Emirandira gy’Ensulo

Ennyanjula y'olupapula lw'amateeka mu Amerika y'emu ku nnyiriri ezisinga okweyoleka era ezisomebwa mu bigambo mu ngeri ennyimpimpi, ezirimu ebigambo 52 byokka, ziyamba abantu okutegeera obulungi Amateeka era ziwa kalonda yenna ageesigamiziddwa ku nsonga enkulu eya Amereka.

Okutegeera ekifo kya Pregear kyetaagisa okwekenneenya ensibuko yaakyo, olulimi lwayo, n'engeri gye kibadde kikozesebwamu mu byafaayo byonna ebya Amerika. Preget tewa gavumenti y'ensi eyo(abo) baategeerwa mu bitundu ebiddako(nya) naye bagoberera ekigendererwa ky'obufuzi obwo. Nga Kkooti ey'Enkulu bw'eggwanga teyinza kukozesebwa kuteekawo obuyinza obuppya, era ewa kalonda ow'enjawulo okutegeera ekigendererwa kya gavumenti. Obunene n'omuwendo guno ogw'akabonero bisobozesa okutandikawo obwetoffaalimu obw'ebyetwa.

Ebyafaayo ku Kutandika kw’Essaawa

Naye, kyategeerekeka mangu nti kyali kyetaagisa okuzzaawo entegeka mu bujjuvu eya gavumenti y'eggwanga. Ab'oluganda okuva mu matwale ekkumi n'agabiri (Rhode Island gaalekera awo okwenyigiramu) benyigidde mu mpaka ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku ngeri y'obufuzi obuppya.

Omulimu gw'okuwandiika ebiwandiiko ebikomererako gwava ku kakiiko akayitibwa Gouverneur Morris ow’e Pennsylvania. Morris, ayogerwako ng'oyo asinga okuwandiika ebyawandiikibwa ebisembayo, yali amanyiddwa olw'okuwandiika ebigambo ebirabika obulungi ennyo era eby’amaanyi ennyo ebikwata ku gavumenti y'eggwanga. Okuwandiika ku kiwandiiko kya akakiiko akalaga engeri y'engoye, kyakolebwa akakiiko akayitibwa Scestion. Gagol, akaagunjawo ebigambo bino: “Ffe Abantu b'omu United States” --Morris yagaziya ebigendererwa bye birimu omukaaga ebimanyiddwa ennyo. James Madies, wadde nga teyaba na buvunaanyizibwa obwo, bw'ebyo kyayamba nnyo abakugunjabibwa akakiiko akafuzi akalaga nti ebigenda okulemererwa okufulumya ebigambo bye.

Okusalawo okusooka nga “Ffe Abantu” twaleetawo enkyukakyuka. Ebitundu ebya Confederation byali byatandika lukalala lwa gavumenti ttaano, nga biggumiza obufuzi bwa buli ggwanga mu nkalala. Wabula, ebigambo ebyaggulawo Amateeka byateeka mu bufuge abantu obufuzi mu bugenderevu nga gavumenti nga gavumenti nga gavumenti nga gavumenti, so si mu gavumenti zonna. Enjawulo eno y'enkola mu ngeri y'ensonga ez'amateeka: nti obufuzi obwatongovu bukkirizibwa bukkirizibwa okuva ku ku kukkirizibwa kw'obufuzi. Ekiwandiiko ekyo era kyakola ekigendererwa eky'eby'obufuzi, ne kiyamba okuteeka Amateeka g'omugavumenti mu bantu ba Amerika era ne gagattiddwa gavumenti. Enjawulo eno ejja kuba nkulu nnyo mu mpaka z'obuwabuzi, nga ba Diviliation bwe baalumiriza nti gavumenti y'ewandikiddwawo gavumenti ey'entuufu.

Empalana eyo teyasooka kuleetawo butakaana. Kyokka, ebigambo “Ffe" twatuukiriza amakulu amakulu. Abaziyiza baalowooza nti eddembe erya Progamedge lyalina okukkirizibwa mu kifo ky'okuliisa, era nti liyinza okukozesebwa okugaziya obuyinza bw'eggwanga okusinga bwe kyali kikkirizibwa. Mu kukola ekyo, abawagizi b'amateeka amappya baakiraga nti obuyinza obwali buteekeddwa mu Mateeka ga gavumenti empya bwalina kye butuukiriza.

Edda n'ebbanga bwe ligenda liyitawo, olulimi lwalyo lwajulizibwa mu ndowooza za kkooti enkulu ez'ensi yonna, endagiriro za prezidenti, n'ebikolobero bingi. Pregedges yaddizibwanga buli kiseera mu masomero, mu mikolo egikolebwa olw'enkola, ne mu bikolebwa ku bantu bonna, era n'eraga nti erimu ekifo kye kimu ku b'ensonga y'eggwanga.

Ebigambo Ebiggya ku Makulu Agabiri

Okutegeera obulungi ebigambo bino kijja kutuyamba okutegeera engeri ennyanjula eyo gy’ekutte ku mpisa z’abantu b’omu Amerika.

“ Ffe Abantu”

Ebigambo bisatu ebisingirayo ddala okuba eby'amaanyi mu mateeka ga Amereka. “Ffe Abantu” tutegeeza nti eddiini kye kikolwa eky'obufuzi obwa bulijjo obwa bulijjo. Obuyinza bwa gavumenti buva eri abatuuze, so si ku busika obwava eri Katonda, ettaka oba ettaka oba enjawulo wakati wa gavumenti. Endowooza eno yali ya njawulo nnyo okuva ku mateeka g'ebyobufuzi mu Bulaaya mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'etaano era nga ekyasigala nga y'ekikulu mu Amereka. Ebigambo ebyo bikyasebwawo mu ttwale lya Amerekase. Enkola ya gavumenti za Amereka obungi ezinoonya okugaziya amakulu ga “abantu mu nfumbo, nga mw'otwalidde n'abakazi, n'Abamerika, n'ababuvanjufu, nga bannamerika, era n'ababuuze mu nsi enfumbo. [FLDylklovv. Marylandland [FF1:19], 1818, Justiced, Justiced, Fast Marshard, ayogera ku n'ensonga enkulu ennyonnyola y'ensonga enkulu ennyonnyola ensonga eyo mu bigamba nti: “yawuna

“ Basobole Okubeera n’Obumu Obweyagaza mu Bujjuvu”

Ekigendererwa ekisooka kikkiriza obutali butuukirivu bwa Zitundu z'Ebitundu eby'Ekiwandiiko nga byoleka essuubi nti Amateeka amapya gajja kulongooka. Ekigambo “” kitegeeza nti okutuukirira kitegeeza nti obutuukiridde kye kintu ekigenda mu maaso mu kifo eky'okutuuka ku kikolwa eky'enkomerero. Ekibuuzo kino kitegeeredde ddala mu byafaayo byonna eby'Amerika, naddala mu biseera eby'obuzibu oba enkyukakyuka ez'eggwanga. Olutalo oluyitibwa New Deal, entegeka y'eby'eddembe by'abantu, n'enkakaakaanyi eziriwo mu gavumenti z'ensi eno, byonna biraga okufuba okweyongera okuteekawo “obumu obumu obutuukiridde.” Ekibuuzo kino kisangibwa mu misango mingi egya kkooti enkulu era nga bannabyalagibwa bannabyabufuzi n'abakulembezza amateeka nga bawagizi.

“ Obwenkanya obw’Omu Lusitula”

Ekiruubirirwa eky'okubiri, “Obwenkanya,” bwoleka butereevu ku bwetaavu bw'enkola y'amateeka agenkanya era awatali kusosola. Wansi wa kakiiko akaateekawo ensonga, tewaaliwo lukunkumuli lw'amateeka mu ggwanga, era n'enkaayana wakati w'amawanga ag'enjawulo zaakolebwa mu ngeri etali ntegeererwamu. Amateeka gaayamba ekitongole kya gavumenti okusobola okunnyonnyola ensonga mu ngeri y'obwenkanya era n'okuteekawo olukunkumuli lw'okugonjoola obutakaanya. Olukiiko olukulu era lulaga ekikwasa obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okutuukiriza obwannannyini obw'okusala emisango obwa ssa obwenkanya obwa bulijjo. Era olukiiko olukulu lutegeeza ekikwakulirwawo nti amateeka galina kuba mu ebyo bye gakozeseeko, so si mu kukoleramu. Okutegeera kuno ku mateeka okukulu okw'ensonga ez'olukujjuzi olugo kwe kiragira “ng'olukiiko olukulu olw'olusaanyi . Olukulu era n'olukiiko olukulu olw'amateeka olw'ensonga olukulu lulaze olutuufu.

“ Kayisa Obuzibu mu Maka”

Shay’s Region mu 1786-87, ekiwagizi ky'abalimi ab'omu Massachusetts ekyabaganya okusobola okukuuma emirembe wakati w'ensi, kyalaga nti gavumenti terina buyinza bwa kusiiga amagye oba okukwasisa mateeka mu nsi ezo. “Erasing Precument State Trancation Tranciveism" yayoogddeko obunafu buno, ng'ewagira gavumenti okukomya obukyayi n'okukuuma emirembe mu nsi. Kino kyesembebwa mu ngeri y'omusingi okuva ku ku kussaawo egraammajanti y'amagye g'omukiryinja mu kiseera kya kirwawo ne Reconstanton okusobola okukozesebwa okugonjoola okusoomooza okw'omunda. Era kiragira gavumenti obuyinza obw'obudduukirize mu bibayinja n'obulwadde, nga n'obutebenkenkenkenke nga bwe bizingiramu okugonjoola embeera z'abantu.

“ Fuba Okulwanirira Entalo”

Ebigambo “okwerwanako okwa bulijjo” biraga engeri gye baategeeramu nti amagye amangi gaali geetaagisa okusobola okuleetawo amagye amangi mu nsi empya. Munsi za kaweefube, buli ggwanga lyalina obuwagizi bwalyo, era gavumenti yasobola okusaba abajaasi okuva mu masaza nga(a) n'enteekateeka eyajjawo mu kiseera kya Ssematalo eyasooka. Ekiragiro kya Constitution kye kyawa Constantion amaanyi okuteekawo n'okuwanirira eggye ery'eby'omulembe guno, n'okutandikawo olutalo. Pregeary bw'awandiika ku “okwerwanako obwa bulijjo” buggumiza nti obukuumi bw'eggwanga bugasse wamu so si mu kiseera kya masaza. Ekigendererwa kino kibadde kikulu nnyo okuwakana ku by'amasaasa, ku nkola y'abagwira, ne ku n'obutebenkenkereewa. Era, kyeyoleka mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo ku ku nsonga ezikwata ku kwerwana mu nsi yonna.

“ Okuyamba abantu okufuna emirembe mu mawanga gonna”

Oboolyawo ebigambo ebyabagulwa ennyo mu Pregary, “okukyusa ekifo ekikulu” bye byataputibwa nnyo okunnyonnyola mu mateeka. Abakola empandiika abamu, nga Alexander Hamilton, baagamba nti ebigambo bino byawa gavumenti obuyinza okusaasaanya ssente mu kifo ekisingayo okuba obulungi abantu, okusukka ku manyanjula agaategekwa. Abalala, nga James Madison, baawakanya nti etteeka ery'okwerinda lyagobererwa mu bitundu ebirala mu Mateeka ga Kinnansi. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, okutaputa Hamily'amataanyi okumanyibwa kwa Hamily kweyongera, naddala okugoberera ekiseera kya New Fareal, nga Ssettenment for for for for for for for for for for for the Social Social and Mediant. Ebigambo bino: “gattence Media, tebikola ku buyinza kufuga mu mateeka, naye bisobozesa kulongoosa obulamu bw'abantu. Okufaayo ku by'obuyigirize, obutuufu, obutuufu bw'eby'eby'eby'obuyigirize obwa waggulu, obutuufu, obutuufu bw'obuyigirize obwa waggulu, obutuufu, obutuufu, obutuufu bw'obu

“ Mumanye Emikisa Egituweebwa Ffe Ffe Ffe Ffennyini n’Ekitiibwa Kyaffe”

Ekiruubirirwa ekisembayo kikwataganya omulembe ogugenda okutondebwa n'omulembe ogujja, nga kiggumiza nti Amateeka gaategekebwa okukuuma eddembe, si lya bantu abalamu bokka mu 1787 naye era n'eri bonna mu Amerika abajja. Ekigambo “ebirangi" kirina obuzito mu mpisa era nga kyenkana kisinga okuba eky'eby’omwoyo, ekiraga nti eddembe lirina okutwalibwa nga lya muwendo era nga likuumibwa. Ekiruubirirwa kino kiraga nti amateeka gago gagobererwa abantu bonna okusobola okukuuma eddembe ery'enkomeredde, nga mw'otwalidde n'okussaawo eddembe ery'okwogera, ery'eddiini, n'engeri eremesebwa. Era kino kyeyolekera mu ku ngeri y'okulabirira obutonde n'okufuga obutonde, era nga bye bikola ebikwata ku ddembe eri wakati w'abantu ab'ebikaago. Endowooza y'abantu ab'ebivaamu ekiragira eky'okugobeembiriraago, ekyo kiraga nti amateeka ge gagobeegobererwa mu nsi yonna.

Ekifo ky’Okwagala Okutandika

Ennyanjula ekola ng'ekitongole ekikola ku mitindo gya gavumenti, /(akyogera kitono ku mitindo egigatta Abamerika ng'abantu.' Okwawukana ku tteeka erilabika ng'esinga obulungi oba erikwata ku tekinologiya, ennyanjula eyo eyogera mu lulimi olutegeerekeka obulungi ku bye baagala okutuuka ku nsi yonna: obwenkanya, emirembe, obutebenkevu, n'eddembe.

Mu masomero mangi mu nsi eyo, abayizi bakwata bukusu emitwe nga batandika okuyingira mu mateeka ga Amerika. Emboozi eziddiŋŋana zinyweza ekirowoozo eky'okubeera mu kibiina kya gavumenti nga buli kiseera kiwandikiddwa, ebikolebwa ku bantu abappya era nga bye bitwaliramu ebiwandiiko ebisinzibwa ku bantu aba bulijjo.

Wadde nga wabaddewo okutandikawo enziji z'enkuŋŋaana, abantu baateekanga ebigambo ebiggyayo omulambo ku Pregail mu bifo ebya bulijjo, mu bigambo by'eggwanga ne mu bifo ebirala.

Mu bizibu ebyajjawo oluvannyuma lwa ssematalo 11 mu Ssebutemba oba nnawookeera w'omwaka gwa 19 abakulembeze basabye Preget okuyita “okusobola okwerwanako awamu” era ne“kusobozesa abantu bonna okufuna enkukakyuka” okuwagira enteekateeka z'ekibiina. Wadde nga obutakkaanya mu by'obufuzi buyinza okuba bwa maanyi, emisingi gya Progedge giwa ensonga enkulu esobozesa okugonjoola enjawukana mu nnyiriri.

Ebyakolebwa ku Bulombolombo bw’Abamerika

Emisingi gyayo gikozeseddwa okulaga ensonga lwaki ensonga ezikoleddwa zikwatibwa butyo era n'okuleetawo enkyukakyuka, nga kino kiviirako okuteekawo demokulase y'Amerika.

Okugattika obuwambe mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'essatu kwava ku lulimi Olufulumya lwe baagamba nti obuddu tebwalina kigendererwa kya mateeka okusobola okununula abantu.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton ne Susan B. Anthony baagamba nti ebigambo ebyaggulawo Amateeka ga Katonda nti, “Ffe Abantu,” mwe mwali n’abakazi, wadde nga baali tebakkiriziddwa.

Ekiragiro ekitongole ekikolera abakozi ekyatandika mu kyasa ekya 20, kyakubiriza okukomya omulimu ku “bulungi obwa bulijjo” mu kuwagira empeera z'abakozi, nga mw'otwalidde empeera entono, essaawa ezisinga obunene, n'embeera ez'obutebenkevu. Ekiragiro kya New Deact mu myaka gya 1930, nga Social Security Act ne National Labor Relations Act, kyatongozebwa bulungi nga kikozesebwa okutumbula embeera z'abantu bonna. Kkooti enkulu yasooka yagaana ezimu ku nkola za programu zino naye oluvannyuma yaziggulawo, ng'omulamuzi Benjamin Cardozo ewandiise mu [FL:0] Caward Societyan Convice v. Davis[[FFFF:1] [37]]).

Entegeka y'obwannakyemalira mu 1950 ne 1960 kye kimu ku ebyo ebyasinze okukolebwa mu myaka gya 1960. Abakulembeze nga Martin Luther King Jr. ne bibiina ebikola nga NAACP baayisa olulimi olw'omu mateeka okuwaliriza eggwanga eryo okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byalyo ebyatandikawo. Ebigambo “Obwannaawula” kye kintu ekikulu ennyo mu kusoomooza okukkirizibwa mu mateeka okusobola okukmanya, nga mw'otwalidde Barnn v. Board of Education[[FLD] [1954], ekyatwalanga nti ebizimbe by'obuyigirize eby'enjawulo tebyetooloola mu butonde. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyalaga nti eddembe erya obwa obwa obwa bulijjo teri mu 1965 kyalimu nkyukakyuka mu mateeka okusobola okuleetera abantu baafyawukana mu mpisa.

Gye buvuddeko awo, abawagizi ba poliisi babadde bakubirizibwa nnyo mu mpaka ezikwata ku nkola y'abatuuze, engeri y'okukuuma obutonde, ne kaweefube. Abawagira okuleetawo okulongoosebwa kw'obutonde bawa endowooza eyo gye bawaayiriza nti eggwanga lisaanidde okwaniriza abappya abakolera ku misingi gyalyo. Ebibuuzo bino biraga nti enkola y'eby'obulamu obwa bulijjo “esobozesa gavumenti okwenyigira mu by'obulamu obwa bulijjo. Ababeekenneenya embeera z'obutonde baagoolekawo, era ne bagamba nti, okusobola okuwanirira emikisa egy'eddembe eri abaana baffe, kyetaagisa enkola ezikukuuma ensi okusobola okuganyula emirembe egya mu biseera eby'omu maaso.

Enjigiriza n’Ebibuuzo Ebitategeerekeka Ebyaliwo Leero

Ennyanjula y'amateeka esigala nga ya mugaso nnyo mu kyasa ekya makumi abiri n'ekisooka, era nga y'ekozesebwa okunnyonnyola amateeka. Wadde nga kkooti tezeesigama ku nnukuta ezisooka ng'ensibuko y'amateeka, emirundi mingi eweebwamu ekitangaala eky'okumanyisa ekigendererwa ekiri mu nteekateeka eziragiddwa. Mu mikutu egitali gimu, olulimi lw'eggwanga olukwata ku kwerwanako awamu n'obutebenkevu lukozesebwa okuwanirira obuyinza obw'okufuga. Mu nsonga ezisinga obungi, essira erikwata ku ddembe n'obwenkanya liba liteekeddwako limu linywezezza nnyo obukuumibwa ku ddembe.

Abamu bagamba nti okuvvuunula nti empandika eyo esobozesa eggwanga okukoma ku mpandika z'amateeka, era nti egoberera amateeka tegoogerwa abantu nga batwala etteeka eryo ng'ekintu ekyetaagibwa obukwasi. Abalala bagamba nti ennyanjula eyo esobola okubayamba okutegeera amakulu g'empandiika y'amateeka naddala singa etegeera amakulu gaabyo n'enkyukakyuka.

Empuliziganya eyo era erina kinene kye yakola mu kuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu by'enjigiriza. Mu kiseera kino nga wagenda weyongera okujjawo obwawulavana mu by'obufuzi, abasomesa banoonya engeri y'okukulaakulanyamu endowooza ey'obutuuze. Pregear ewa emitindo egitayinza okuyigirizibwa mu mitwe gy'enjigiriza. Programu nga We People bye zisomebwa, ebyakuzibwa Ekitongole ky'eby'obufuzi eky'ekitongole kya Civic Education, bikozesa ennyanjula y'empuku ez'okuyigiriza abayizi ebikwata ku mateeka n'ekifo kyabwe nga bassawo.

Mu ngeri etegeerekeka obulungi, ennyanjula eyo yeeyongera okusomebwa mu bifo ebya bulijjo, gamba nga mu kutongoza ebikolobero ne ebikuzibwa. Biragibwa mu bizimbe bya gavumenti era ne bikubisibwa mu bitabo bya gavumenti. Ebigambo “Ffe abantu” tufuuse ebigambo eby'enjawulo mu kaweefube w'eby'obufuzi, mu kwekaabira obulango, ne mu bibiina by'abantu. Mu 2020 kalulu kampuni za prezidenti, buli omu ku bakkirizisa okuyita Preging mu nnyinyonnyonnyola zaabwe, nga biraga nti bye bawagidde mu ngeri ey'obumu obumu mu ggwanga.

Wadde ng’ebiwandiiko ebyo bikkirizibwa mu nsi nnyingi, abamu bagamba nti “Ffe Abantu” abaasooka tetwali bantu baddu, Bamerika oba bakazi, era nti ekigendererwa ky’ebiwandiiko ekyo tekyamalanga mangu ku bantu bonna.

Bwe kityo, ekifo ekisooka mu buwangwa bw’Abamerika kiri mu bibiri: kikozesebwa ng’okwanjula ekigendererwa ky’eggwanga, era kisobozesa enteekateeka ey’okukkiriziganya n’okukyusaamuamu ebintu.