesaawo].

Abeekenneenya abamu bawagira okutereezebwa kw'amateeka okuggyawo gavumenti ezitakkiriza kumenyebwa ddembe ly'abantu, naye ekyo tekisuubirwa mu bya bufuzi. Abalala bagamba nti akakiiko kasengeke kasengeka n'obwegendereza nga ke kassaawo Ekiragiro 5 ku kya 14 ekiweerera ddala ekyo. Kkomo lya gavumenti okukakaatika obusosoze mu mawanga okusobola okukkirizibwa mu kiseera City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)]

Amagezi Amalungi eri Abakola ku Nzikiriza z’Abakungu ba Gavumenti

Bw’oba oli munnamateeka oba omubaka avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu erikolebwako gavumenti, bino bye bibuuzo ebikulu by'osaanidde okwebuuza:

  • Omuwawaabi “yali mu buwandiike obwa kkumi n'ena mu bukumi oba musanvu olw'ekigendererwa eky'okuwummuza mu mutima oba olw'okuyisa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo? Ebitongole bya gavumenti, yunivesiti eza gavumenti, n'amalwaliro g'ensi tebisobola kukuumibwa, naye ebibuga, n'ebitongole eby'essomero okutwalira awamu tebirina. (Etteeka liraga nti gavumenti tezikuumibwa mu Amerekalwo gaamu Agumenti ey'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'etaano, naye gavumenti ziyinza okuba nga zigwanira okusala omusango.)
  • [[Akabonero:0] Etteeka erigaana obuteeyambisibwa buwangwa lirina kukwatibwa buzibu bwa kukwatibwa buzibu bwa musingi'ekyo ekikolebwa ku mateeka, nga “Eggwanga teriba na bukuumi wansi w'enkyukakyuka ey'omwenda....” Ekirabo kya kkooti esinga obukulu kijja kukutegeeza oba nga okuseegibwa ku mateeka ago kukkiriziddwa.
  • Singa empewo ewawangulwa mu by'okulwanyisa, ' Gezaako okulaba obanga etteeka limaze okuyisa etteeka oba singa likkiriza ensimbi z'eggwanga okuzza obubenje.'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti yonna efuna ensimbi enzijanjaba ya Médicaid erina okutaagira obubenje obutali bumu.
  • Oyinza okusazaamu omukungu mu ggwanga okuyingiza obuweerero mu nkola ey'ekitongole eky'eby'okwerinda? Kino kitera okubaawo singa wabaawo ekimenyebwawo. Osobola okusaba kkooti okulagira omukungu okukomya enkola ey'okusiimula oba okufuna aw'okusula awasaanira.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Singa kooti ya gavumenti ewerebwa, singa emmeeri ewerezebwa, singa eggwanga liyinza okuwa eddagala eridda mu nkola y'emu, n'okusingira ddala singa etteeka ly'eddembe ly'obuntu liba likwata ku nneeyisa y'emu.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Obumu n’Ekyokulabirako ky’Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna

Kooti enkulu yeeyongera okufulumya bukonkosi, era emisango egikwata ku buteefuga gitera okweyawulamu ku nsonga z'ebiragiro. Kkooti eyo yalaga nti esobola okuwerera ddala omuwendo gwa buli muntu obutafuna bwetwaze mu mbali ezimu, nga bwe kibeera nti gavumenti zisobola okusalibwawo nga ziwagiddwa wansi wa Bankruptic Claus (] Allen v. Color[FLD]] [20], naye weetegereze nti Kkooti egaanye okuteekawo eky'obufuzi, era n'ebukkiriza nti ensonga eyo tekkirizibwa. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Kkooti eyo ewaawo tewagira n'obuyinza ku ky'okugoba obululu ([FL:]M]M]

Eri abakola ku ddembe ly'abantu, ekisinziirwako kwe kuba nti abo abalwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu tebasinziira ku nkola y'okwefuga bokka. Enjigiriza eyo terikoma ku ndala. Nga bategeera bulungi enkola eri wakati w'Emitemere Ekkumi n'Emirundi Ekkumi n'ena, era n'etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu ery'ekkumi n'enaana, abawagizi basobola okufuna obuweerero obw'amakulu eriwanguzizza abo ababa balobeddwako obusosoze.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma, laba Connell Information Institute bw'otunuulira olukusa lwa era ne olukusanyisa lw'ebya-salaze olw'okufuga obwannannyini obwa bumpimpi[. Okuyingira okwereere olusinga mu kkooti esingako, project ewandikibwemu [[FLT:]] era n'ebiwandiiko bya biwandikiro ebifuga ebifuga ebifuga obuterekebwa obutereevu eby'ennaamu .

Mu nkomerero, empuliziganya wakati w'amateeka ageefuga n'amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, eyoleka enjawulo wakati w'amateeka agafuga enfuga n'entegeka za gavumenti ezivuganya: ekitiibwa n'obwesigwa bw'eggwanga era n'okusalawo nti eggwanga lirina obwenkanya bwe bumu wansi w'amateeka. Okusinziira ku mateeka, kikwetaagisa okukola enteekateeka ezikwata ku nfuna y'obwetwaze nga bwe zisaanira era nga zikola ku ngeri y'okukwatamu enkola y'okugonjoozaamu eddembe ly'abantu, naye eky'ekiragiro kino kiraga nti abawagizigibwa basobola okuwangula gavumenti ne bagoberera enkola y'obuwagizigi.