Okutegeera Obukyamu ku Bikwata ku Bapoliisi, Endowooza Embi n’Okutulugunya

Omusingi ogukwata ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri gwe gumu ku bukuumi obw'edda ennyo mu mateeka ga Anglo-America, nga gusibuka mu ndowooza nti gavumenti terina kukkirizibwa kuvunaanibwa muntu olw'ekibi kye kimu kye kimu. Obukuumi buno bweyolekera mu Mweefube ogw'okutaano eri akakiiko k'amateeka ak'Amerika, nga kino kiraga nti tewali muntu yenna “ayinza okusibibwa emirundi ebiri okuteeka obulamu bw'omuntu oba obwalo.” Etteeka eryo liba lyangu okuvunaanibwa mu nsonga ezisinga obungi, ate okukwatibwa kwalyo ne kuba kwa maanyi nnyo singa wabaawo okuvunaanibwa obukyamu oba okubuwaayibwa obukyamu. Mu mbeera zino, akabi ak'emirundi ebiri kasobola okukweka obubeesazesezza omusango abo abayisa obubi mu mateeka.

Ekitundu kino kyogera ku kabi akayinza okujjawo emirundi ebiri, engeri gye kisalamu enziro ne poliisi mu bikolwa ebikyamu, enjigiriza ezikontana n’amateeka n’ez’obufuzi eziyinza okulemesa omuntu okukuumibwa, n’engeri abantu gye bagezaako okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nsi yonna okusobola okuziyiza obutali bwenkanya awatali kusuula muguluka mateeka.

Enjigiriza ez’Ebyafaayo n’Ez’Etteeka ez’Eby’Eby’Eby’Obubi

Akabenje emirundi ebiri tekakolebwa mu kiseera kino. Ensibuko yaako yasibuka mu matwale g'Abaruumi ne Buyonaani eby'edda, era mu kiseera we kyatuukira etteeka lya Bungereza erya bulijjo, omusingi gwagobererwa bulungi. Ekiragiro [Fommo bibet] bis bigri kirimu exeari equa eadem causa[[FLL:1] — “tewandibadde muntu n'omu tasunguwa emirundi ebiri olw'ensonga y'emu” — kyafuuka tteeka lya bwenkanya.

Ekitongole eky'Okutaano eky'okuwererezaamu emirundi ebiri ekya Claus kifuga etteeka nga kikozesa etteeka ery'okujijira ekkulu ery'ekkumi n'ena mu mwaka Claus, nga bwe kikakasibwa kkooti enkulu mu Benton v. Maryland [1969]. Ekuuma abawandiisi [1969] mu ngeri ssatu]. Etteeka lino libakuuma obutasalirwa musango olw'okubiri oluvannyuma lw'okuggibwako omusango, obukuumibwa okuva ku ku kkooti eyokubiri oluvannyuma lw'okuvunaanibwa omusango, era n'obukuumibwa obuwerako olw'okubonerezebwa olw'okuzza omusango ogwo.

Kyokka, ebigambo ebiri mu nnukuta tebiraze kugaana muntu kusibibwamu ddala.

Engeri Abakulembeze b’Ebibiina gye Bakolaganamu n’Ebikolwa bya Poliisi eby’Obukuusa

Empisa embi eza poliisi zitwaliramu ebikolwa bingi, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukakaatika ekisukkiridde, okuwa obujulizi obw’obulimba, okutiisatiisa, n’okuzikiriza ebintu ebivunaanibwa mu bugenderevu.

Okuvunaanibwa Abasirikale Oluvannyuma lw’Okusalirwa Omusango oba Okusalirwa Omusango

Singa omusirikale avunaanibwa omusango olw'okukola ekintu eky'obugwenyufu — gamba ng'okutulugunya mu ngeri ey'amaanyi ennyo — era n'aggibwako omusango, ow'omusenyeekera ow'okubiri Jeoparde, gavumenti emirundi egisinga obungi yeesibye gavumenti okugaana okulumiriza omukungu oyo omusango gwe gumu, newakubadde nga bujulizi buppya buzze bulabika oluvannyuma. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu 1992, okuwozesebwa kwa Poliisi Los Angeles okukozesa abasirikale ba poliisi abangi mu ngeri ey'amaanyi okutaasalwa ne Rodne King, kkooti yatongoza abakungu abana. Oluvannyuma, omulamuzi omukulu yavunaana bannaggwebwa olw'okumenya etteeka lya Kabaka wansi w'obuyinza obw'enjawulo. Olwobanga omutemukolo ogwo guyinza okulemererwa mu kuvunaanibwa mu ggwanga.

Okuba Omwesigwa n’Okukosebwa Okw’Ebibiina

Ekiragiro kino okufiirwa obulamu bw'abantu kiyinza okusasulwa mu ngeri ey'emirundi ebiri. Wadde nga abapoliisi bayisiddwa mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya, abakungu ba poliisi bayinza okusala emisango mu magye 42 mu mwaka gwa 1983 nga bassa obusawo obutonotono ku bakungu ba gavumenti, nga banoonya ebisasulwa olw'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti.

Obunafu bw’Okusobola Okufuna Enkyukakyuka

Wadde ng'akabi ak'emirundi ebiri tekalemesa bantu kuziyiza buzibu bwa gavumenti, enjigiriza ey'okukuuma abo abalina ebisaanyizo eby'okulwanyisa eyinza okukugira abakungu ba gavumenti obutabaako musango okuggyako nga bamenye ‘ amateeka agaateekebwawo. ’ Kino kiremesa obwenkanya okubuna, naye tekirina kweremesa. Awagira enkyukakyuka zikwata ku bantu nti okusobola okwewala endwadde ez'emirundi ebiri, tekiyinza kuleetera abo ababa bakoseddwa okulwanyisa endwadde okutaasa emirundi ebiri okutayinza kuyambibwa singa enneeyisa yaabwe tekkirizibwa mu mbeera ey’obwetawanya.

Okunenya: Eggwanga Bwe Liba Ligenda Okuwangula Innocent

Okuvunaanibwa mu bukyamu kuzingiramu embeera eyeereese omuntu atalina musango, emirundi egisinga olw’obujulizi obw’obulimba, okwenenya, oba okuwa obujulizi obwa poliisi oba abawaabi b'oludda olubu. Singa okuvunaanibwa mu bukyamu kuviirako omuntu okuggibwako omusango, obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri buviirako gavumenti obutagezaako kulumiriza muntu oyo atalina musango — wadde nga wayita emyaka mingi bukyawa bujulizi bulaga nti atalina musango.

Ekizibu eky’Okumwekutulako

Singa omuntu avunaanibwa mu bukyamu olw'okutta, okuwozesebwa, era n'okuggibwawo omusango. Nga wayiseewo emyaka mingi, okwenenya okuva ku eyonnyini ebabudde, awamu n'obujulizi bwa DNA obulaga nti talina musango. Mu mateeka gamukoddomenti U., omuntu ataliiko musango tayinza kuddamu kutwalibwa, naye ddala aba [ aba takkirizibwa kugaana kuvunaanibwa [[[FLT]], oba singa obwetawagizi obwa nnawo obukyamu buweebwa naye nga kye kyekwewandisizza ekiteekusifubu. Singa okuvugibwa kwateesitebwa, ekitongole kiyinza okuddibwamu kiyinza okuddibwamu singa ebbajjuzibwemu kiyinza okuba nga kyenkanankanankanankanankanankana olutuufu olw'obujulizi. Obujulizi obutuufu obwo bulaga obutuufu obw'ebyo ebiba bitegeezeddwa mu mateeka.

Ebibaggibwako: Amakasa bwe Gakkirizibwa

Kkooti Enkulu ekozesezza akatyabaga ak’emirundi ebiri akatayinza kuzza musango:

  • [[AGUMENT:0] Olukiiko olw'ensonga olwetaaze okweyoleka:[[[KIT:1]] Singa abalamuzi tebasobola kusalirawo balamuzi omusango (omulamuzi ow'ekika ky'ekika kya puli), omulamuzi ayinza okuyisa omusango mu bukyamu. Okuddamu okulondamu ku nsonga ku nsonga eyo tekikkirizibwa kubanga okuteeka obulamu obw'omu nkomerero.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Ekiragiro kino kisaba omulamuzi okusazaamu etteeka eryali liba libasumulula mu kifo ky'okuyisa obujulizi obwenneyisa mu kifo eky'okunenya omuntu, abawozesezza oba abayinza okugoba omuwaabi.
  • [[AKM:0] Obubonero bukomezebwawo oluvannyuma lw'okukomezebwawo omusango oguba guyimiriziddwawo:[ Singa obwetwaze bukyusibwa olw'okugezesa ensobi (mu kifo eky'obujulizi obutuufu tebuliiko), gavumenti eyinza okuzza obuggya oyo awandiikeddwa.
  • [[Act:0] Enjigiriza ey'empandika tekkirizibwa:[[[KATANDIKWA] Nga bwe kyogeddwako, ebiwandise (matabi ne gavumenti) buli omu asobola okuyisa mu ngeri y'emu naye nga takoze kabi konna ke kayinza okuvaamu emirundi ebiri.

Ng’ekyokulabirako, looya w'oludda oluwaabi ayinza okunoonyereza mu butali bugenderevu n'asazaamu omuntu aleme okumuvunaanibwa, n'agaana okuvunaanibwa.

Enjigiriza y’Obukulembeze bw’Omunaana: Ekizibu Ekiri mu Misango gya Bannassaayansi

Enjigiriza ey'emirundi ebiri egamba nti gavumenti z'ensi zaawukana era buli emu erina obuyinza okusingisa ekikolwa kye kimu nga teyaziyazikirizza na kabi konna. Kino kyatandikibwawo mu United States v. Lanza (222]) era ne kizzibwamu enzivuunula mu [FUU]]. [United States][FLT]][2029]). Enjigiriza eno eyinza okuba eky'amaanyi: singa gavumenti esaza, gavumenti eyinza okutongoza omukuliza oba okutongoza oba okuzza obuwamula. Ate bwe kiremedwa, ensonga eziba nga gavumenti teziwadde, ekyo kiyinza kubeerawo, wadde nga enkola ya gavumenti tezikola.

Mu misango egyakayita, enjigiriza ey'eby'obufuzi egya waggulu esobozesezza Ekitongole eky'Ekirabo okulumiriza abakungu ba gavumenti oluvannyuma lw'okusala emisango mu mateeka, okuvaamu okuggibwako oba okuvunaanibwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Breonna Taylor, tewali musango gwa gavumenti ogwasigirwa abakungu ba gavumenti. Oluvannyuma gavumenti yavunaana abakungu abawera eddembe ly'obuntu. Wadde nga gavumenti ewandiisa emisango egyo ewanduusizza amateeka gaabwe, bakiikirira ekkubo eriyitira mu kuteeka ebyasasooso eby'emirundi ebiri.

Enkyukakyuka n'Ekukubiriza Okumanyirawo Okuvunaanyizibwa n’Obukuumi bw’Essawa

Olw'okuba okufiirwa okw'emirundi ebiri kuyinza okulemesa abapoliisi okutereeza endowooza zaabwe, wabaddewo enkyukakyuka ezitali zimu ezikoleddwa okuva ku nkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu mateeka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu kunnyonnyola okugasaamu. Engeri emu kwe kwongera okugaziya obujulizi obwa “tebwesigika” n'okunoonyereza oluvannyuma lw'okuggibwako omusango — naye kino kireetawo okweraliikirira era ne kireme okukkirizibwa mu U.S.

Ekimu ku ebyo ebikolebwa okusobola okugonjoola ekizibu kya poliisi kwe kulongoosa mu ngeri esaanira, nga kino kye kimu ku bino:

  • [[AK'AKATANDIKI] Okukangavvula n'okumalirizibwa:[[[NKULA] Ebitongole ebiri munda (okukukuba amasasi n'okukussa) b'omu buyinza, so si mumenyi w'amateeka, n'okuteekawo obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri tekusobola kufuga. Kyokka, obuwanguzi obw'amaanyi obutera okulemesa obufumbo okukomyawo obujja buno.
  • [[NT:0] Nga bwe kyogeddwako, empalana ezikwata ku nfuna ziyinza okuviirako okufiirwa abantu bonna emirundi ebiri. Enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa ku bukuumi bw'ekiwandikiro ziyinza okusobozesa empagi zino okubeera ennungi.
  • Ebiragiro [[NKULU]] Ebiragiro ebikkirizibwa mu kusindika obubaka ku kiwandikiro oba mu kusindika obubaka ku kitongole kya poliisi biwandikiddwa nti okukaka akakiiko akatwala enkola y'ekitongole ekya polisi nti tekiyinzika kubaako kye kakolawo nga teyesigamizza ku bamenyi b'amateeka kinnoomu.
  • [[Act:0] Obwannakyewa obufuga amateeka:[ Obupapula obukozesebwa abantu okwejjukanya oba abawaabirwa ab'enjawulo busobola okunoonyereza ku mpisa embi era ne bukubiriza okuvunaanibwa, ekiyinza okukendeeza ku kabi ak'okubaako olukunkumuli lw'eby'amateeka oba okukugira obubaaneekusifu.
  • Okuva ku mutendera ogw'omu ssasaze: Gavumenti ezimu zitaddewo amateeka agakkiriza okutongozebwa singa obukakafu obuppya butuukirira era n'okubula kwalina omusango okusooka ne kwonoonebwa olw'obukujjukujjukujju oba olw'okugisaamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Kode ya Penal 761 ekkiriza okuwozesebwa okuggyamu omusango singa kkooti esala omusango ne gumalirizibwa mu bukuusa. Kyokka, okusala ku ku ku kukkuta ku kukkirizibwamu ku buwagizigibwa kiwandiiko ekyo kisigala nga kya ngoberera mateeka.

Emiganyulo Egiri mu Kukkiriza Okukyamu

Ebibinja nga Innocence Project biwagidde okunoonyereza DNA n'okufuna obukakafu obw'enjawulo. Wadde nga wabaawo obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri obusobola okukuuma abantu okuva ku butajulizi obw'edda, ekizibu eky'amaanyi eri abo abawaayirizibwa olw'ensonga enkyamu kiri nti bangi ku abo abawaayirizibwa tebaggibwako musango. Basibibwa omusango ate oluvannyuma ne baggibwako omusango. Abantu bano bayisibwa bubi nnyo bwe wabaawo obukakafu obulaga nti ebiwandiiko byayo bijjulukuka, era nti obujulizi busobola okusatyo ne buggyibwawo, naye nga bukyawanjulwamu nnyo. Amadiidi g'ensonga agakkiriza okujjuzibwa okusinziira ku bujulizi obuppya obuppya, gasinga okusalirwa omusango oguba gulina kye gukola.

Okunoonyereza ku Case Okusobola Okulaga nti Waaliwo Obuzibu Obutono Ennyo n’Obubi bw’Empisa Embi

Okwekkaanya embeera eziriwo mu nsi kiyamba okulaba akabi ak'emirundi ebiri akayinza okuvaamu.

Rodney King Case (1992)

Oluvannyuma lw'okukuba Rodney King ku vidiyo, abapoliisi bana ab'omu Los Angeles baavunaanibwa mu kkooti y'e California olw'obulumbaganyi n'amaanyi mangi. Okuggibwa kwabwe mu 1992 kwaviirako obusambattuko mu Los Angeles. Olw'enjigiriza ey'emirundi ebiri, gavumenti yasobola okuvunaana abakungu ababiri abaali bamenye etteeka lya Kabaka. Kkooti eyo mu 1993 yaviirako abakungu ba gavumenti okuvunaanibwa olw'ensonga eyo.

Awo Michael Peterson (2003, North Carolina) we yatuukira

Michael Peterson yasibibwa omusango mu 2003 olw’okutta mukazi we, naye obujulizi bwavuusibwamu olumu mu 2011 olw'obujulizi obulaga nti omujulirwa omukulu yawa obujulizi obw’obulimba era nti omusawo eyali akulira abakungu, oluvannyuma eyasalirwa omusango, yalina obujulizi obwenkanidde ddala obw’obulimba. Leferi yaddamu okuvunaanibwa Peterson mu 2017. Mu lukiiko olwo olw'okutirimbula, Peterson teyakkirizibwa kuzza musango gwe gumu olw’okutta olw'okuba omusango ogwo ogwasooka gwasaasaanyizibwa, so teyaggibwawo; obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri tebwaba nga bujulizizza omusango ogwasooka olw’okusalirwa omusango teguliiko. Kyokka, singa ensonga eyo yali tegusasiddwawo olw’obujulizi obw’obutuufu obwereere — omusango ogumenyeddwamu — omusango ogwamenyeddwa omusango gwagibwawo.

Bénenna Taylor (2020)

Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Breonna Taylor mu lukungo lw'abajaasi olwakoma, abalamuzi ab'eggwanga lya gavumenti baavunaana omu ku bakungu abaawerera ddala amasasi agaayingira mu nnyumba ya muliraanwa. Naye tewaaliwo misango gyaweebwa Taylor kutta Taylor. Omusirikale yaggibwako omusango. Mu 2022, gavumenti yavunaanibwa abakungu abana olw'okumenya amateeka, olukwe, n'okuziyiza.

Endowooza z’Empisa Enkyamu: Engeri Ebirala Eby’Eby’Amateeka Gye Bikwata ku Kabi n’Engeri ez’Ensobi

Mu mateeka g'omu United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, ne gavumenti endala nnyingi zikkiriza obubenje emirundi ebiri, naye zikkirizza enkola z'amateeka agawerako okuzza obujulizi obulaga nti obuppya buzze bulabika — naddala olw'obumenyi obw'amaanyi gamba ng'okutta. Ng'ekyokulabirako, KCriminal Judge Act akaawereza emisango 2003 kakkiriza kkooti ya Kitongole ekkiriza okuteeka mu kkooti okusazaamu ebimenyesebwa n'okulagira enkola mu nsonga ezimu. Okukyusa kuno kwakozesebwa mu mbeera endala awali obujulizi (DNA) we bulaga nti omuntu avunaanibwa omusango oluvannyuma lw'okutta. Kyokka, okusookaanya okw'olukalala ng'olwokaanyinyinyinyinyi okusatulwa mu U.S.

Mu nsi ezifugibwa abakungu ba gavumenti nga Bufalansa ne Bugirimaani, okufiirwa okw'emirundi ebiri musingi gwa mateeka, naye era “omusango gumu” guyinza okuba gwa ntono. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Bufalansa, omuntu okuggibwako omusango kiyinza okuddamu okukkirizibwa nga yakuba obukujjukujju, so si lwa kuba nti wabaddewo obukakafu obuppya. Engeri zino ez'okugeraageranya ziraga nti okumalirizibwa n'obwenkanya kusoomooza okw'ensi yonna.

Bye Baazuula mu Kulwanirira Ebintu ne mu Ngeri Entegeke Obulungi

Bannamateeka abeewozesebwa abakiikirira bakasitoma mu misango egiyinza okusalibwamu obukyamu obwa poliisi oba abo abayinza okuvunaanibwa mu kkooti, bategeera akabi ak'emirundi ebiri nga kakulu nnyo mu kusalawo ku nsonga ezikwata ku bannakyewa. Mu nsonga enkulu mwe muli:

  • [[NT:0] Ekiragiro ekitegeeza olukusa olw'ensonga eza gavumenti: ne bwe kiba nti ensonga evuddewo nga tekuliiko musango, abawaabi ba gavumenti bayinza okugireetawo. Kino kituukirawo nnyo ku nsonga ez'emirundi egya waggulu DOJ we ziyinza okugyawo.
  • [[Act:0] Enkozesa ey'obulimba mu kunoonyereza: Abakozi bayinza okugezaako okuzuula mu bukyamu nga balowooza nti omuntu aba akulaze nti aggiddwako omusango, ne bakuuma eddembe ery'okugukola. Bannamateeka bateekwa okuba abeegendereza okuziyiza okunoonyereza okutali kwa mukosebwa, okuggyako nga waliwo obwetaavu bwonna.
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Okukuuma bakasitoma abali ewangule: Bw'omala okuwa obusonga ku kikolwa, okuwabula kulaga bulungi omusango ogugikugidwa ku biba bivudde ku birungi, so si okugoba bakasitoma ku nsonga eziragiddwa mu nnukuta ez'enjawulo, okuwandiika ekkopi n'obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri.
  • [[NT] Ekiragiro kino kikozesebwa ku nkola y'amateeka: Enjawulo y'omunda eyinza okweyongera kasoobozese ka kibeere kivuddemu ebiva mu ekyo. Attorney akiikirira abo ababa bakoseddwa enneeyisa ey'ekikolwa eky'ekikolwa eky'ekikolwa kino, asaanidde okusooka okulowooza ku ngeri y'okuyisaamu abantu mu ngeri ey'ekiwayi nga bwe kiragiro nga tekinnaggwaako.

Okufundikira: Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu eriwo wakati w’Enkomerero n’Okuvunaanibwa

Akabenje ak'emirundi ebiri kasigalawo mu kkooti z'abamenyi b'amateeka mu Amerika, era nga kikuuma abantu okuva ku kuyigganyizibwa oba okubonerezebwa enfunda n'enfunda. Kyokka, bwe wabaawo ensonga ezizingiramu empisa embi eza poliisi era n'okuvunaanibwa mu ntalo, obukuumi obwo busobola okutangira oyo azzibwe omusango oba okutereezebwa ensobi ez'amaanyi. Enjigiriza ey'obwannakyemalira ewa omulimu ogw'ekikuukirizo eky'ekikuuyirizi, era ewagidde gavumenti okuyingira mu nsonga nga gavumenti zigudde olumu omusingi omulala.

Wadde nga tewali ntegeka ya mateeka eyinza okumalirawo ddala obukulembedde obukulembedde wakati w'okulawulula n'obwenkanya, okutegeera enjawulo eriwo wakati w'obuzibu obw'emirundi ebiri kiwa amaanyi abawagizi, abakwasi b'amateeka, n'abantu okukaka n'okuleetawo ebiva mu buteefukusifu bwa poliisi era n'okukugira obukyayi obutali bwenkanya, abo abanyazesebwa mu bwenkanya kiba kibeetaagisa okusaasaanya enjigiriza zino ez'amaanyi, nga banoonya buli ddagala ery'okugonjooza mu mateeka.