Enkaayana ezikyasiikuuka ku entandika ng'enkola ey'okutaputa enzivuunula y'amateeka era ng'enkola eyo yeeyongera bweyongezi. Abakuguwaanyanga endowooza nti, Amateeka galina okutegeerwa okusinziira ku makulu gaago agasooka oba ekigendererwa kyago mu kiseera eky'okumanyibwa. Abawagizi bago bawakanya enkola eno ekuuma amateeka ne demokulase. Abasosoozesezza endowooza nti mu bantu ab'ebiwabuttu, okunywerera ku makulu g'ebyafaayo eby'ebyafaayo, kiyinza okuvuunika obwenkanya era ne kireetawo obukuufu mu bungi bw'ennamba zaabwe ezaali ziremesezza eddembe lyabwe mu n'enkola ez'enjawulo.

Ensibuko y’Enjigiriza za Filosooni

Enjigiriza y'obufirosoofo mu by'amateeka yatandikawo ng'enjigiriza ey'enjawulo mu nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 20, ng'eyo ekwata ku kikolwa ekya bulijjo ekya Warren ne Burger Courts. Abayivu nga Robert Bork ne Justice Antonin Scalia baawagira endowooza eyo nga bagezaako okuwaliriza obulamuzi n'okutaputa tteeka nga bagoberera enkola ya demokulase. Obuboneroji bwasvu obwasooka [ ek'ebiruubirirwa bya baakirimu nga ate nga Scialia oluvannyuma yaleetawo amakulu mu bantu mu kifo ekya bulijjo. , amakulu g'omuntu ategeerwako yanditegedde ekyawandiikibwa mu kiseera eky'okuteekawo ebiruubirirwa ebibadde bitegeeza nti abantu ab'enkola eyo yali ekwetaagisa okuwakanya endowooza za bannabyabufuzi ebikyamu.

Endowooza z'abantu ab'edda zigendera ku bifo ebikulu ebiwerako: (1) Amateeka, era amateeka galina okutegeerwa era n'okutereezebwa; (2) okutaputa okusala emisango tekulina kufuuka buggya okusobola okulaga emitindo egibaawo mu kiseera kye, kubanga omulimu ogwo gwa kuva ku kakiiko akafuzi oba ku nkola ey'okutereezaamu mu nkola y'ekibiina V; era (3) n'amakulu g'ekika n'eby'eddiini okusobola okuleetawo obutebenkevu, n'okutuukiriza emitindo gya demokulase. Emisingi gino tegisikiriza abo abeeraliikirira nti abalondeddwa abalamuzi tebawa bataddewo amateeka gaabwe ebibaaganzidde. Wadde nga United States yeeyongera okugaziwa, langi, n'obuwawuka, era n'obutereevu, obutuufu obw'eby'eddiini ebyasooka biwandiikibwa obuppya ebigezesa endowooza yaagibwa mu nkola ya demose.

Obulombolombo Obutali Bumu Obubaawo mu Mateeka

Mu Amerika leero mulimu okukyuka okw'amaanyi. Nnyanjula eyo yakolebwa mu 1787 ekika ekitono ekiva ku basajja abazungu, abaabye abasajja; oluvannyuma yalongoosebwa okuggyawo obuddu, okukakasa obukuumi bwenkana, n'okulonda. Kyokka, ensonga nnyingi eziriwo ku bufumbo, eddembe ery'okwegatta n'abasajja ab'ebifaananyi, era n'ery'okwegatta wakati w'ekikula, n'eky'obukaba, n'eky'eky'okuzaala.

Multiculturalism also brings into focus the ways that the Constitution’s original meaning was shaped by exclusion. The Three-Fifths Compromise, the Fugitive Slave Clause, and the original Senate representation formula all embedded racial inequality into the constitutional structure. While the post–Civil War amendments repudiated much of that framework, originalists must confront whether the meaning of phrases like “equal protection of the laws” and “privileges or immunities” should be fixed in 1868 or allowed to evolve as understandings of equality deepen. Scholars such as Jamal Greene and Kermit Roosevelt III have argued that originalism’s faith in a single, stable meaning overlooks the contested and pluralistic character of constitutional interpretation.

Obuzibu Obusinga Obukulu mu Nsengeka y’Omulimu Ogutazikira

Okukwataganya Ebyafaayo n’Emitindo gy’Eby’Obulagirizi egy’Omu Kiseera Kino

Ekimu ku bizibu eby'amaanyi bye bimu ku kusosola wakati w'ensonga ezikwatagana mu byafaayo n'okukkiriziganya mu mpisa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, enzivuunula ey'empandika eya 14th Emperance yafugibwa mu bantu aba langi ez'enjawulo mu nsi nnyingi; abagikola bayinza okuba nga tebaagenderera kugaana bantu ba ggwanga okusosoosa ebika byonna ebya ssemateeka. Naye, kkooti enkulu mu . . . .[FLT:BN][FF:] [53]] [54] Kino kitegeeza nti, eky'obwenkana ekitongole ekiteeyambizo kiyinza okugaana ebikolebwa okuwera okuwera okuwera essosoosa ebigo ebitongole ebireetebwa mu n'ebigere ebirongookeennyonnyo.[5][5] Kino kisinziira ku ku ku ku kuginnyonnyola mu ngeri esooka, nga projectivesting.[F][F][flet]

Okusala Omusango Ogukwata ku Kwegatta kw’Eddembe

Abalamuzi ab'edda batera okutunuulira ensonga abanoonyereza ku nsonga ze batalowoozangako. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ku muteego ogw'okubiri: amakulu ga “okunoonyereza n'okukwatibwa kalwalirizi” tegaleetera ndowooza n'okunoonyereza ku metameta, ssimu n'obusobozi. Kkooti ziteekwa okusalawo obanga zinaanyweza enkola ya 18 mu nkumi oba zikozese emisingi egya bulijjo mu tekinologiya ekippya. Mu ngeri y'emu, olukalala, oluvanyuma lw'ekikula, oluvanyuma lw'ekikula teruwandikiro, era n'okuzaala tekuleetawo bibuuzo obanga amakulu ga enjawulo ag'eddembe n'obwenkanankanankanankana gago, naye nga gayamba okuleetawo enkuufu mu ku kukugira ebika bya munnabyawuka ebiva mu bulamu. Kyokka, endowooza y'ey'abantu abangi mu ngeri ey'ekitongole ekitongole ekimanyiddwa mu mateeka ekiwandundu, terimu eyinza okukkirizibwamu.

Amakulu Agali mu Lubereberye

Ekireetawo okusoomoozebwa okulala kwe kuba nti ekigendererwa ky'enkola eya grand system ez'enjawulo kyawakanyizibwa. Bannabyafaayo n'abayivu ba mateeka tebakkiriziganya ku ntegeera gye baategeera nga sooka.[1] oba nga bwe kyali, ebiwandiiko eby'okubiri bikuuma eddembe omuntu kinnoomu okusobola okuwanirira amagye oba okuba omugabo gw'obuwagizi bwa magye. Kkooti esingako efuga enneeyisa ya 'FLT'] Enkola ya fayiroko nga Enkyukakyuka mu Columbia v'. Heller[FLT] [200:1] [2008] Endowooza eyo, eyinza okwesiga ennyo ewandiikibwa ennyo enzizo, nga yeesiga ennyo ebiwandiiko eby'edda oba ebigendera ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga eyo teriiko kye bigamba nti “makulu mu byafaayo bya bulijjo.

Empandiika Eziwagira Enjigiriza z’Ekibiina Ekikozesa Enjigiriza ez’Enjawulo

Wadde nga waliwo okusoomooza kuno, abawagira enkola eyo ey'okutonda ab'enkola n'ey'okusooka bawa ensonga lwaki ekyetaagisa nnyo. Esooka, okutandikira ku njigiriza za Baibuli ziwagira amateeka ga ' nga bagamba nti abalamuzi balina ebiwandiiko eby'enkola ebibakwatako nga basinziira ku mateeka okusobola okugoberera emitindo gya Baibuli naye nga tegweyambisa n'okubizza ku buwandike. Okulagula kuno kusobozesa abantu okumanya eddembe lyabwe n'emirimu, okunyweza obutebenkevu era n'okuziyiza kkooti okuba entebe ez'eby'empaka ez'enjawulo. Mu bantu ab'enjawulo, emitindo gy'eby'eby'enjigiriza bwe gikontana, tegiyinza kusobozesa abantu okugonjoola obutabaako ludda lwe bawakanakanakanakana mu bya n'eby'enkola.

Eyokubiri, enjigiriza eyo essa ku nkola eya democratic. Enkyukakyuka enkulu ezikoleddwa mu mateeka zisaanidde kuyitira mu kitundu V ekitegekebwa nga tendexments, ekiba kyetaagisa okukola empandika ez'enjawulo n'okukyobera awamu. Kino kikakasa nti eddoboozi ery'enjawulo lirina enkola ereetebwawo okukyusa amateeka agafuga enfuga oba amateeka. Abalamuzi bwe bakyusa amateeka mu ngeri “okuteekamu nkozesa eddembe erippya mu penumbras, liba lyamalako obufunze. Ekkirizo, nga baagala abantu okukkirizisa ku ekyo ekyakkirisibwa ku n'okukyusizaamu abatuuze mu ngeri esobozesa okukyusizaamu abatuuze bannaabwe mu nkola y'enkola eyo.[a]

Ekyokusatu, enjigiriza y'ekika kya Baibuli eyinza okugobererwa okutuuka ku mbeera nga teyesembyeyo. Abanoonyereza abamu bagamba nti abalamuzi balina okugoberera amakulu g'emisingi egyasooka (nga “obukuumi obw'enjawulo” mu kifo kya nkola entono mu byafaayo. Engeri eno oluusi eyitibwa enkola ez'omubereberye[,” ziyinza okuleka ebigambo ebifiirifu eby'enfunze okukozesebwa ku misingi gya tteeka okuwa amakulu amapya ng'enkyukakyuka mu kiseera nga bakyakakataputa amakulu agalimu ebigambo bwe bikkirizibwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, amakulu gasooka ga “ekibonero oba ebibonero eby'enjawulo" biyinza okusinziirwa ku misingi egy'okwegatta, so si ku ngeri y'enkola eya 1791. enneeyisa eno eyinza okusobozesa abasooka okumanyisa obulungi ensonga ez'okutandika okuziganya ebibaawo mu ku ku ku ku ku kuzimba.

Empaka Ezikontana n’Obusosoze mu Kibiina

Abaziyiza bagamba nti enjigiriza egamba nti obuddu tesobola kugonjoola byetaago bya bantu ab'amawanga ag'enjawulo. Ekibuuzo ekisooka kye bagamba nti, okugoba obuwangwa kireetawo obuzibu mu bumu ku busosoze mu byafaayo. Ekiragiro kya 'buwangwa bwewandikiddwa mu kiseera obuddu we bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka, abakazi tebasobola kulonda, era abantu ab'enjawukana n'abannaddiini bangi baggibwa mu butuuze obwa bulijjo. Wadde nga baakirizza ku butali bwenkanya obwo, abanoonyereza ku byafaayo baasooka bawakanya ennyinyonnyonnyola nti obuwandikiro obusingako obuwandike obuwandike obulaga nti obuddu obuwandikiddwako obukkirizibwa okubaamu obukuumi. Abasososoozesebwa baasa obutonotono okulonda obuwerako obuva mu butundutundutundu obunene obwa bulijjo. :4]

Ekyokubiri, enjigiriza egamba nti “obukuumi obw'enyongeza” buyinza okusaasaanyizibwa okusaasaanyizibwawo abo abaagala enkyukakyuka. Endowooza z'edda zitera okuggumiza “enkyukakyuka” ez'amateeka ga Amerika agaatabaamu ebifo. Ekiragiro bwe kikwataganya ebiwandikiro ne kkopi ez'edda, enjigiriza za Baibuli zisobola okuleetera ekiragiro okukomyawo amateeka ga Amerika agaawula ebika.

Ekyokusatu, endowooza egamba nti amakulu agasooka tegabadde na nnukuta era tegaliiko ludda lwe gawanyizidwa, kwe kukozesa bubi. Nga bwe kiri eri abakugu mu by'amateeka nga Mark Tushnet ne Jack Balkin beeteeseteese, mu kusooka omuntu bw'anoonyereza ku byafaayo asalawo ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okusobola okutuuka ku bigendera ku byafaayo. Ebya bulijjo ebigendera ku byafaayo, nga bigattiddwa awamu n'enkyukakyuka mu bya kiwandiiko ekiriwo, kitegeeza nti enjigiriza y'obutonda teyinza kukugira balamuzi ng'abawagizi baayo bye yasuubiza.

Engeri ez’Okugeraageranya n’Ezimu

Okusobola okulaba nti enzivuunula ya Baibuli efuuka ya mazima, kiba kirungi okulowooza ku ngeri endala ez'okutaputa amateeka mu mateeka. Omulabe asingayo okuba ow'amaanyi y'empandika eya ' eya bulijjo. Era agamba nti amakulu g'amateeka gajjawo okuyitira mu nnyinyonnyola y'enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z'abantu. Enkola eno yakozesebwanga okunyweza ekiragiro kya Affordcable Care Act, okukkiriza obuvunaanyizibwa obwa ddyo obw'okugatta awamu n'obutoffaanyi obusingako.

Amawanga amalala gakoze enkola ez'enjawulo ez'okukwataganya obulombolombo n'enjawulo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Charter of Rights and Freedoms ey'omu Canada etwaliramu “omuti ogulamu” enjigiriza ekkiriza eddembe okusaasaana awamu n'enkyukakyuka ez'enjawulo era n'okugezesa enjawulo ezikwata ku biruubirirwa by'amateeka era n'obunafu obutono. Amateeka ga South Africa agaawula ebitundu byago gakwata ku kwenkanankana, ekitiibwa, n'empisa ez'enjawulo, era n'ekiwandiiko kyago ekitongole kya 'Ssemateekako aw'amateeka kinnyonnyola nti, amateeka gayinza okunnyonnyola nti amateeka gaamu. Ebyo ebyamu

Abeekenneenya abamu ab'omu Amerika bawa amagezi ga' era n'okuteekamu mu nnukuta ez'edda], amakulu agatwalibwa ng'entandikwa mu kifo ky'okusiba ekiwayirizibwa. Mu ndowooza eno, abalamuzi basaanidde okulowooza nti baasooka kutegeera ebyo ebyasooka, naye era n'okupima ebiyinza okuva ku musingi gwa digiti. Omulamuzi Stephen Breyer mu ngeri gye yakwatamu Practive Liberty[ Practive[[FT:3]] Kino kirina engeri ez'okuteekako mu nkola eya demokulase. Wadde nga waliwo enkola ezikola mu kusooka, ne ku ku nsonga ezo ezikwata ku nsonga ez'ebyafaayo.

Okunokolayo Ebimu ku Biri mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso: Okunnyonnyola Ebikwata ku Mateeka

Mu kifo ky'ekyo, kiba kizibu okuleetawo obutakkaanya obw'amaanyi ku bikwata ku demokulase, okutongoza ettuttumu, n'enkwaso. Ekitegeerekeka kiri nti endowooza yonna entuufu ey'okunnyonnyola amateeka eteekwa okusoosa n'enkyukakyuka. Abakugunjaamu basobola okukyogerako nga bategeera amakulu g'enkyukakyuka. Mu ngeri eyo, abo abawakanya ebiwandiiko eby'edda bateekwa okutegeera omugaso gw'ebyafaayo, nga bagoberera emisingi emigazi mu kifo ky'okugoberera emitindo gy'ebyafaayo egya bulijjo, era nga bakitegeera nti ebiwandiiko bya 'Calcity protement Claus' byennyini bikubiriza okumanyira ku kyenkanankanankana. Mu kiseera ekyo, abawakanya enjigiriza ez'enkola eza democracraticsssssss ne k'ewandikiro.

Ku nkomerero, Ekiragiro kino kifuga enkola y'abantu bonna kubanga ebigambo bye bikozesebwa nga `$" ("ved quence',” “obukuumi bwenkana,”“ eddembe ly'okwogera” bitegeerekeka okutaputa. Ekituufu kwe kussa ekitiibwa mu nteekateeka y'amateeka era n'okwagala okumanyibwa mu bwenkanya olwa buli nsonga. Kino kyetaagisa abalamuzi, abeekenneenya, n'abantu okukubaganya ebirowoozo buli kiseera ku makulu g'amateeka, nga gategeezebwa ebyafaayo naye nga tebasibibwamu. Mu bantu ab'enjawulo, okukubaganya ebirowoozo tekuli bunafu mu mateeka.

Okusobola okusoma ebisingawo, laba Ekitabo eky'enjigiriza ya SSL [FLT], Omulamuzi Scalia tak'okukkirizigananga mu Obergefell v. Hodges[, Jack Balkin's []“Essociation ne Constitution estry".[FLT], era n'ongerako mu bye bukkenneenya mu [FLT:][FLT:][5][5][5][FLT][FLT][5]]