Endowooza ey'okwawula ab'obuyinza eva ku musingi gwa gavumenti y'Amerika, etegekeddwa okuziyiza ettabi erimu okugaggawala. Bwe bagabanya obuvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti ku matabi asatu ag'enjawulo, nga(legislative, obukulu bwa driciation, ne kusala emisango) ebya tteeka, baateekawo enkola esobozesa amaanyi era n'obukuumi ku buli kika kya gavumenti. Obulagirizi obwo busobozesa omuntu okumanya engeri ey'obwamu, enzijirimu, n'obukulu bwayo mu nkola y'amateeka.

Okwawukanya Amaanyi Kye Ki?

Eky'enjawulo kiri nti, gavumenti zigabanya gavumenti mu matabi asatu: paasika, eteeka amateeka; akulira abalamuzi bateekawo amateeka; era n'abalamuzi abannyonnyola amateeka. Buli ttabi likolera mu sseky'essertayo lirina, naye ligendera wamu okuyitira mu nkola y'okukebejja n'ebipimo ebisobozesa buli emu okukoma ku bikolwa by'abalala. Ekiragiro kino kiragibwa bulungi mu bitundu ebisatu ebisooka eby'omu U.S. Ekiragiro kya tteeka: Ekiragiro I sistemu Congress, Akatundu II kasobozesa ekkongerimu okussaawo olukiiko olukulu, n'Akago III okuteekawo kkooti.

Enjigiriza eyo yakubirizibwa nnyo omufirosoofo Omufalansa ayitibwa Montesquieu, mu 1748 eyawandiika Omwoyo gw'Amateeka yagamba nti okuteeka essira ku by'okussaawo amateeka, n'okufuga, era n'okusala emisango mu mikono gye gimu kireeta obutujju. Abakola ku by'obufuzi, bamanyi bulungi engeri obufuzi bw'omufuzi, baagoberera endowooza za Montesquieu ezisobola okuteekawo gavumenti eremesa obuyinza. .S. Ekiragiro kisigala nga ye nsonga enkulu esobozesa okutegeera engeri amatabi gye gategekebwamu.

Amatabi Essatu ag’Obuziba

Buli ttabi lya gavumenti y’ensi eno lirina omulimu gwa njawulo, era lirina amateeka agaalyo.

Ettabi ly’Abayigirizwa (konsole)

Ekiragiro kino okusobola okukiteeka mu lukiiko olukulu olw'okussaawo amateeka, baakitwala nti Congress lye ttabi erisingayo okuba ery'amaanyi. N'olwekyo, baagigabanyamu ebisenge bibiri: Olukiiko olukulu lukiikirira ebiwandiikibwa (gavumenti ebbiri), ate olukiiko olwo lukiikirira abantu abeesigamizibwa ku bantu.

  • [[AK'OMUTEE] Olukalala[[OLW'OKUMALIRA] lulina ebitundu 100, nga buli omu akola emyaka mukaaga. Olukiiko olwo lwokka lwe lukakasa okulondebwa kwa prezidenti (nga ba bawandiisi ba KITAADANA n'abalamuzi) era ne luwandikira endagaano nga bakuba akalulu emirundi ebiri mu enkumi ssatu.
  • [[NTANDIKA:0] Ennyumba ey'ababaka erina abalonde 435, era obutuuti bwafunibwanga buli luvannyuma lw'emyaka kkumi oluvannyuma lw'okwebazisa. Ababaka bawandiisa nnyumba okumala emyaka ebiri, ne kisobozesa ennyumba okukkiriza endowooza ya bantu. Ennyumba etandika ensawo zonna ez'okuvvuwa era erina obuyinza obw'okuwera okuwa abakungu ba gavumenti ssente.

Ng’oggyeko okussaawo amateeka, Akakiiko akafuzi ke kalina obuyinza bw'enkola y’enkola y’eby’obufuzi (enkola ya gavumenti ereetera obutebenkevu okukolebwa), okulangirira entalo, era n’okulabirira ofiisi y’ettabi okuyitira mu kuwuliriza n’okunoonyereza.

Ofiisi y'ekitongole kya ProgramuxPual neshort

Omukulembeze wa gavumenti y'akulira ofiisi y'ettabi era y’akulira ofiisi y’eggwanga eryo.

  • Pulezidenti atuukiriza ebigambo ebimala emyaka ena, ebigwanira okulonda omulundi ogumu (ogwali guwagirwa mu Mweefube owa 22). Amaanyi ga prezidenti gazingiramu okulagira amagye, okusonyiwa, okuddiriŋŋana endagaano (nga zikkirizibwa mu lukiiko olukulu) era n'okulonda abakungu ba gavumenti.
  • Kakiiko akafuzi katuulamu emitwe 15 emitongole egikola ku bukulembeze (nga State, Defense, Ssente, ne obwenkanya), bonna abalina okukakasibwa olukiiko olukulu olw'ebitongole.
  • Era ofiisi y’ettabi era etwaliramu ebitongole ebikola ku bubwe nga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ne Federal Reserve, ebikozesa obuyinza obuweereddwa Consell.

Prezidenti ayinza okulagira abakungu okuluŋŋamya emirimu gya gavumenti, naye ebiragiro bino biteekwa okusigirwa mu mateeka agaliwo oba mu Mateeka. Ekiragiro kino eky'obuyinza kibadde ensibuko ya mpaka, naddala mu biseera eby'amalago oba nga Akakiiko akafuzi ke kaagobererwa.

Amatabi g’Omulamuzi (E kkooti z’Abalamuzi)

Ettabi ly’abalamuzi linnyonnyola amateeka n’Etteeka, era likakasa nti amateeka n’enkola z’obukulembeze bituukana n’amateeka.

  • [[NKULU:0] Kkooti enkulu erimu abalamuzi mwenda abalondebwa Prezidenti (nga bafugibwa empisa ennungi) era nga akakasibwa Ssemateeka. Kkooti erina entegeka ya okusooka ku buli nsonga ezizingiramu ababaka n'ebitongole, era erina n'obuyinza ku nsonga eziba zivudde mu kkooti z'ensi entono ezizingiramu ensonga z'ensi.
  • [[NKULU]] Mu kkooti z'ensiri mwe muli 94 mu kkooti z'ensi (kooti) ne 13 ez'oku kkooti ez'okujulira emisango. Kkooti zino zikwata ensonga eziba ziwalibwa wansi w'amateeka g'eggwanga nga mw'otwalidde n'ebibuuzo ebyalwoomu mateeka, n'empaka ez'ensi wakati w'abatuuze oba abatuuze ab'ensi ez'enjawulo.
  • [[NKULA] .[[FUZI:1]]][obusobozi bw'okulangira amateeka oba ebikolwa ebya bamaneja obut'awunzi] obwateekebwawo ku mulambo [Marbury v. Madison[ [-(03])] (103). Amaanyi gano ge maanyi agasinga okukebera amatabi amalala, naye ganywezebwa bulungi; kkooti ziziyiza okulonda ebibuuzo mu bya bufuzi ne ku matabi amalala.

Enteekateeka y'abalamuzi ab'ensi eno ereetebwawo okubaawula ku bufuzi, ne kibasobozesa okusala emisango okusinziira ku mateeka so si ku ndowooza y'abasinga obungi.

Ebyekebero n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu: Engeri Amatabi gye Gakoma Ku Mirimu Gyago

Okwawukana mu gavumenti tekitegeeza nti omuntu alina obwetwaze bwonna; buli ttabi lirina ky’ekozesa okukebera ebitundu ebirala.

  • [[AKMENT:0] Obukeberezi obukolebwa ku mukungu: Consert esobola okuwangula akalulu ka prezidenti nga yeegatta ku enkumi bbiri mu nnyumba zombi; ke kafuga engeri y'okuwaayo ssente (amaanyi ga kasawo); kasobola okulemesa omukulembeze oba abakungu ba gavumenti abalala; akakiiko kakakasa okusemba endagaano n'okugoonya; era kayinza okunoonyereza emirimu gy'amatabi.
  • [[NKULA] Empandika ku lukalala olwo etegeeza amateeka:[ Omukulembeze ayinza okukomyawo amasawo agayisibwa Congress; ayinza okuyita Congress mu nteekateeka ey'enjawulo; era ayinza okuteekawo ebiragiro ebikwata ku nkula y'enkyukakyuka mu nkalala ezigoberera amateeka. Omukulembeze era alina obuyinza okuteekawo amateeka n'okukwata ebituuti okusobola okubaako kye kikola ku ndowooza ya bantu.
  • [[NKULA]] Okukebera ekiragiro ku bannabyabufuzi: Kkooti enkulu eyinza okuggyawo amateeka n'obutongole ebimenya amateeka okuyitira mu kunoonyereza ku mateeka. Abalamuzi abafuga abakungu balondeddwa tebalina musango gwa kuddamu bulamu bwabwe bwonna.
  • [[NKULA] Ziyinza okugwa ku lukumbo: Consert eyinza okukyusa obunene bwa kkooti esinga obukulu (wadde kino tekitera kukolebwa), era ziyinza okutegeeza amateeka okukifuula ekiba kigasa omusango mu kifo ky'okusalako omusango, era ne kiremesa gavumenti okubasalira omusango olw'ensobi. Prezidenti alonda abalamuzi, era Akakiiko kakakasa, ne ke kawagira amatabi g'eby'obufuzi obuyinza ku nkola y'okusala emisango.

Ebyokulabirako eby'ensi ebirabika biwa obukakafu buno: Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt's "court-packing" ekiteeso mu 1937 kyali kigezaako okwongera ku muwendo gw'abo abasala emisango ku kkooti ey'oku ntikko okusobola okufuna enkomerero ku mateeka ga New Dector. Gye buvuddeko awo, Kkooti enkulu ya National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) yawagira obuvunaanyizibwa bwa Afford Carence Act nga omusolo gwa gavumenti, naye ate nga yasaasa empaka ku k'ewandikiro esobola okugaziyawula emitee. ettabi erya waggulu ligenda mu maaso ate nga ligenda mu maaso.

Ekiragiro kino bwe kiba nga tekinnaba kutegeera binaakolebwako, ebipimo ebinoonyezebwa we bikoma, USA.gov kiwa ennyinnyonnyola ennukuta ennukuta ennukuta etegeerekeka obulungi ku buli ttabi gye lisobola okukoma okuzireka endala[[[KATANDIKA:1].

Ebyafaayo ne Philosofaali

Okwawula obufuzi tekwava ku mpewo entono; emirandira gyabwo egy'amagezi gyatuuka mu Buyonaani ne Rooma eby'edda, naye enneeyisa ey'enjawulo yava eri abakwata ku by'okutegeera. Omwoyo gw'Amateeka gwasomebwa abavvuunuzi Abamerika. John Locke era yawa endowooza ku gavumenti eyayawulwamu mu mateeka, munnabyabufuzi, ne mu by'okufunja ebigattibwa (eby'obufuzi). Kyokka, eky'okusalaganya eky'obuguwawa kya Montesquieurteri kyafuuka ekyokulabirako kya Ssettendekero.

Ku lukuŋŋaana lw'amateeka olw'omu Histitution olwa 1787 mu Philadelphia, ab'oluganda baakubaganya ebirowoozo ku ngeri y'okuzimbamu gavumenti empya. James Madison, eyateranga okuyitibwa Kitaffe w'amateeka, ye mubukkirizi omukulu mu nkola eya sistemu eya "nga singa gavumenti etandika okusobozesa abafuzi okugifuga; era mu kifo ekirala okugiwaliriza okwefuga." Omukuŋŋaanya w'amateeka ateekwa okukolebwa. [5:1], yawakanya nti okuteekebwa kw'obuyinza bwonna, n'okubufuga, n'okujjuzanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanya, n'okukujjuza emikono." Yannyonnyola nti "Nfulumente] Nanyi ziteekwa okumalibwa mu kukolebwa mu kifo eky'okuva mu buyinza mu buli ttabi okugobeewanjula.

Ekiragiro ekisembayo kyalimu enteekateeka ez'okwawula ab'obuyinza mu bitundu I, II, ne III, awamu n'enkola nga verto, obuwagizi, n'obujulizi ebya kansa.

Abo abaagala enjigiriza ez'obufirosoofo, Etterekero lya congress lisobozesa okufuna ebitabo byonna eby'empandiika eya Federal [[:1], nga mwe muli n'ebirimu ne 'FOLT] Akawayiro akatukuvu. N'o

Okwawukanira ddala kw’Amaanyi mu Bufuzi bw’Omu Kiseera Kino

Wadde ng'ebifo by'amatabi gano esatu tebyakyukanga mu ngeri ndala okuva mu 1789, okunnyonnyola n'okumanya bya magyengo ebyajjawo mu ngeri y'enneekusifu. Ebizibu ebyakabaawo mu kiseera kino bitwaliramu okweyongera kw'obufuzi, okuganyisibwa kw'amatabi, n'okugateeka mu lukiiko olukulu mu nsonga z'abafuzi. Okutegeera ensonga zino kyetaagisa okutegeera obulungi engeri gye zikolamu leero.

Obufuzi

Ebitongole bya gavumenti bingi, gamba nga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ne Security and Exchange Commission (SEC), byeyisa nga bino: biwa ebiragiro (empandika), ne byesiikiriza okugobererwa, era n'enkakaanya (Enkuumi). Okugatta obufuzi obw'amaanyi kuswaze kuvumizibwa ng'okumenya empaka ez'enjigiriza z'amaanyi, naye biwagirwa kkooti olw'okuba ebibiina bikolera wansi w'obuyinza okuva ku kkaalu. Kkooti enkulu etaddewo eteeka ekkomo, kyokka nga k'ensonga eyo elagira nti ewandikiro ewa "juusibwako omusango" gulina obulagirizi ku kibiina ekikola omulimu.

Ebiragiro by'Ogufuga - Ekiwandikiro era n'Okubaako ne ky'okolawo

Bannaakyemalira beeyongedde okuyisa abakungu ba gavumenti okuleka abawagizi abagoberera enkola eza bannaaweefube. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Pulezidenti Barack Obama's Deference Action for Childhood Agedals (DACA) yatandikawo programu ya bannaakyewa, era Prezidenti Donald Trump yayisa ebirango bingi ebikwata ku ku kuyingira mu ggwanga, enkola y'obutonde bw'ensi, n'obusuubuzi. Ebyo bitera okuleetawo obuzibu mu kkooti z'amateeka bwe zisalawo obanga pulezidenti asusse etteeka mu mateeka. Kkootikko kya Supper Court Ruman egezaako okunyatta ebipimo bya pulezidenti mu kiseera kya kirwawo mu Korea (Young Swell & Tube. Sawer, 1952)

Obukuubagano n’Ekiwandiiko ku Lukiiko Olukulu olw’Abasomi

Mu makumi g'emyaka egyakayita, enkola ey'okutongoza abalamuzi ab'eggwanga erimu.[1] Naddala, abalamuzi ba kkooti enkulu bafuuse ba nukuta. Enkola y'enkola ya Ssematton'okukyusa etteeka erya nnannyini nukuliya n'ery'okukyusa etteeka erya nukiriya, ereeseewo ekkomera ku matabi ga bannaazo ge bateeka mu nkola enzivuunula. 2016 okugaana okuwuliriza Merrick Garland, era ne kigoberezebwawo mu kukakasibwa kwa Amy Coney Barrett mu 2020, okulaga engeri okwawukana kw'obuyinza ku gavumenti gye kuyinza okukwatibwako mu nteeko.

Bwe kiba nga kyakenneenyezebwa ku nsonga zino, Ekitebe ky'Eddanga eriko obwenkanyawaze, kibawa okunoonyereza ku kwawulawo obufuzi n'etteeka.

Okwogera ku Bikwata ku Balala: Ensonga Lwaki tuyawukana

Okwawulawo obufuzi si kika kya byafaayo; kye kintu ekikyusa buli kampeerezaamu mu Amerika. Consert bw'egaana okukola, pulezidenti abawa ekiragiro eky'okufuga; pulezidenti bwe yeekoba okubawa obukujjukujju, kkooti bwe zikuba olukunkumuli lw'omulimu; kkooti bwe zisalawo obutakkirizibwa, Consert eyinza okukkiriza amateeka oba okutereezebwa kw'amateeka. Okukolagana kuno okw'enkola y'emu, okwawukana ku kkalu era ne ekibuuzo nga kya --quanser)

Okutegeera obulungi ensonga lwaki abantu baawulwawo gavumenti kibayamba okuvunaanibwa gavumenti. Nga bamanyi ofiisi y'ettabi esobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka, abantu bayinza okulwanirira enkyukakyuka, okusoomoozebwa, era ne beegatta ku nkola y'eby'obufuzi. Abaatandikawo enkola eyandigonjodde embeera enzibu era ne batuuka ku bunkenke okutuusa mu biseera bino. Amawanga agatya Amerika bwe gayolekagana n'okusobeza okutawaanyizibwa mu bya tekinologiya okusobola okuwanirira eddembe n'okuziyiza obuwagizikana.

Okusobola okweyongera okwekenneenya ebizimbe ebyo, ebintu bino wammanga biteeka essira ku ngeri gavumenti za Amerika gye zaakolamu ebintu bino:

  • [[Akabonero:0] Ekiragiro ekya Amereka (Etterekero ly'eggwanga)[[Akabonero:1]
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Akawayiro aka '-FULY' kakola' ne '.' 51 (Essomero')[[AK'AWATANDIKIRWA]][[AGUMENTI:1]
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Ekitebe eky'Okunoonyerezaako mu Lukiiko : Abaamereka Batunuulira Okwawula amanya (2023)[[Akatundu]]