Ennyanjula: Engabo y’Obumu obw’Obuyigirize

Omufuzi afuga nga njigiriza esobozesa ebibiina bya gavumenti okuwangula essomero nga mw'otwalidde n'amatendekero agaddukanya obuyigirize bwa gavumenti okusala omusango mu kkooti z'amateeka okuggyako nga bakkirizza okuvunaanibwa. Abayizi, abazadde, abasomesa, n'abasatu abayisibwa obubi mu masomero ga gavumenti oba mu programu ya yunivasite, enjigiriza eno eyinza okuba n'ekizibu ekyasooka era eky'amaanyi ennyo okufuna obuyambi mu mateeka. Okutegeera engeri aw'okwerinda mu nkola y'eby'obuyigirize bwa gavumenti gy'egobeetaagisa omuntu yenna agoberera enteekateeka y'eby'enjigiriza, oba okuddukanyabiina bya gavumenti mu nkola y'obuyigirize.

Mu byafaayo eby'amateeka g'omu Bungereza, okugattulula obwetwaze mu Amerika kyava ku mateeka g'ensi n'amateeka era n'emisango egigobererwa. Amasomero g'eby'enjigiriza(*) okuva mu matendekero agasookerwako okutuuka ku yunivasite ez'etwale(obuteesiteesi). Kino kitegeeza nti obuteefiirayo obuwagizi obwa bulijjo, okukankankanya, n'okumenya amateeka ga ssemateekako okusobola okugobererwa ddala singa omuyigirizwa omulala tagoberezebwa. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku byafaayo, n'okusalawo kwagobeeyambi mu matendekero ne mu matendekero, ebisinziirwako, n'ebyo ebiyinza okugobererwa abasomesa, n'abayivuzi mu mateeka.

Ebyafaayo Ebiraga nti Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna Takyali Mumu

Amateeka g’Olungereza n’Akabaka Gasobola Okukola Ekikyamu

Omusingi ogukwata ku kwefuga gusibuka mu mateeka g'e Bungereza, gye baatwalanga nga tasobola kukola kibi. Gavumenti teyinza kusalibwa musango nga tewabaddewo. Endowooza eno yatwalibwa mu matwale ga Amerika ate oluvannyuma ne yeegatta ku nkola y'obukiiko obwali butandise mu United States. Kkooti enkulu mu Amerika gye yakakasiza ddala enjigiriza eyo mu kusalawo okw'edda Cholm v. Georgia (1793), eyavuunibwawo mu bwangu nga Kkooti Egye ery'ekkumi n'okubiri ery'okutaano ery'okukka, eryeggumizibwa okuva mu kkooti enkulu mu mateeka agafuga amateeka agava mu mawanga amalala.

Omukutu ogw’Akataano ogw’Okugattika n’Obumu mu Gavumenti

Ekitongole eky'ekkumi n'enamu eky'Eggwanga ekyawandiikibwa mu 1795, kiwa akawere akalaga nti: “Etteeka erikwata ku kusala emisango mu Amerika teritwalibwa ng'eraga olukunkumuli lw'amateeka oba empewo, era teritandika oba okulumiriza mu ggwanga lya United States eriba kigigigiddwamu Abatuuze oba Abatuuze oba Abatuuze oba Ebigambo mu ggwanga lyonna ery'ennaggwanga. Olwo bwe luvanyuma, Kkooti enkulu ennyonnyola ensonga eno okuzizza essira mu b'amasaza ne mu matendekero, ne mu matendekero ga gavumenti mu kkomero k'ensi, k'eba nga tewalimu k'obutuuzeeko. Okuggyako nga gavumenti ekkiriza oba akakiiko k'obutebe k'obutebe mu kiseera eky'obutebe 14. Kino kyeyongera kutuuka ku bibiina by'obuyigirize, nga mw'obuyigirize obwa lukalu, nga mw'etendekero.

Endowooza Yajjawo Okuyitira mu Mateeka g’Eggwanga

Wadde nga mu Amereka ow'ekkumi n'omusatu mu nkola ezikolebwa mu kkooti ya California mu 1963 wakkirizibwa okuteekawo akakwakkulizo, era buli ssemateeka ya gavumenti yeetongodde, era nga yateekebwawo ne ssemateeka oba amateeka. Amawanga mangi mu kusooka gaagobereranga amateeka ga Bungereza, oluvannyuma ne gayisa ebiteesiteesi nga gatop ebiteeyisa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, akalagiro ak'omu California kakkiriza ebipande ebiwandibwa okusiikiriza okubuwandibwa ne gavumenti mu mbeera eziteerebwa, ate ko Kkooti ya New York ekola ku nsonga ezimenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Amateeka ga gavumenti ga gavumenti gaavunaanibwa olw'okumenya amateeka agasinga obungi agafuga ebitongole ebitongole ebifuga gavumenti wansi w'amateeka.

Okuyisa Emikolo gy’Enjigiriza mu Kiseera Kyaffe ku Mbeera z’Ettabi

Essomero lya gavumenti litegeeza "Arms' eza gavumenti"

Ku bikwata ku kukuuma obusosoze, essomero lya gavumenti, disitulikiti, oba yunivasite ya gavumenti, ebyawulibwa nga "ggye lya gavumenti". Enjawulo eno esobozesa gavumenti obutakkirizibwa kuyingira kibiina, era eremesa abawagizi baayo obutakkirizibwa mu ssomero eryo okuggyako nga waliwo omuyizzi akolera. Amasomero n'essomero ebigootaanya ebitali bya gavumenti tebiriiko buyinza era biyinza okusalibwa nga ekintu ekyamaguzi. Enjawulo eno y'emu ku ngeri eno y'enkola kino: omuyizi bw'etafuna ebisaze ku ssomero eritendeka bannaazo, ayolekagana n'akazibu okusukka ku ngeri omu ku ssomero eryebwerumya.

Obumu mu Kukkiriza: Mateeka Ki Agatakkirizibwa?

Omufuzi afuga afuga nga yeetaaza ebintu bingi nga takwasizza bukwasi oba obutalabirira bakungu, nga mu bugenderevu batorts (nga bakwatibwa abasibe, nga basibibwa mu makomera), nga batyolwa endagaano, era nga n'abamenyi b'amateeka. Kyokka, okutawaanyizibwa tekuzingiramu kukola mirimu egibakwatako nga banoonya obuweerero oba obuweerero eri bannaago mu kumenya amateeka ga gavumenti, nga bwe kiragibwa mu Ex Young (1988). Ekyawuluusibwa kino tekikkiriza bakungu abo abawagidde okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu nkola y'eby'ebiwandiiko (IA) oba okulekawomat'okufiirwa ssente.

Enkyukakyuka wakati wa K-12 ne Essomero lya waggulu

Wadde ng'amasomero ga gavumenti K-12 ne yunivasite eza gavumenti tezisobola kukwatibwa bufuge, embeera y'ekitongole ekyukakyuka. Abasawo K-12 batera okusanga obusagwa bw'ebisago, okukangavvulwa, n'obuyigirize obw'enjawulo, kyokka nga ku yunivasite emirundi mingi kulimu enkaayana ez'emirimu, okumenya endagaano ez'okunoonyereza, n'okumenya amateeka mu mutwe ogukwata ku mutwe. Kkooti ziyinza okunoonyereza ku nsonga nga zisinziira ku ntegeka y'eby'embalirira y'essente, naye emisingi egisinziirwako tegikyukakyuka.

Abamenyi b’amateeka n’Abaawulirwa Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna

Ebikolwa Ebigambibwa mu Kkomera

Amawanga mangi gataddewo akakwate aka 'Tort Act' akalaga nti abakozi bakkirizibwa okulwana n'ebibiina bya gavumenti olw'obuteefiirayo. Kyokka, buli kiseera, amateeka gano gakkiriza abakozi okukola nga bawagidde enkola nga bakolera wansi w'omulimu gwabwe.

  • '[[FOLT:0]] Kino kyetaagisa ebiteekwa okusooka okutegeeza abantu bye baagala mu tlunga eza bulijjo [[[FULT:1]] mu kiseera ekitono kino kiteekwa okusooka kubaako amakulu g'ebiwandikiro nga biwandikiro. Bwe kiba tekijja kubaamu ennaku 90 mu mwaka gumu nga tekinnaba kutandika kukwasisa biwandiiko bya maduuka gamu.
  • [[AGUMENTI]] Ensolo: Ebitundu ebigasa ebiva mu kabenje n'okubonaabona) oba ebisaze ebiva mu ssente oba ebisaze ebireetebwawo ebireetebwawo (nga.. doola 5000,000 mu California, doola 50,000 mu Texas).
  • Obusobozi obukozesebwa ku nkola eno tebukkirizibwa kukebera ebikolebwa omusingi oba ebikolebwawo mu ' Kino kitegeeza nti ekiragiro bwe kisanga ennamba nga egoberera enkola ya yo (um'okugeza, ebigaanibwa by'entandikwa y'ebigiweebwa, entegeka ya byayo) tekikkirizibwa kugiteekako n'obusobozi bw'ebyo ebigenda okukolebwako, wadde nga kiragibwako nga tekijja kukozesa kitali kyangu kugikoleramu.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Ebweru w'ebbanga:[[AK':1] Ebikolwa bingi tebiyinza kulemesa bantu kweyisa bubi mu bugenderevu, okukuba, bbatri, okusiba mu makomera, oba okukumpanya.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, wansi wa testal Tort Actips Act (Chect. Prac. Prac. & Rem. code 31: 101.021), amasomero ga bonna gayinza okutuukibwako akabi olw'embeera oba olw'okuba gakozesebwa ebintu ebibye ku bwabwe, naye si lwa kuba nti gakozeseza obuto oba bye bagamba nga bagenderedde okukozesa amagezi.

Abo Abeeyita Abayigirizwa

Amakompusa g'eby'enjigiriza gatera okuyingiza mu ndagaano ez'eby'obugagga, emirimu, ebikolerwamu, n'emirimu. Amasaza mangi gaasaza tegakkiriza kuyingira mu nkyukakyuka nga gayitira mu tteeka lya Tort Antiers Act (bwe kiba nga endagaano etwalibwa ng'ennyanjula y'ebintu) oba okuyitira mu ndagaano ez'enjawulo eziragiddwa mu mateeka. Kyokka, okulongoosebwa kuyinza okukomako ebisale ebya nnamaddala era n'okutaasaamu ebisale byennyini ne bigaana okubonerezebwa.

Entegeka za Banamu Kkomero 42 ez’Amerika

Ekitundu ekitegekebwa abantu kinnoomu mu 1983 kikkiriza bazannyi ba firimu ab'omu gavumenti okutongozebwa ku mateeka oba ku ntegeka za gavumenti. Ekibiina eky'eby'enjigiriza ekya gavumenti si "person" ekikkirizibwa okuyisibwa mu mwaka gwa 76983, naye abakungu mu busobozi bwabwe bayinza okusasulwa olw'ebyo ebibabulako. Okugatta ku ekyo, Expace Young Ekiwandiiko [[FOLT]] Ek'enjigiriza ekkiriza abakungu okuweebwa obukwanguzi bw'abakungu mu buyinza bwabwe obw'okusasula ekiteeso. Ekirala ky'ensonga eno kyewaze kiyinza okusalibwa nga kiyisiddwa mu ngeri ey'okusosola (Tit VI, Third IX, ekigaba 504), n'okukyogera mu ngeri esaanira okukangavvula n'obukuumi. Wadde nga ebiva mu ssente eziweebwa mu ggwanika, ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebiwanduga ssente ebiwa akatongole eby'omu kkooti.

Okutwala Enkiiko ng’Olwali Okuteebwa mu Kizimbe eky’Enkomerero mu Kkomera ery’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ennya

Consert eyinza okugattika ekiwagizi eky'okufuga ekiwagizi kya Amereka ekirina obukwafu mu ggwanga nga ligoberera Ekitundu 5 ku nteekateeka y'ekkumi n'ena, singa okukuba ekimenyese kiragibwa bulungi era nga kyenkana kimenya amateeka agafuga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omutwe II ku Amerika alina ekiwanduko Act (ADA) era n'ekitongole ky'eby'obulyigo mu by'amateeka kiragiddwa nti kiwandikiddwa okukuuma etteeka eririna obukwakulizo obw'okwetongodde mu mbeera ezimu, ne kikkiriza ebisumeeza ssente okutaasa ebizibwa mu mayunimatabi g'eggwanga. Mu ngeri y'emu, wansi w'omutemwa gw'omulimu ne Pay Act, kiyinza okuwangula obukuumi bwe kiba nga kikwataganyizibwa n'obukuumi obw'okukibwa. Kyokka, okukkuta kw'edda kw'amateeka kiyinza okukongobera; kkooti ziragira enkola ey'okwegobejja mu nsonga mu nsonga ezimu, ne mu nsonga z'eggwanga.

Eggwanga Likkiriza Ekibi

Ekiragiro ekiggulawo enkola eno kiyinza okubaawo singa gavumenti ekkiriza kyeyagalire okuwerebwa. Kino kiyinza okubaawo nga wabaawo etteeka erikakafu, kakwate n'amateeka agafuga amateeka, oba nga kulwanirira ensonga mu kkooti nga teyetongodde ku bukuumi . Eggwanga nnyingi zikkirizibwa okukikkiriza okusasulira amasomero ne yunivasite nga zigoberera amateeka ga gavumenti. Okugatta ku ekyo, singa gavumenti ekkiriza ensimbi eza gavumenti (g. g., I-IS, I-PEL, Pell Grants), kiyinza okukkirizibwa okusasula ebwewanjufu z'embeera ezigobereza gavumenti.

Obuzibu Obumu mu Mateeka n’Ebyokulabirako by’Abantu Abalina Ensobi

Obuwagizi ku Bifo by’Essomero

Mu ngeri y'emu omuyizi aba yeesasuza ku ssomero olw'okuba alina ebyuma ebimenyese oba nga si mulungi okulabirirwa. Willims v. State [Kkooti y'e Ckooti ey'okupikiriza], omuyizi eyagwa ku kantu akava ku ssookero eweredde mu ssomero. Kkooti yasaba ekiragiro kya Legis Torts Acts , nga tewakakasa nti ensonga eyo yakwatibwa mu kiseera kya myezi mukaaga, ate n'okulemererwa kw'essomero okukebera ebikolerwa ku by'oteeka mu kabenje. Kyokka, ebisale ebyasalibwa byasalibwawo byasalibwa mu ssomero, era omuyizi oyo teyasobola kuwona bulumirimu.

Obwenzi

Wabula, gavumenti nnyingi zigamba nti: “Ebigambo by'omu Ddiini tebibaamu bukakafu bulaga nti omuntu tarts oba nti yeetaaga obujulizi obulaga nti munne tajja kukwatibwa. JENE .Coard of Education[ [Sanland] [Ekiwandiiko] [Sanland]], kkooti yakkiriza nti omuteeko gw'obuyinza obukulembedde akakiiko k'essomero okugaana okutawabula mu kukwata musomesa, kubanga ekikolwa kino kyayama okuva ku mupaka w'omusomesa, era nti omu ku bawabuzi kennyini yakwatibwa bugendereze. Okwawukana ku ekyo, ekiwandiiko ekimu kikkiriza ebigambo nga "embeera y'enkuseetidde oba enjigiriza ey'okumenya enkola y'emu.[93]

Abo Abasosola Abalala

Abayizi abalina obulema batera okusasuza obukiiko bwa ssemasaza olw'okulemererwa okufuna aw'okusula awasaanira wansi wa ADA oba Ekitundu 504 eky'omukago ogugobererwa ekiragiddwa mu nkola y'ekitongole kino. Mu kutuukirizibwa kwa , olukiiko olukulu lwagamba nti, Olukiiko II olw'omu ADA olw'omulembeya olw'obulema lusobola okuteekawo aw'obukuumi mu ntegeka ez'enkalakkalira, gamba nga mu kkooti. Bwe kityo, kkooti entono zisobola okugaziyasa ekizimbe ky'okuyigiriza ekiwandikiro olw'akagaalimu akawumbi. Bwe kityo, omuyizi bw'abatasobola kutwala kizigizibwa mu kifo kya yuniva n'okugo.

Bye Baawandiika Biyamba Abasomi

Weetegereze Bye Beetaagisa n’Ebyo Abafu Kye Beetaaga

Emu ku mitego egisinga okukolebwa mu kuweza ekizimbe eky'enjigiriza kya gavumenti eremeddwa okufulumya amadirisa ga manya g'eby'eddwaliro. Wadde nga tort alina amateeka agafuga emyaka emeka okutuuka ku esatu, amateeka agafuga obuteefuga emirundi mingi gabaetaagisa okulabula okusooka wakati wa 30, 60, oba ennaku 90 oluvannyuma lw'obulwadde. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti ya California egoberera amateeka agafuga enneyisa ya 76.2 'Rommentis' ekwetaagisa okuwandibwawo olukalala mu myezi mukaaga egy'okuteekako olyikerobo. Okulemererwa okukebera amalagiro mu kiseera kya sente ezisingako.

Obusobozi bw’Okukozesa mu Kusaanyawo Obulungi

Ne bwe kiba nti ssente eziba zikkiriziddwa zikkirizibwa, okuwona kuyinza okuba ntono. Ebbeeyi abasinga obungi bawagidde okukola ku bizibu ebiva ku bulumi n'okubonaabona okuli wakati w'obuwumbi n'obuwumbi bwa doola 100 okutuuka ku doola z'Amerika. Eggwanga ezimu ziwera okuzimalako obunene bw'ebyo ebiba bisaliddwawo. Okugatta ku ebyo, ssente ezisaliddwa abakungu ba gavumenti ze basasula zikendeezebwako oba ziba zeetaagisa kooti zikendeezeddwako, era okukendeeza ku ebyo abalaguzi bye baba basazeewo nga bawagidde. Okutegeera ek ekkomo lino kiyinza okusazesemba.

Okuggibwawo kw’Ebitongole

Nga tebannavunaanibwa, abatemu kiyinza okukwetaagisa okusattulula enkyuuka z'eby'obuyigirize obw'enjawulo wansi w'ekitongole kya Assembly Act (IEA), okusobola okugonjoola obutakasattulula obudde nga tetunnasanyisa gavumenti. Mu ngeri y'emu, okusala emisango egigobererwa abakungu ba gavumenti olw'emirimu egy'emirimu giyinza okuzingiramu okujjuza ekitongole ekikolera ku mirimu. Okulemererwa okuddukanya emirimu mu sitemu kiyinza okuviirako okugobebwa, ne bwe kiba nti abafuzi b'obuyinza ku ddembe ery'okugoba obwetwalidde ku mulimu nabo kiba nga bawagidde.

Obukodyo bw’Okuwangula

Abakungu ba gavumenti abalina obumanyirivu bakozesa obukodyo obutali bumu okulemesa abo abaagala okulwanyisa obwetwaze:

  • [[Act:0] Abakungu kinnoomu basobola okukola ebisukka ku mateeka olw'okumenya amateeka, nga essira balissa ku kubaako kye bavvuunya mu kifo ky'okuteekamu ssente mu ggwanika lya gavumenti.
  • [[Act:0] Obubonero obwandiweereddwa mu kunoonya obuwere n'okukyusaamu wansi wa [[FULT:1] mu [[AKMENTI:2] Expace Young[ ku bakungu ba gavumenti, naddala singa enkyuuka ez'eby'enjigiriza zimenya amateeka agafuga ensi.
  • [[AK:0]] Okussaawo amateeka agakwata ku kukutula wansi wa ADA, Umutwe IX, oba 7683 Consert w'ebadde eteekateeka okukomya okukuumibwa.
  • [[Act:0]'Ebisaawe ebikkirizibwa[[[NTANDIKO:1] ebizingiramu endagaano y'ekitongole ekkiriza okukyusiza obusobozi mu kifo eky'okusasuza ebifiibwako, ebiyinza okusussa ku bukuumi.

Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu eriwo wakati w’Okubaawo olw’Ebikolwa by’Okwesalira Omu

E mpaka z’Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna Zisiimibwa Omufuzi Waffe

Abo abawagira enkola eno bagamba nti okusobola okukuuma ensimbi eziweebwa abawa omusolo teziyinza kukendeera, amasomero gakkiriza essira okuzissa ku mirimu gy’eby’enjigiriza awatali kuwugulibwa mu mateeka, era gakuuma obukugu bwa gavumenti nga bugoberera enkola z'eby'obufuzi.

Endwadde Ezivunaanibwa Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna

Abakugu bagamba nti okusobola okukuuma abaana obutatuukibwako kabi, amasomero gajja kuvunaanyizibwa olw’obutafaayo ku nsonga z’obusosoze, okusosolwa, n'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti.

Enkyukakyuka Ezikoleddwa Gye buvuddeko Wadde nga Wazzeewo Enkyukakyuka

Mu myaka egyakayita, gavumenti nnyingi ziwadde obuwanguzi obutonotono ku bikwata ku by'okwegatta mu matendekero. Ng'ekyokulabirako, oluvannyuma lw'okuva ku makolero agaakakasibwa ennyo okusasulira ebiwayibwa, amasomero agamu gakyusizza enkola okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okugattira ku yunivasite ez'obulagajjabirizi. Okugattira kwa ssemateeka ya ssemateeka mu mateeka okuweza amadaala nga 76983 gawandikiddwa mu nkola endala, naddala ebiwandiiko eby'eggwanga n'ebyasaddaaka. Kkooti za gavumenti era zaakolanga ebikolebwako nga "prorities" bwe ziba nga za yunisitensizo eza lukalu nga zikolera mu by'obusuubuzi (um. g.

Obutuuti bukola kyeyongera mu nkyukakyuka. ' Ek'empandika ey'enkola eya Cecuription Redivil Redivil Leader-Motived Act n'amateeka amalala agafuga enkola ewa gavumenti obutawanguzibwa ku bikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu. Kyokka, Kkooti enkulu ekolawo obwakayita mu misango nga Torres v. Ekitongole kya Texas of Public Safety [202] kikakasizza nti ssente ezigibwa mu gavumenti teziriiko ku bukuumibwamu okuggyako nga zikkiriziddwa.

fundikira

Omufuzi akuuma eddembe ly'okufuga akyakola ekintu ekiremesa ennyo okutaataaganya endowooza z'abantu ku matendekero ga gavumenti. Wadde ng'enjigiriza eyo yasibuka ku musingi gwa dda, enkola zaayo ez'omulembe omutalimu, amateeka ga gavumenti, n'ensala z'emisango egisala emisango. Omuntu yenna alowooza nti amenya amateeka agakwata ku ssomero oba yunivasite, oba yunivasite, oba empaka z'emirimu, oba okumenya eddembe ly'abantu, oba okugooya konti y'obusobozi tekikosa muntu yenna; wabula ateekwa okugattika.

Kubanga ebisaanyizo by'okugunja biyitirira ku kigero kya waggulu mu mateeka era nga bya njawulo mu ngeri y'ekika ekya waggulu, okubuuza omukungu wa gavumenti alina obumanyirivu mu kunoonyereza. Okubuulirira okw'omu mateeka kuyinza okuyamba okumanya obanga okuziyiza obuwuka obwo bukyasiddwawo, oba nga kusobola okulaba nti ekitundu ekigo ekiteeyambiddwa mu by'amateeka kiyinza okubaamu obuteeso ne mu ngeri y'okukebera amateeka agakomyamyamya. Wadde nga kiyinza obutaba kyangu okumanyibwa mu ngeri enneeyisa ey'eby'amateeka, abakungu bangi bayinza okusuubira ebitongole ebigo okusobola okutaasaamu akabi ak'amazima.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma, laba Ebitundu by'amateeka eby'okuddaabiriza obutooloozi obwa nnawookeera ku by'okwefuga ne Obulagirizi bw'obwenkanya ku by'enjigiriza ne ku buteefuga . Ekiragiro kino kiwandikiro ekifuga amateeka, nga '[FLT' California' ne [[FLT:] Codet seq., ebikireetera okuwa obujulizi obw'ensonga ezitagasa abavuzi. Amateeka g'Emiteesitemu] agavanyunziromenti ezivamu enneeyisaamu mu ku nsonga ezibalukawo. [[FLT]]]