Table of Contents

Olupapula lw’amawulire: Lukwatagana N’Ebigambo Ebikyasinze Okubaamu Ekiwandiiko Ekikwata ku Bufumbo

Kino kisobozesa bamemba batono nnyo okusigira oba okulwawo amateeka, ne bwe kiba nti bangi bagawagira. Abawagizi, bakuuma eddembe ly'abantu abatono ennyo era ne banoonya ebigendererwa ebigootaanya. Abawakanya amateeka agakolebwa mu United States, baleetera akakiiko akatono okusannyalala, okukomya etteeka erikugira eddembe ly'obuntu.

Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola ensonga lwaki abantu baava mu mbeera ez’eby’obufuzi, era kinnyonnyola ensonga lwaki zajjawo mu byafaayo bya gavumenti.

Ekikozesebwa mu Kunnyonnyola Ebikwata ku Katonda Kye Ki?

Obutafaananako Nnyumba y'Ababaka, ewa ebiwandiiko ebiraga ekiseera abantu kye bamala nga boogera, Olukiiko Olukulu olw'amateeka gakozeseddwa mu lukiiko olukulu okuleetawo okuwakana ku mateeka, mu ngeri eyo ne luziyiza okulondebwa.

Kyokka, mu lukiiko olukulu olw'omu kiseera kino, ekikolwa eky'okwogera okumala ebiseera ebiwanvu tekitera kubaawo. Mu kifo kya bulijjo, bameno balaga bujulizi kigendererwa kyabwe eri n'abaana ab'ekika kya nfilbuster, era nga akalumba ako kokka ke kamala okuleetera omuntu okubumbulako: ekiteeso [ kwe kulonda okukomya okukuba akalulu. Omutindo guno gumanyibwa nga [ era nga ekipimo kya — kye kisinze eky'obuyinza bwa FILTBster.

Etteeka ery'obwannannyini obw'awaka 60 teririiwo mu mateeka. Obufuzi bwatandikawo n'obukulembeze bw'ensimbi obwakyusa empandika. Kino kitegeeza nti omwana omutumbu si mateeka; olukiiko olukulu lusobola okukyusa oba okugumalawo okuyitira mu kalulu akasinga obungi.

Ebika ebibiri eby’Epilibuster: “Engeri gy’oyogeramu n’omuntu oyo eba evudde ku Yakuwa. ”

Mu byafaayo, omuyigirizwa yabeetaagisanga abakwasi b'ekibiina okusitulira wansi nga boogera enfunda n'enfunda. Kino kye “ekikolwa eky'okwogera ku nnyanjula” ekyakolebwako ennyo olw'ebyo ebyaliwo nga Senator Strom Thurmond bwe yayogera ebigambo ebiwakanya ekitongole ekikola ku ddembe lya Civil Rights mu 1957. Wansi w'emboozi eyabanga ayogera n'omwogezi, emboozi yandisobodde okukoma, era akavwoozi kayinza okukoma.

Leero, olukiiko olukulu lukolera wansi w'omulembe ogumu. Abakwanaganya abawagizi baleme kuddamu kwogera. Bategeeza butegeeza mukulembeze w'ekibiina nti baasaze okugaana endagaano yonna okusemba. Awo nga 60 tewasigadde kalulu, ebbaasa liba lifudde wadde nga nedda, akakiiko akakwasizza akakwango ne katabaako ky'akategeeza ku ttaka.

Engeri Omuzannyo gw’Okukuba Amagi gye Gukwata ku Kussaawo Amateeka: Enkola y’Obufuzi

Olukalala lw'amateeka ga nukuta lukyusa engeri ennume z'ekoleramu era n'engeri amateeka gye gayisibwamu.

  • Etteeka erisinga obungi lirina okukkirizibwa Olukiiko Olukulu okukuba akalulu.
  • Okusobola okusaba ekime, [[OLW'OKUMENTI] 60 obusawo buteekwa okulonda okusobola okumalawo empaka. Bwe kitasoboka, omumwa gwa kyo guba tegukyasobola kumalibwawo.
  • Ebika ebimu eby'amateeka tebyasabibwa ku filbuster, naddala pudget okutabagana[, okwetaagisa obululu obwa bulijjo (51) okuyita.
  • Okulonda abalamuzi n'okulonda abalabirizi ku ofiisi y'ettabi nabyo byawuliddwa ku bannabyabufuzi nga wazzewo enkyukakyuka mu “akawayiro ka nukuliya” mu 2013 ne mu 2017.

Ensengeka eno etegeeza nti okuyisa ekitundu kyonna eky'amateeka, abasinga obungi bateekwa okuzimba ebika bya bipartismu ebisukka mu 60 ebivvumbiddwa oba okukozesa enkola ey'okutabagana ne kibala nti enkyuka ez'ennamba zisobola okukozesebwa mu kukozesa enfuze ey'okugoberera enfuze mu Act eya 1974

Omudaala ogw'Akaseera ak'Aka 60: Engeri Gye Gukwata ku Magiira

Omuwendo ogwo gulina kye gukola kinene nnyo ku ntegeka y'olukiiko olukulu olw'ensi n'ebirukwata bye gulina. Kiba kitegeeza nti, ekiwagizi ekimu ne bwe kiba nga kikutte ebifo 55, tekisobola kufuga bye kibadde kisuubira nga tekinnawangula bitaano ku bantu ba kibiina kya ntono.

Ng'ekyokulabirako, ebbaasa eriwagirwa abakwasi b'obukulembeze 59 terisobola kutuuka ku buwanguzi singa akalulu aka 60 tekaweebwa. Kino kiwa kabiina akatono akakola ku bamemba ab'ekika ekimu, abayinza okwetaanya ebbeeyi okusobola okuwagira. Era kitegeeza nti amateeka agakkirizibwa mu Amereka — gamba ng'okukebera obulambe obumanyisa obuguwa oba enkyukakyuka ezimu ezikolebwa mu by'obubunnyinyinzi — gayinza okusigirwa abantu abatono abakiikirira abantu abatono aba bulijjo.

Ebyafaayo by’Ebiribuster: Baava mu Nsi Ejjudde Obukambwe ne Batandika Okuzikirira

Wadde ng’enjigiriza z’ekika kya filbuster zaakatandika nnyo okubaamu okukaayana, olukiiko olukulu olwa Seketi lwatandika okuziziyizaamu, olukiiko olukulu olwa Nearbuster lwatandika okuzibya buli wamu okutuusa ku nkomerero y’ekyasa 19.

Ekiseera eky’Okutandikawo n’Ekiseera kya Andetolomamu

Olukiiko Olukulu bwe lwali nga terukyalina njawukana ntono, kyali tekikyetaagisa kussaawo mateeka agaba ga njawulo.

Neribuster eyasooka yakolebwa mu 1837, ekibinja kya ba ssenala b'eggwanga Whig bwe baaziyiza amateeka agakwata ku kuggyawo ensisigi mu bbanka y'Amerika. Naye tekiri nti emyaka gya 1800 gyatandika kukwata ku ntegeka y'ekika kya Neribuster, eyakozesebwanga abakwanaganya b'obukiika ddyo okuziyiza amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu n'ekangaasa ebirala bye baawakanya.

Enzivuunula ya 1917 Enzivuunula y’Okufuga: Okufuuka Obuntu

Mu 1917, Prezidenti Woodrow Wilson bwe yakubirizibwa, Ssain Ssemateeka yatongoza Bufuzi 22, obwasobozesa okukomya obululu. Eno ye nkola eyasooka. Enkyukakyuka eyo yajjawo oluvannyuma lw'ekirooto kya bannakyewa 12 abayitibwa Wilson abawamba ebito by'abasuubuzi mu kiseera kya Ssematalo I, era ne pulezidenti n'ayita Ssemakatimu “ekibiina ky'amateeka kyokka ekiyinza okukola nga bangi beetegefu okukola.”

Kyokka, ne bwe kyabanga kimaze okubaawo 1917, tekiteranga kukozesebwa. [[NKULULA] Olukiiko olwo bwe lwabanga lunaatera okumenya ekiwato, [[[FLL:1] tekyabanga kyangu kulwetaanya era n'ekika kya nukuta kya kyeyongera okukula.

Ekiruubirirwa ky’Ekyokulabirako ky’Ekkereziya n’Okutandika kw’Eby’Obubiina

Neribuster yatuuka ku kiseera kye ekyasinga okuba eky'omulembe mu kibiina ekikola ku ddembe ly'abantu. Abasawo ab'obukiika ddyo baakikozesa enfunda n'enfunda okuziyiza amateeka agalwanyisa eddembe ly'obuntu, etteeka ery'okulonda n'okutongoza eddembe ly'obuntu, era ne ku kakwate ka Civil Rights akaakolebwa mu 1957 ne 1964. Svenator Strom Thurmond owa South Carolina yassaawo olukalala lw'obusika olusingayo obuwanvu mu byafaayo bya Kontria, bwe yayogera okumala essaawa 24 ne 18 nga awakanya ekitongole ekiyitibwa Lovil Rights Act.

Mu 1964, akakwakkuliro akakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu kaasalirwawo akaawerera ddala 60 ennaku olw'omukago gwa bannaakyewa b'omu bukiika ddyo. Kyakoma mu lukiiko olukulu bwe lwasalawo omulundi ogwasooka mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga okulonda abalonde 71 okukomya enkaayana ez'emirundi ena ezisukka mu esatu ezaali zeetaagisa mu kiseera ekyo.

Enkyukakyuka za 1970: Ensobi Ekendeezebwako n’Enkola ya Felibuster Etamanyiddwa Kaseera

Mu 1975, olukiiko olukulu lwakendeeza ekkowe ly'abasawo ne balonda abaliwo era ne basalawo nti buli aw'omusenala asatu mu minsani asatu oba 60 bakkirize. Kino kyakifuula kyanguko okukomya okuwakana wadde nga omudaali ogwo ogwali gukikiikirira kiwandikiro kya waggulu.

Mu kiseera kye kimu, olukiiko olwo lwalaba okusibuka kw'ebbanga lya bannantameggwa, enkola eyasobozesa ekisenge okukitwala mu bizineesi endala nga bwe bataddewo omusango. Kino kyavaawo bulungi okwogera ne nukbuster kubanga ab'obuyinza tebaalina kusigira wansi okusobola okusimbula ebbaasa. Baali balina okugaana, era etteeka eryo lyalina okussibwawo emirembe gyonna. Eno ye nkongo ya “kitebenke,” eyava mu kyamakko kya bannannyini, era ne kiva mu kifo eky'okulabira mu bya bufuzi.

Ekikolwa kya Nuukiriya: Engeri Omusango Gye Gwakyusaamu Omuzannyo

Mu byafaayo ebisinga obungi eby'Amerika, olukiiko olukulu lwayisa emisango mu kkooti z'amateeka nga teruwanya bannaalukalala.

Mu 2003, Servet Democrats filbusters yakomyawo kkooti ya Pulezidenti George W. Bush's appinees. Mu ngeri eyo, abakungu ba gavumenti baatiisatiisa okusazesa omubaka agifumye mu lukiiko olukulu olw'okusala emisango nga bayitira mu kawere akayitibwa “ekiteeso kya nukuliya.” Kkattisbo y'ekika kya bipartistan emanyiddwa nga Gaagi w'aba 14 ereeba nga y'akawaliwo okumala akaseera katono, naye ensonga eyajjawo mu 2013.

Mu 2013, olukiiko lw'eggwanga Democrates olwayobererwa ne Republican filbusters of Pulezidenti Barack Obama’s appenellate ne ofiisi y'ettabi, lwasaba akawayiro ka nukuliya ne kako okukateeka [[FL:0] kweyamanyisa obutundu bwa nukuliya mu kifo kya buli nnukuta okuggyako abalamuzi . Mu 2017, Akakiiko akafuzi kaako kaayongera ek'enkola ya Kko nunizimu ne kakireetera ekko okutongoza ekko ku kkooti enkulu eya Leak Leak Leak Leak Gor Mont.

Enkyukakyuka zino zaakyusa enkola ey'okukakasa ekiba kizuuliddwa. Leero, abalamuzi ba disitulikiti n'abakungu ba Kabiina bakkirizibwa nga basinga obungi, era nga bakendeezezza ekyetaagisa 60 ku bibala bye baali basoose okukolerako.

Ensonga Lwaki Abeekuumye Bawaayiriza Omuntu Omubiikira

Abawagira ekitongole kino bawa ensonga eziwerako lwaki etteeka erikwata ku 60 mu tteeka lirina okukuumibwa, naddala erikwata ku mateeka.

Okukubiriza Ab’oluganda Okukyusa Endowooza Yaabwe

Ekibuuzo ekisingayo obukulu ekiwagira enkola ya filbuster kiri nti kiwaliriza abantu abasinga obungi okukolagana n'abo abatono. Olukiiko olukulu lwasala ebiwandiiko ebisinga obungi ebisaasaanyizibwa, era nga lukubiriza abawagizi okusinziiriza awamu okusala ennyiriri. Abawagizi bagamba nti kino kireetawo amateeka agaagaziya ennyo, agawagira buli kakiiko k'okulonda. Mu ngeri eno, ekitongole kya firibuster kiba kyeyisa ng'ekikebeeyi ku bukoddiba bwa bannaakyewa.

Okukuuma Obutono bw’Eddembe mu Enteekateeka y’Abakulembeze b’Eby’Obukiiko

Olukiiko olukulu olw'ensirimu lwakolebwa okuba ekibiina ekiwa eddembe abantu abatono kwe bafunira eddoboozi ery'amaanyi. Ebigambo ebya Seneyansi ebyamala emyaka mukaaga byali bya kubakuuma okuva ku kupikirizibwa okw'eby'obufuzi okw'akaseera katono.

Okukendeeza Enkyukakyuka Ebaawo mu Maaso

Mu kussaawo amateeka, omuyinja oyo akendeeza ku nkyukakyuka mu mateeka. Kino kikendeeza ku kabi ak'okuddukanya amabanja mu bwangu, era kireetera abantu bonna n'abo abagafunirwamu eby'ensoonye okukolako n'okuteekateeka enkola. Mu nkola y'obuyinza obwawuddwawo, n'ekirala, n'ekirala ekitwalibwa ng'obulungi okusobola okufuga.

Lwaki Abakugu Bayita FILIbuster Probletatic

Abaziyiza pribuster bagamba nti ssente z’ekika ekyo zisingira wala nnyo emiganyulo gye kivaamu, naddala mu kiseera kino eky’okugabanyizibwamu obutundutundu.

Kireetera Obuguwa bw'enkula okulekera awo okukozesa obuwaze obw'oku ssemazinga

Ekimu ku ebyo ebisingirayo ddala okukolebwa mu lukalala lw'abafiiri kwe kuba nti ekkanisa eremesezza olukiiko olukulu olwa Sekero okutuula ku nsonga eziwagirwa abasinga obungi. Mu kiseera kino, tewali kibiina kya nnamba gye kiyinza okuwangula ebitebe 60 mu buseerezi, omuyizzi oyo ategeeza nti abasinga obungi tebasobola kutuukiriza mikutu gyayo awatali kusemba bantu batono.

Teyeesigamiziddwa ku tteeka lya Kiwandiiko Ekyo

Neribuster tasangibwa mu mateeka. Abalabe baakolebwa mu lukiiko era bagamba nti okussaawo amateeka agakwata ku Bataata tekwalina kigendererwa kya kubassaawo mu ngeri ennyangu okutegeera era nga amateeka gonna ag'enjawulo bwe gali. Ekiragiro kino kyetaagisa obukujjuka bw'amateeka obw'enjawulo mu bitundu ebitono (nga okusemba endagaano oba okusingisa omukungu atalina bulagirizi), era abawaka bawakanya ekyo bagamba nti bannaka bannaatandikawo bamanyi engeri y'okulondamu abakungu ab'amaanyi nga baagala omuntu omu.

Ebyafaayo mu Kuziyiza Eddembe ly’Obwannannyini

Neribuster alina ebyafaayo ebimu ebizibu. Yakozesebwa enfunda n'enfunda mu kyasa ekya 20 okulemesa amateeka agaziyiza okusoomoozebwa, okukugirwa kw'eddembe ly'obuntu, n'Akakwato ka Civil Rights aka 1964. Abaziyiza bagamba nti eky'okukozesa kyonna ekyakozesebwa ennyo okukuuma obusosoze mu langi n'obusosoze mu langi kirina okutwalibwa ng'ekituufu.

Kisobozesa Obutono bwa Bitundu Ebikiikirira Abantu Abatono

K'obanga buli ssemalumente alina abakwana b'essaawa babiri ka kibe nti bantu bameka, Olukiiko Olukulu olw'ebifo kino era nga lusingako obunene. Ekitongole kino kigatta wamu enjawulo zino. Abakomu n'ababaka ba Amerika abakiikirira abantu 18 ku buli kikumi basobola okusigira ddala amateeka. Ekyo kitegeeza nti abatemu batono abakiikirira ekitundu ekitono eky'ensigaliramu balemesebwawo okukola ekyo.

Abafuzi baayo baaleeta Enkyukakyuka mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Okukaayana okukwata ku nnyina w’ekika kino kweyongedde nnyo mu myaka egyakayita, era wabaddewo okunoonyereza okuwera okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu Washington ne mu bannabyabufuzi.

Ddayo ku kitundu ekirina omutwe “Filibuster

Ekimu ku ebyo ebigenda okulongoosebwa kwe kuzzaawo “enjola ekwata ku kulaga omwana omufumbo,” nga kyetaagisa abakwasi b'amateeka okusobola okusigira ddala ebiwandiiko by'amateeka. Abawagizi bagamba nti kino kiyinza okusobozesa abalabe okusiimula oludda olubatabanguba mu lujjudde. Mu kugeraageranya kuno, abatono bayinza okulwawo okussaawo amateeka, naye singa baali beetegefu okusigala nga banywevu.

Okukendeeza Ennyanjula

Ekirala kwe kukendeeza obululu obuba bukyetaagisa okusobola okuseesaawo, obutundutundu nga 60 oba 55, 53, oba n'obusinga obungi. Ekyo kiyinza okusobozesa abasinga obungi okuvvuunuka okukomya okusattu ate nga nga bakyetaaga obuwagizi obw'ekika ekimu. Abalwanirira enkola ya sistemu eriwo bagamba nti bwe wabaawo okukendeeza ku nkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi, ekyo kijja kwongera ku mutindo gwa sistemu.

Ebisenge by'Enkizo Ebiba Biteekeddwawo

Abakola eby'okukyusaamu abamu bawa kaweefube ow'okuleka enzijanjaba ezimu okuggibwa ku nfuge z'amateeka agafuga enfuze ne ziggwewa, naye ekiwero kiri nti enkambi za gavumenti tekikkirizibwa kugattirawo.

Okuggibwawo kw’Akakiiko Akakola ku Misango

Mu ngeri eyo, olukiiko olukulu lujja kukola ng'Olukiiko olukulu ku nsonga ezisinga obungi nga kituukiriza etteeka eryawula amateeka.

Enjawukana Ezaakabaawo n’Eby’obufuzi

Mu 117th Congress (2021-2023), ekitongole kino kye kyali kikulira enkaayana ez'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi. Olukiiko olwo ne lusalamu 50-50 era nga y'akulira omukulembeze wa Kamara Harris okusala obululu, Democrates yalonda abasinga obungi naye nga tewaaliwo balulu 60 abaali beetaaze okuteekawo amateeka amakulu. Kino kyaviirako abalwanyi abarye abarwanirira eddembe lya Democraticism n'abafuzi abamu okuggyawo oba okukyusaamu omukulembeze wa Nearbuster okusobola okutandikawo etteeka erikwata ku ku ku ku ddembe ly'okukuba, Freedomenti to Vote Act, ne John Legiver Reving Grouver Act.

Abasawo Joe Manchin (D-WV) ne Kyrsten Sinema (I-AZ) baawakanya eky'okukyusa n'okugatta obwannannyini obwa nnannyini buleme okubuteeka mu lujjudde nga bagamba nti kyakukuuma eddembe ly'abasinga obutono era nti okugaggyawo kwanditumbula enjawukana ez'enjawukana. Okuziyiza kwabwe kwaziyiza entegeka okukyuka, era obuwayi bw'okulonda obwa tteeka ne bulemererwa. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, Democrates yakozesa embalirira y'enkola okuyisaawo okuyisa mu Inflation Repuction Act eya 2022, etteeka ekkulu ennyo erikwata ku by'obujjanjabi n'obujjanjabi obwandivudde mu bitundu 60 ebisukka mu kak'akawboonzik'obutundutundutundu obusatu obusatu obusatu obusukka mu 20222.

Kino kiraga bulungi ekizibu eky'okuteesa kwa filbuster: okutabagana kwasobozesa Democrates okuteekawo amateeka ag'ennamba, naye kwajjawo n'amateeka amakakanyavu agaabalemesa okumanya ebintu ebirala bingi bye batwala ng'ebikulu. Ekibuuzo eky'okuba nti omwana wa numeri wa gavumenti ono alina kukwata ku mateeka gonna, amateeka agamu, oba tewali na kimu ekitagonjoolwa.

Demokulase ya Amerika ne FILIBUster: Ekibuuzo Ekitasukka

Okukaayana ku nkula y'enkola ya filbuster kuleetawo okukaayana ku bigambo bibiri ebiwandiikiddwa ku demokulase. Okwolesebwa okumu kuteeka omwo omukulembeze omukulu w'obufuzi bwa demokulase. Ku nsonga eyo, kiba kitegeeza nti ekiwandikiro ekiwangula obululu kirina kusobola okulonda n'okutuukiriza ebyo ebiba bitegekeddwa. Okwolesebwa okulala kwonna kulaga engeri gye kiyinza okuteekebwa ku bukuumi obwa demokulase [, nga kugamba nti demokulase kirina okukebera obuyinza ku buyinza obusinga obungi okuziyiza okunyigirizibwa kw'abasinga obungi.

Ekitongole ekifuga abafuzi kigoberera omusingi gwa Ssemateeka ogw'oku sistemu, ate ekizimbe ekyo ne kikuuma ab'obuyinza mu nsi eyo.

Abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti ekikolebwa ku nnawookeera y'ekika kino tekikwatagana n'obufuzi obwa leero kubanga ekyetaagisa 60 okuva ku bantu ab'enjawulo mu bitundu ebirala era n'endowooza ez'enjawulo ku ezo ezisinga obungi, biwa obuyinza obw'enjawulo.

Empeera: Akakiiko Akakola Ennyo Kakiraze Enkiiko Ennungi ky’Egamba

Neribuster si mateeka agamu era tegoolekawo mu bufuge. Gajjawo mu ngeri eyawukanya ebyasa bibiri, nga gasinziira ku byetaago n'enkola z'ab'ab'obuyinza abagakozesezza.

K'ebe nga omufuzi oyo alongooseddwa, oba nedda, okuwakana ku biseera bye eby'omu maaso, kiba kiraga bulungi nnyo ensonga ekwata ku nkola ya demokulase mu Amereka. Ssemakatika bwe yandifuze obufuzi bw'abantu abasinga obungi olw'okusembezebwa abantu batono oba kyandiba kifo abangi gye bayinza okusalirawo amateeka ageetegekebwa awatali kulwa?

Okusobola okwekenneenya obulungi amateeka g'omu Ntegeka era n'ebyafaayo by'empandika ey'okutuluza, obulagirizi obwa bulijjo ku nvironswa n'empalana buwa obukakafu obwabujjuvu. Alipoota y'Obuweereza obw'okunoonyereza ku nukuta, [[FLT:] ewanjula eyo] n'ebyagibwawo. Mu nkomerero, olumala ku agumenti ezaakalembedde, [[FLT:] Brevennan Center ewaffer ayamba mu ku kuwanukula kw'embaliro n'ebyo ebikolebwa mu ku kukyusaamu.