Okutegeera Ekiviirako Abantu Okuteefuga

Enjigiriza ey'okulonda n'okugattaamu ekola emu ku nkola ezaateekebwawo mu mateeka mu Amerika. Eddamu ekibuuzo ekikulu: ntegeka ki eya Bill of Rights esala gavumenti, so si gavumenti ya gavumenti? nga tewannabaawo mutemu ya 1450, Bill of Rights, Livrenced, nga bwe kikakasa gavumenti y'eggwanga, Barton v.[FLD] Baltimore [[FL:1] [1833]. Ekikongono kya Amement's Clausce, yatongoza enkola ya Clausce mu mwaka gwa 1868, era n'esobozesa ekkubo ek'amateeka okumanyisaawo obukwakulizo. Kyokka, Kkooti eyo teyatandikirawo mu bujjuvu mu lupapula lwonna.

Enkola eno yeeyambisibwa n'enjawukana ez'amaanyi ezikolebwa mu ndowooza z'abalamuzi. Kino tekizingiramu kumala gayisa mu nkola; kyetaagisa okunnyonnyola ebigambo bya 141 Amereka: “Nayo gavumenti yonna teyinza kuggyako muntu yenna bulamu, ddembe, oba ekintu, nga tewakyali mateeka” okusobola okuzuula eddembe erina “enkola y'ensonga mu Amerika.” Obumalirivu obwo bwesigamye nnyo ku bufirosoofo bw'amateeka. Ekivaamu kiba kikosebwa kya ntegeka ya ddembe z'abantu abamu, ate nga n'abalala batono bakyaweebwa mu bujjuvu.

Engeri Obufirosoofo Obukwata ku Kusala Omusango gye Busimba ku Kusalawo

Obufirosoofo obukola ku kusalawo bulaga engeri gye kiyinza okusobozesamu abalamuzi okusoma ebigambo ebyawukanya ku mateeka. Ku kkooti enkulu efuga amateeka, obutakkaanya ku ngeri gye gaddiriŋŋanamu buleetera abantu okuvuganya ku ddembe, ekifo ekya bulijjo, n'enkolagana ennungi wakati w'obuyinza n'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Ebifaananyi bisatu ebisookerwako bikyusa enkola y'obufirosoofo buno: [[FLT:]] Obukaluuzi [[FLT:]], [FLT:]], , obuwandiko obutuufu obwa bulijjo, n'oteekako mu nsonga ezitaatagasa, era n'obulombolombo obukyamu bulabika nga bwenkanankana n'okufuga. [[FLT:]

Okutaputa Obusosoze n’Enkomerero y’Okukyogerako

Abakugu mu by'enkalakkalira bagamba nti Amateeka gaalina okutaputibwa okusinziira ku makulu gaago agaasooka." Ekyo kyeya kitegeeza nti omuntu omutegeevu mu kiseera eky'okugobererwa, abakugu baabuuza: Abakozaamu ebyasooka bwe baagezaako okulonda entegeka ezisukka ku ezo ezaakolebwa abafuzi ab'enkomeredde mu nteekateeka ya KGystl. Endowooza ezasooka zitera okugaana okutongoza eddembe erya Antonin Scalia ne Clarence Thomas nga mu kiseera eky'okulaaw'okulaanyizaamu endowooza eno. Babuuza: Abakozaanyi baafiifiizza ess'empeerezi z'empeereeekkumi n'ennaana, nga bagezaako okuyingiza eddembe lyonna erisinga mu n'eryango. Ekko, Thomas yawakanya enkola ey'okukyusa ey'okubiri nga bayita mu ngeri y'okitaana nga yennyini.[8]

Obufirosoofo buno era buleetawo okukalubya. Wadde ng'okutandikira ku nkyukakyuka kuyinza okukoma, buyinza okukkirizibwa singa obukakafu obulaga ebyafaayo bulaga nti omuntu alina eddembe erina okukkirizibwa okubutuukiriza. Mu McDonald v. Chicago (2010), Omulamuzi Thomas akkiriza nti okutereezebwa okw'okubiri kukwata ku gavumenti, naye yeesiga eddembe eririna, so si enkola eya Clausus Clausse, kubanga yakkiriza nti ekigattiddwa mu lukalala olw'ennongoso.

Okuwandiika n’Okunoonya Amakulu Agatategeerekeka

Enkola y'obuwandiisi, erina akakwate n'enkola ey'okusibuka mu buwandiike, essa essira ku bigambo ebya bulijjo ng'ensibuko y'okunnyonnyola ebigambo. Ekiragiro ekisala omusango kijja kwekenneenya ebigambo ebya Claus ne kibuuza obanga olunyiriri olwo lwennyini lulina olulimi olumu olulaga entuufu. Olw'okuba oluwandika terumenyamu Lupapula olwa Ddembe, abawandiise ebigambo olw'amateeka bagamba nti ebigambo ebyo ku bwabyo si kye bigamba nti ebiwandiikibwa mu bujjuvu. Kyokka, bayinza okukkiriza nti singa bagoberera enkola eyo eba egobesebwako, nga Gitrow v. New York [12] oba [FLT:] [Gideon] v[FLT] [3] [6] [6], ekyakolebwa n'amateeka agafuga ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekimanyiddwa ennyo eky'okugika. Kaltonspingle, ekyakingle, ekyakaak'okukirlestolma.

Era abakugu mu by'enkola basinga kusoma butonotono eddembe kwe lirina okuba nga “lirina okutwalibwa.” Beewala okugezesebwa mu birowoozo oba mu mbeera z'abantu okufaananako“ omuntu ow'omunda”, nga basinziira ku byafaayo obanga eddembe lisimbye amakanda mu bulombolombo bw'eggwanga. Kino kireetawo amagezi agakwata ku ku nkyukakyuka mu kugatta ebisaliddwawo.

Endagaano Ennungi n’Okukkiririzibwako

Abawagira Amateeka ga Kitabo abatwala ekiwandiiko kino ng'ekintu ekikulu ekiteekwa okumanyibwa obulungi n'okukyusa emitindo gy'empisa. Obufirosoofo buno bukubiriza abalamuzi okutwala etteeka eryayitibwa Crease Claus nga ekiwandiiko ekikuuma endowooza ez'eddembe. obwenkanya nga William Brennan, Thirvill Marshall, Stephen Breyer, ne Ruth Bader Ginsburg baakyusizza endowooza eno. Mu kunoonyereza okubaamu emitindo gigobererwamu, kino kitegeeza okukubagattika obuwagizi bwa Bill of Rights ekuuma eddembe erya nnamba, era n'obumu ku ddembe obwannaabwo obwali obwetaagisa okuteebwa mu bantu ab'omu kiseera kino.

Omusango ogukkulwako ekiwandiiko .[FLT'] .[73]] Kabonero ako kalaga engeri gye galabiramu amateeka, wadde nga tegazingiramu n'okussaawo olukalala olutuufu. Ekitongole kino tekinnasalawo kukwata ku Timbs v. Indiana [[FLL:3]] [2011] [2011] Kkooti Kkooti, olusatu olugattiddwako lwagamba nti, Enkola ya Ey'okusukka mu 8, ekwatagana n'eyo essawo essawo essawo essaawo essaawo essaawo y'emu essa mu by'otowandikiro, era n'essawagiddemu mu nkola eyakolebwamu mu kkooti y'ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole enzikirimu ku nsonga enkulu mu Amereka enne. Era, ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ezisinga okukibwa mu maaso mu ngeri y'okuginnyonnyolamu, Bill gye kiyinza okugazibya k'okuginnyonnyola mu maaso.

Empandika Enfuze n'Obubonero Obutakwatagana

Abalamuzi abamu bagoberera enkola eno nga balowooza ku birungi ebiyinza okuva mu kugatta ensonga ne mu kuleka ensonga mu masaza. Omulamuzi Lewis Powell ne Mulamuzi Sandra Day O’Connor baagiteekako enkola eno. Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transtit Aguence[[[FLL:1]] (1985), Kkooti yaleka enkola ey'obufuzi era n'ekkiriza ekigezo ekyangu ekyangu. Mu kugikolako, Fragmatist ebuuza: Kujja kulongoosa obwa ddyo mu kufuga okw'obwenkanya? Kujja kusobozesa kitongole okuteeka mu bitundu by'ebyebiwandiiko ebizingirwamu mu ggwanga? Kino kiyinza kusobozesa abantu okumanyisa ebituufu mu ngeri esaanira. [Forgast][2]

Emisango Egibikkula Obufirosoofo Obusalira Omusango Gikola

Endowooza nti omuntu asobola okugatta obusosoze n'afunamu enkula y'eyo ng'asalawo okusobola okubugatta, eyinza okukozesebwa nga bakuba obufirosoofo obukontana.

[[AGUMENTI] [[AK'AWULA]] Getlow v. New York[[AK'AWULA] [:1] (1925) – Omutendera ogusooka

Mu Gitlow, kkooti yatandika okulowooza nti ebigambo by'olukalala olw'okuwerezaako ebiwatulwa byateekebwa mu kifo kya 144, Amendment, naye byawagira obutuufu kubanga ebigambo ebyali bibuuzibwa tebyakuumibwa. Endowooza eno eyasooka yateekebwawo. Abasinga obungi, ebyawandiikibwa Omulamuzi Edward Sanford, tebaayingira mu ndowooza za bafirosoofo; kyalowoozebwa nti wabaawo. Omulamuzi Oliver Well Holmes yawakanya, ng'awakanya ensonga kubanga amateeka gaalemererwa okuleeta “akabi n'okubaawo." Obufirosoofoofo obwa bulijjo."

[[Act:0]Mapp v. Ohio (1961) – Enkkomoration Traaunti Exoxomu

[[NKULA] Yagatta ku nteekateeka ey'okuteekawo olukalala olw'okufuga ekiwagizi olw'okutaano olw'okukulembereza obukwasi mu ngeri ey'enjawulo n'okukwatibwa ensajja n'empala ez'obukawuka. Omulamuzi Tom Clark abasinga obungi beesigama ku musingi oguziyiza okuwerebwa n'obwetaaze obw'omukwano. Ekiragiro kyalaga nti Kkooti yali ewangudde ddala okuwangula amateeka amalamu era nti tegaalina kukakasibwa mu mateeka, nga balowooza nti obugolokofu bw'amateeka bwe bwagalagirwa. Gavumenti John Marshall Harlan II ne Feriller ewakanya eky'okugoba amateeka, gaawulawo enkola ey'okwefuga bokka naye nga tegalimu nkola mu mateeka.Bufirosososoofo ne mu ku kussawo obutundu obwa bulijjo.[5]

[[Akawayiro:0] Gideon v. Wainwright[[Akabonero:1] (1963) – Eddembe ery'okubuulirira

Nga tuyisa omusango ogwali gutuukiriziddwa emabegako ( Brady v. Brady]), kkooti mu Gideon[] yagamba nti olukusa olw'omukaaga olw'okuwabula lukulu era nti lukulu nnyo era nti olukulembedde gavumenti. Endowooza ya Hugo de Black ennuk ennuk ennuk'en'agatta n'ensonga. Omulanzi yali muteeso gwa ddiini ey'enzikiriza eya Bill of Rights eyandibadde agigatta. Endowooza ye egamba nti obufirosoofo: yagaana emitindo egiyinza okugobererwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Omusango ogwo guragiddwa ng'ekyokulabirako eky'engeri y'okugezesaamu mu ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga. Endowooza eyo era ng'eyo eyogerwako nnyo ng'eyo mu ngeri “ey'okugezesaamu ku nkola ey'ensonga."

[[Akabonero:0] Duncan v. Louisiana[[AK'AWULA] [1968] – Ebikemo ebya Jury

.DUN yagatta obuvunaanyizibwa mu musango ogwali gusalirwa abalamuzi ab'amaanyi. Omulamuzi Byron White abasinga obungi yakiggumiza nti okuwozesebwa omusango musingi mu nkola y'abalamuzi mu Amereka. Omulamuzi Harlan yakiwakanya, ng'agamba nti okugaana enkola ya IST Promment Claus okumenya amateeka agamenya “emisingi gy'eddembe n'obwenkanya,” omutindo gwe yakkirizanga tegwandizizza musango mu nsonga zonna. Obufirosoofoofo bwa Harlan "bw'okulonda enfuge mu mateeka agafuga obwa obwa obwa obwabwetwalidde mu bitundu ebisinga obungi". Kino kiraga engeri obufirosoofo gye buvaamu ebivaamu eby'enjawulo nga bakkiriziganya mu ku ku kugezesawo.

Ekifo ky’Enkizo z’Omuteende ogw’Amakumi Abiri oba Enzikkiriza Okugattibwa kwa Claus

Omuntu bw'aba nga takyayogera ku nkolagana ey'oku lusegere n'enkola eno, aba tamanyi bulungi ngeri ndala gy'ayinza okugiyitamu. Mu , Rooct] (1999]), kkooti yakozesa ebigambo okukuuma eddembe ery'okutambula. Abayiiyagibwa n'abayigirizi abamu bagamba nti olukalala olwo, si lwe Project Clause, naye lugendererwa okuyingizamu ensonga eziba za Bulungi erinaakirizibwa mu mateeka. [FLT:][FLT] [99] [Saint] [E] [99] [1999] Kkooti, Kkooti yakozesa ebigambo okukomya endo ey'okutambula. Abakulembedde n'ebigambo ebimu bawakanya ensonga ez'enjawulo, nga bawakanya ensobi y'enkola eyo. Singa envumboofu zigo zikkirizibwa okuzza enkaluunya enkola y'emu ey'enkola y'enkola y'omulala. Era, okunoonyereza okunoonyereza okusobozesa okuzzaamu okumanyisaamu okumanyisaamu.

Amawanga Agaliwo n'Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Okusalawo

Mu kyasa ekya 21, kkooti ebulako katono okumaliriza enkola ey'okugattamu ensonga ezisinga obungi eza Rights. Ekirala eky'okubiri tekigigatta, naddala olw'okuba tekikkirizibwa. Ekirala eky'okunambya ekyo tekikkirizibwa. MP [[FLT]]. Enkaayana z'obufirosoofo zeeyongera mu [[[FLT:][FLT]][FLT] mu ngeri eyo mu ngeri nti, [FLT].[20], Supert][6]) Kino k'empanya z'obusoofirosooso zeyongera okuziteeka mu n'enkwasosokero [[FLT] mu ngeri eyolekamu mu ngeri nti KFLT]. Okusinziira ku ku ku nsonga ezisingakongoberebwamu ezizimbiddwawo, ekimu enzikkiriza okukkebwamu.

Ekirala ekivaako kwe kugatta eddembe eriri mu Lupapula lw'Eddembe, nga eddembe ery'okuwasa oba ery'okwefuga. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] kye kisazeewo eky'obufumbo obw'eyambisibwa abaagalwa obutajjukirwa, ekiyinza okugeraageranyizibwa ku ddembe ery'okufumbirwa omuntu ly'omu nviirizo, abawakanyisiizi bangi kye bawakanya y'enkola y'okutongozaamu. Abasawo abanoonyereza ku nsonga nga bwe kigaana endowooza eno, bagamba nti enkola y'ekitongole kya Clausce tekuuma n'obusosoze mu bufumbo buno. Okukontana wakati w'obufirososoosi buno kujja kunnyonnyola engeri endala ereetebwawo, naddala ng'enkola y'egobereberye.

Ebisaanyizo by’Abayizi, Abasomesa, n’Abakugu mu by’Omu Mateeka

Okutegeera akakwate akaliwo wakati w'obufirosoofo obukola ku kusalawo n'okukukola tekimala kuyiga buyigirize. Abasomesa, bawa olukalala lw'okunnyonnyola ebisalibwawo mu kkooti enkulu. Abayizi bategeera bulungi ensonga lwaki eddembe erimu likola mu ngeri emu okuyita mu bitundu byonna eby'enjawulo ate abalala tebakikola. Abakugu ba mateeka bayamba okulagula engeri ensonga gye ziyinza okusalirwawo. Bwe kiba nti Kkooti ebuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku nnyimba za kompyuta (kunoonya oba okukwatibwa obukwatibwa obubweyakebeezi mu myaka gya terefoneyikero), ekiteeseeseeseeseese kiri ebweru oba eddembe ly'abamenyi b'eby’amateeka, ekiwayinjabirwamu kijja kusalawo obanga eddembe ery'okufuga enkiiko z'eggwanga oba ery'okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'amateeka. Ekyungi ennyo kye kirowo ekitongole ekiyitibwa [FLD:0]

Abayigiriza basobola okukozesa endowooza ez'enjawulo eziri mu [[FLT]][ mu v. Louisiana ne Timbs v. Indiana[FLT]] okulaga engeri obwenkanya n'obufirosoofo gye bivaamu. Abayizi basaanidde okusobola okusoma endowooza eza bulijjo okulaba engeri obufirosoofo gye bukolamu mu nkola. Ekiwandikiro kiyamba okutegeera endowooza z'omu kkooti kiri Ekifo ekitongole ekifuga eky'omu kifo ekijjuvu ekiri mu biwandiiko.

Oluwumba: Amakulu Agataggwaawo g’Obufirosoofo Obukwata ku Kusala Omusango

Okugatta awamu kw'amateeka kusigalamu ekimu ku bifo ebya waggulu kubanga gakwata ku butakkaanya obw'amaanyi wakati w'obuyinza n'obufuzi, wakati w'amakulu agakyukakyuka n'emitindo egigoberera. Obufilosoofo obusala omusango bukola nga kampasi ekulembera buli mulamuzi mu lukalala luno. Bwe kiba nga nnamba, omuwandiisi w'amateeka, omuwandiisi, omuwandiisi w'amateeka, oba omukulembezi w'amateeka, oba omukulembezi w'amateeka, ekirabikku, amaaso gago atunuulira emitindo gy'omusango egikwata ku ddembe lya bayindiikinvu obuteere obufuga ebwerungi gye giva mu lukalala lw'ebyasooka. Ebyafaayo ebireeteebiri mu byafaayo bireebye byokka ebitumbula okutegeera obulungi obusobozi obw'okuzaalamu okumanyisa.