Obukiikaddino bw’omu bukiika kkono bwa 1787: A Foundational Blueprint for American Constitution

Wadde nga Amateeka ga Amerika gassibwamu ekitiibwa ng'etteeka ekkulu mu nsi, ekiwandiiko ekirala eky'enjawulo kyayisibwa wiiki ntono nnyo nga Convention of Constitution (Ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka) tekinnaba kukolebwako kikyusa nteekateeka y'amateeka n'ebyobufuzi mu nsi. Etteeka lya Northernern Ordinance mu 1787 lyali kkulu nnyo okusinga ekikolwa eky'okufuga ensi. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyassaawo ekyokulabirako eky'obuwagizi bwa gavumenti, ekyagobererwa eddembe ly'obuddu mu bitundu ebyo era kyagobereberye bulungi ensonga ekwata ku nfugeso y'obuddu mu bitundu. Emisi gyakyo gyalina kinene nnyo kye ky'ensonga lwaki okugaziyattulula obuddu mu by'eggwanga n'obukulembeze bwa Amereka.

Ennyiriri Ezaasooka Ezaawandiikibwa: Eggwanga Eryali mu Buwandiike

Ku nkomerero ya Ssematalo I. Ekiragiro Amerika kyaleka ensi z'omubugwanjuba bw'ensozi Appachian. Confederation Congress, nga zikolera wansi w'Ebitundu eby'Ebitundu ebyagonda, yayolekagana n'okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi: engeri y'okufuga ensi zino era n'okuzigatta. Kaweefube agasooka, gamba nga Landdinance eya 1785, gye yali enoonyezezza ebiwandiiko n'okutunda ensi naye nga tewateekawo kizimbe kya bya bya bufuzi. Okulemererwa kwa bannaakyewaanya mu biseera ebyasooka. Ekiragiro kyakolebwa nga Gavumenti y'ebyobufuzi obwa waggulu, gye kyava mu Amerika.

Akakiiko akaateekebwangamu omusingi kaayitibwanga Nathan Dane, William Nott, ne Rufus King. Kaayitawo mu Jjulaayi 1787, wiiki ntono nnyo nga Convention d’ Filadelphia tennamaliriza ntegeka y'olukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ebiwandiiko bino byombi tebyakolera wamu nga bawandiisi baakusanya emirimu gya nukuulu n'emirandira gy'enjigiriza. Ordinance byakola okunoonyereza okw'amaanyi mu ku bikwata ku mateeka abannyinnaawe baawe.

Emisingi Egikulu n’Enteekateeka z’Ebugwanjuba bw’Omubugwanjuba

Ekitongole ekiyitibwa Ordinance eky’omu bukiika kkono bw’Amerika kiwandiise ebiwandiiko bimpimpi, naye ebitundu byaakyo omukaaga byalimu emisingi egisobola okugobererwa amateeka ga Amerika okumala ebyasa bingi.

Obufuzi Obutasanyusa era Obutuusa mu Buwanguzi

Ordinance yatandikawo enkola ey'ebitundu bisatu ebibeeramu endowooza nti ebintu byajjawo byokka. Mu kusooka, Congress yalonda gavana, omuwandiisi, ne abalamuzi basatu okufuga ekitundu. Omuwendo gw'abasajja bwe gwatuuka ku 5,000, abatuuze baaweerako baasobola okulonda olukuŋŋaana olw'obubonerevu. Mu nkomerero, abantu bwe baatuuka ku 600,000, ekitundu kyasobola okuwerera ddala obuwangwa nga kiriko amateeka agafuga ne kiba nga kiriko etteeka erigobeegeranyiza ebitundu ebya ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga. Endowooza eno ey'okukwataganya n'ebifo ebya shro ebyasooka. Ek'okuba nti abantu b'obuwandikiro obubajjufu bakkirizibwa ku 5,000, yagaana obwetwale obunene n'o obwa IV, obwava mu kifo eky'okutonda amatwalibwa.[FF2] Yategeeza nti, tebwalina kuba nga buli ggwanga eri'obumu obunene bw'obumu.[3]

Eddembe ly’Obwannannyini n’Eddembe

Olupapula lw’amawulire olwo lwalimu etteeka eryali liragira abantu nti eddembe eryali liteekeddwa ku Lukiiko Olukulu olw’Eddembe lyali liteekeddwawo emyaka ena.

  • Eddembe ly’eddiini
  • Kaveas corpus
  • Okulamulwa Omulamuzi
  • Ebifa ku muntu nga yeerondera
  • Okusasula Emisolo mu Ngeri Etagudde Lubege
  • Ekibonerezo eky’obukambwe
  • Omuntu bw’aba tannafiirwa bintu bye, asooka kubimuwa
  • Obuteefu bw’emisango (masasi amaggukako)

Obukuumi buno tebwali kigendererwa bufunze. Amateeka agaagoogerwa mu bitundu ebyo, era gaakoppa butereevu olulimi James Madison lwe yandiwasizza oluvannyuma mu lukiiko olusooka. Kino tekyagwawo buzibu.[FLT]] ‘ eddembe ly'eby'okukuba ebitabo... lijja kukuumibwa mu ngeri etayinza kulema okutereezebwa'[]

Okuggibwawo kw’Obuddu mu Nnyanja ey’Ebukiika Kkono

Oboolyawo etteeka eryasinga okuwakana lyali Akatundu VI: ] “Tewajja kubaawo buddu oba buddu mu kitundu ekyogerwako, wabula mu kibonerezo eky'obumenyi bw'amateeka.” Lino lye tteeka erisooka erikugira obuddu mu bitundu. Lyakiikirira ekitongole eky'eby'obufuzi eky'omu bukiika kkono n'eky'ebukiika ddyo. Oluvannyuma, abava mu nvanjuba bakkiriza okugaana etteeka erikugira obuwagizi mu nsonga endala, nga mw'otwalidde n'omuddu eyabattanga eyalina okuddayo muddu. Etteeka eriragira ddala olugwa olumu olubalama lw'obuddu. Obuddu bwakkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu bukiika kkono bwa Ohio, naye nga bukyaweresebwa bulungi mu bukiika kkono.

Ekiragiro ordinance ky'okuggyawo kyali kitegeereka bulungi: tekyawa abantu abaali mu buddu eddembe eryali limaze dda okusaasaana naye era kyalimu etteeka eryali likyakola ng'abaddu abaddu abadduka ebweru. Wadde kyali kityo, kyateekawo eky'enkola mu ntegeka enfuze. Oluvannyuma Consell bwe yakuba olukunkumuliriza okukubaganyiza obuddu mu lukiiko lwa Louisiana Purchase ne Cessiation, era ne bannaawagira obuddu, baajulizanga obukiikakkiro obwavanjufu, baajulizanga erinnya ery'okuva mu bukiika kkono Ordinance ng'ekyo. Abraham Lincoln, mu mpaka ze ze yawawawawawaanye ne Stephen Douglas, yalaga nti oluvannyuma lw'omwaka 1888 baali baagala okuteeka obuddu mu kkubo ery'okuzimirizibwamu, nga koogera ku provices ordance.

Endowooza ku Kukula kw'Etteeka lya Amerika

Ekiragiro Ordinance eky'omu bukiika kkono obwa kkono tekyali kya mateeka ga nviromenti; kyali kiwandiiko ekyakyusa enkola ya gavumenti y'ensi n'entegeka z'abantu.

Gavumenti Egifuga Amawanga

Ordinance yassaawo nti gavumenti y'eggwanga yalina obuyinza ku ntegeka za buli ggwanga era n'ekkiriza amasaza amappya. Buno bwali bubonero obw'enkukunala obw'amaanyi agataliwo mu Ziragaano za Confederation, ezaawerekebwa nga gavumenti. Ekiragiro kya Constitution’s era nga kye kyagoongera ku mateeka[[FLT:][FLT:][FLD]] [[FLD]] [FULD]] [[1]] (OKAFUZI]], olukyayinza okukola ekigobe mu ntegeka y'amatwalo, ekiwandikiro kyonna okuwa Constanticerce, obugazi obwa 'bugwanjula, obugazi n'okusobozesa ebiva mu kukolebwa kw'ebugazi. [Foctive:][2][Flectivelgicration:[3]], olukalala luno, olumu ku kigamba nti: traati ekitongole ekippya kizza envanyunziko, era ne ku nsi yonna, ekippya.

Ate era, Ordinance yassaawo omusingi nti gavumenti yandirabidde ebitundu okuyitira mu bakungu abaalondebwa, enkola Constitution gye yakkiriza Congress okutuukiriza. Kino kyateekawo obuyinza obw'amaanyi mu bitundu ebyo, oluvannyuma obwafuuka ekyokulabirako eri entegeka y'ensi endala, nga mw'otwalidde ne disitulikiti y'e Columbia era n'ebuvanjuba nga Puerto Rico ne Guam.

Ekiwandiiko Ekikwata ku Ddembe: Endowooza y’Abalala ku Nkola y’Ekika ky’Eddembe Ekireetera Omuntu Okubeera n’Essanyu

Ekiragiro Congress ekyasooka bwe kyasisinkana mu 1789 okukola ekisobozo ku mateeka, James Madison yajuliza nnyo ebiwandiiko by'amateeka ebikwata ku nfuze ne ku bukiika kkono bw'obufuzi. Ekisuubizo kya kyakusalawo ng'okwa julizi, , [[FLT]], ne [[[FLT:]] obutebenke] obwa bulijjo obwalina kyeyolekera mu lulimi olw'omulundi ogw'okutaano, olw'omukaaga, n'olwogwo ogusooka. Ebiragiro bya [[FLT:] bibala ekiragiro n'ekibonerezo ekitali kya bulijjo [[FLT] era n'ekibonerezo] kirabika mu [FLT:] olusooka. [FT][5][5] Olukalala lw'omulongoosenyinyinyiri mu ngeri y'envumbo, olwo olumu, olumu olwo lwokkakkakkati lwokka olw'omulembedde mu buzibamu, olwo lwose.[19]

  • [[Act:0] Eddembe ly'okwogera n'okukuba:[[Akabonero:1] Etteeka lyakuuma byombi, era ne kiba nti ekiragiro kyatongozanga ebitegeke ebiri mu lupapula olwasooka.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Okukuŋŋaana n'okulaajanirira:[[AK'AKA] Etteeka eryatukkiriza “okutegeeza kampuni enzigyawo ensonga,” oluvannyuma lw'ekyo kyateekebwa mu Amereka agasooka.
  • [[AGUMENTI]] Obukuumi bw'ebintu:[ Olugambo olw'ebintu olwategeezebwa Ekiwandiiko eky'okukyusaamu olw'okutaano [Owumba 'Ordinance'.'

Abo Abasooka Okuba n’Obuyinza bw’Ensi ne “Eddiini ya Claus”

Kkooti enkulu enfunda n'enfunda yajuliza mu bukiika kkono Oddinance ng'avvuunula ekifo ekitegekebwa gavumenti. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), Omulamuzi Omukulu Roger Taney yeesigama ku kiwandiiko eky'okugamba nti Convention yalina obuyinza ku buli disitulikiti, wadde yawakanya nti okuwerezebwa kw'amateeka tekuyinza kuba mu bitundu bya bukiika ddyo mu layini y'e Ortination. Oluvannyuma, mu [[FLT:] Thost. Biforew[FL:] (1901) ne Ins Casences, Kkooti yakibwa k'oti n'onziko okusobola okwawulawo obutundu bwa Ordinance (obunene bw'olunyiriri lw'olukolo).[5]

Mu Pollard v. Hagan (1845), kkooti yakkiriza nti eggwanga eppya lyakkirizibwa wansi wa Ordinance mu kitiibwa kye kimu n'ebitundu ebyasooka. Era mu United States v. Curtiss-Wright Eright Export Corp. [193], Jujusi George Sutherland yawanukzaamu erinnya Ordinance okulaga nti obufuzi obwa gavumenti mu nsonga ezisingako obufuga enneekisobo. Bino biraga nti ordin'od'ok'ont kisigala nga kiwandikidwa mu ku n'okunnyonnyola amakulu gaabyo.

Ebyatondebwa Obutondebwa n’Amakulu ag’Olubeerera

Ekyokulabirako eky’Okukulaakulana n’Okufuga Ensi

Mu bugwanjuba bw'obukiikaddyo bwa Southern Ordinance yalaga nti gavumenti yasobola okugaziwa mu nsi yonna nga tewataddewo buyinza mu bwakabaka obw'amaanyi. Yatandikawo enkola esobozesa ebitundu okwefunira obwabyo obwa bulijjo mu bitundu by'ensi eby'ensi bingi, eky'okukoppa oluvannyuma ekyakozesebwa ku Louisiana Purchase (18848), Oregon Territory (1848), era n'ebitundu ebiyita Masipi ku ludda olulala nga tebirina buyinza. Ordance yateeka essira ku by'obuyigirize obwa [FLD: 0] mu ngeri ey'obw'okugaziyawumba obutuufu, obwakozesebwa oluvannyuma [ n'okukusobozesa obuttuze bw'enjigiriza mu nsi eya Bulaayasi, n'ekola enkola eyateekawo enkola eyandimu enziganya obuteenjigiriza za Bunnaakula mu kifo kya 1.Estriaset'ebitundu bya kafundi mu kifo ky'enjigiriza. Ekiragiro kya Ekirango kya Gayokula ne mu nsi yonna kyeyago kitegekebwa akattirimu.

Obukuubagano n’Enkaayana Ezili mu Buddu

Ordinance yaleetawo ekiragiro eky'okukugira obuddu mu bukiika kkono bw'Omugga Ohio ekyateeka ekiwaatwa kya Amereka enzivuvu enfunda n'enfunda. Etteeka lino oluvannyuma lyakkirizibwa mu kukkirizibwa kwa Missouri, nga liwereddwa mu kugattibwa kwa 1850, ekigobererwa mu Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), era nga limaze okugobererwa olutalo olw'ekirwawo mu lutalo olw'omunda, era nga ne ku kimenyesebwawo si k'ensonga ey'okubiri. Ordinance asinziira ku ku ku kusalawo okwasooka okw'obuddu, ekiruubirirwa ekyandibadde nga tekinnatuukirizibwa mu ku kuwerebwa Misso, ekyawerebwa mu mwaka gwa 1850, ekigobererwa mu Kansas-Nebras Act(54), era n'ekivuddemu kigobereberye kya ka 'Kin'. Ekiragiro Ordance kisalawo ku ku ku kukwata ku nkola y'obuddu obutundu 13 ekigamba obwa bulijjo. Ofiisibwa k'obuddu kiyinza okutuukirizibwa mu mwaka 186561.

Engeri Amateeka g’Olukiiko Olupya Gye Gaakwata ku Buwambe

Congress yayisa ebiragiro ebifaananako ebyo mu bitundu ebirala: Southwest Ordinance (1790) ey'ekitundu ky'ebukiika ddyo bw'Omugga Ohio (Kently ne Tennessee) yakkiriza obuddu naye mu ngeri endala kyeyolekera ku bukiika obwa ntshona . . Ekiragiro kya Jefferson eky'ebitundu eby'ebitundu eby'ebitundu eby'ebitundu eby'ewandidde n'eby'ebitundu ebirala, ekyatandika okussaawo etteeka erikwata ku ntegeka y'eggwanga. [FLT:] Act of Hometer of the [FLT] era ne [[FLT:] Pacificity Ssessss Eendux'Ex .

N’okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 20, emisingi gya Southern Ordinance gyakyusa embeera y'eggwanga lya Alaska (1959) ne Hawaii.

Ebirowoozo by’Etteeka n’Ekyabakiwa

Abayivu batera okukaayana obanga Abaatandikawo baagala gavumenti ey'amaanyi oba nga baakuŋŋaanyizibwa ebitundu ebifuga ebibye. Olukiiko olw'obukiikaddyo lwawa obukakafu obulaga nti abakulembeze b'eggwanga lya Confederance baawagira eggwanga eryali limu era nga lirina obuyinza obw'okufuga mu ngeri eyo. Ekiragiro kino kyayisibwa wansi wa Ssente eza Confederation, naye nga kiragira obufuzi obwa gavumenti obwali teziwadde. Obuwagizi obwo okutendeka amaanyi g'obuyinza obwalimu kyali kisonga ku bufuzi obwa bulijjo obwa bulijjo [ obwandibadde bulina amakulu ag'omukitundu ekimu eky'omukitundu ekimu eky'omukitundu ekya bulijjo. James Maggy, Alexander, Hamilton, ne basommerenti abalala abanoonyereza ku nsonga ezisingako baagiwa, baajuliza ebyo Ordina nga bukakasa nti Amateeka amappya tegaatandikawo mu ggwanga lino.

Ekiragiro era kyayongera okunyweza era okukakasa olunyiriri olw'amateeka (Akabonero ak'omukitundu IV, Ekitundu 4: “Amerika ewa buli ggwanga mu Lukalala luno A Republican Lime of State”). Ekiragiro gavumenti z'etaagibwa okuba lipangisa eggwanga ly'eggwanga okuba eggwanga, n'ery'e Ordinance ne lissaawo omutindo ogwanditawandiikidde gavumenti zonna empya gwe ziteekwa okugoberera.

fundikira

Ekiragiro kino kyatandika kukolebwa kwamateeka ga Amereka. Kyalaga enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti y'ensi n'ebitundu ebibaamu, eddembe ekkulu eryateekebwawo, era ne kissaawo ekkomo eriko obuddu. Ekiwandiiko eky'okukwataganya eddembe ly'eddiini kirimu obuyinza obwo era nga kissaawo ekkomo erina kye bukola erina okusobola okuleetawo obumu. Ekiwandiiko eky'omu Mateeka ga Disitulikiti, eky'omu Mateeka ga Amereka, era n'eky'ensala y'omu kkooti enkulu ebifuga ensi. Omuntu yenna ayagala okutegeera ensibuko y'amateeka ga Amerika, okweyongerayongera, n'eddembe, obukiikakkono bw'obukiikakkono bw'obukiikaddyo bw'obusoke kyeyoleka bulungi mu busomero.

Ekiragiro kino kisoma ebiri ku mukutu gwa National Archives mu bujjuvu genda ku . Omukugu omu omukugu mu by'amateeka ku mukutu gwa kompyuta ogwa . Olw'omulimu gwa 'National Archives', Ekiragiro kino kiwandika ebikwata ku bugazi bwa mpuliziganya y'amateeka. Article IV ey'omu U.[[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]]. [[FLT:] era ne [FLT:][FLT]]