Enkaayana Ekwata ku Nkolagana y’Omu Ddibi n’Eddembe Ekyenkanankana

Obuzibu eri Endowooza y’Obuntu Obutuufu ey’Okusooka

Ebitono mu Byafaayo n’Obuzibu bw’Okuzikirizibwa

Ekiragiro ekisingirayo ddala okuba eky'amaanyi mu nnukuta ez'enjawulo, nga kiwandiikiddwa mu 1788, kyawandiisa abantu abaddu basatu mu kifo eky'ebitiibwa, okukkirizibwa okutunda abaddu mu nsi yonna okutuusa mu 1808, era nga tekirina bukakafu bulaga nti benkanankana n'obukuumi. Abakazi baaweebwa obuwagizi obwa bulijjo era nga wansi w'amateeka aga bulijjo, baatwalibwa okuba abaddu.

Olukiiko oluwanyisa olw'ekkumi n'ena olw'okukigattira bwe lwakkirizibwa mu 1868, ebigambo byalwo nga birina " era gavumenti yonna eyagufuula omu ku bulamu, eddembe, oba ekintu, nga tewakyali mateeka; oba omuntu yenna aligitwala ng'obuyinza obukikuutivu obw'amateeka. era nga kyakolebwa mu bugenderevu era nga tekiyinza kukmanya. Kyokka, Conseilssss eyakirces yakifuula ddisitulikiti ya Columbia era n'aleka Jim Crow mu kifo ekigonjodde ddala. Enjigiriza z'obulombolombo obwo zonna zisonga ku ‘ makulu agasooka. ’ Era zigamba nti obusosoze obwo si bwe butyo bwokka obukkirizibwa okuggyawo obusosoze mu kiseera ekyo. Abasosoomerezi bano bakko bakkolanga ku ngeri ey'okunyootaasaamu.

Kyakulabirako kya Brown n'ebboard of Education

Tewaliwowo kyakulabirako ekiraga bulungi obutategeeragana obwo okusinga Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren yasaanyawo essomero, nga yeesigama nnyo ku bujulizi bwa sayansi obulaga nti mu mutima gwa “yawulibwamu naye nga yenkana”. Abasomyo babadde bamesezza okumala ekiseera kiwanvu ne [[FLT:] BrowN[[[FLL]]]. Abamu, nga K'Okabonero Kko assomero Scalia, bakkiriza nti ebivuddemu byali bituufu naye nga binyiikidde mu makulu gamu. Abalala, nga Profesa McCNnell, baawakanya okumanyisa obutundu obusinga obunene obunenevuunuulibwa okuva mu kiseera kya Centraccan. [FF][5][5]

Enkaayana eno ey'omunda eraga nti enkyukakyuka zino ziteekwa okukolebwa mu ngeri enneeyisa obulungi, era amakulu gaazo gayinza obutategeerekeka oba obutakontana.

Okulingana kw’Abantu n’Okutegeera Okwali Kusooka

Okusinziira ku kusalawo okw'obwenkanankana n'obw'abakazi kubunye buli mu bitundu bisatu. Mu mwaka gwa 1868, kkooti enkulu ekkiriza okusosola abakazi. Mazima ddala, kkooti enkulu ebeera mu Brawell v. Illinois[ [1873]] gavumenti eyinza okugaana omukazi omufumbo okugoberera amateeka, nga egamba nti “amateeka ga bantu, awamu n'obutonde bwonna, bikkiriza enjawulo ya maanyi mu mitwe gy'ebitonde byonna awamu n'egy'abantu abaami."

'Yatuusiza'''''''''' '[NTLL:0] 'Reed[FLT''' [1971]], omusango ogwasooka kkooti kwe yakutula etteeka erikwata ku nsonga ez'okusosola mu by'okwetaba. Kkooti eyo teyatandika na bulombolombo. Yatandika kukebera buwandikiro obwa tteeka erya tteeka eryo ne kikakasa nti okuyisa abasajja n'abakazi mu ngeri ya njawulo ku ngeri y'obulabirizi tewayagasaamu mu mbeera ya mu mateeka. Ebiwandiiko bya kkooti eyo byayo byalaga nti, [[FLT:] Craig v. Boren[FLT][F:3][FLT][4][5]

Omuntu omu eyasalawo nga bwe kyali mu Justice Scalia, yagamba mu lujjudde nti Amateeka ga Buyonaani tegaawagira kusosola mu by'okwetaba.[1] Wadde nga yawagira okulingana kw'abantu abamu mu by'okwetaba. Abalala, okufaananako Omulamuzi Thomas, tebakkiriziganya ku ndowooza ezisingawo ku kunoonyereza ku bikwata ku kwegatta, nga basalawo ku nsonga eziba zigobererwa mu ngeri etegeerekeka. Okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga kulaga nti enzikiriza y'okugoberera enkola y'ekikula singa egobererwa, oboolyawo yakkiriza obusosoze mu mubiri okusosolagana n'okusosola mu ngeri eziyinza okuviirako abantu bonna mu Amereka ensi okusosoze.

LGBTQ+ Entegeka Ennungi: Ekintu Ekisingirayo Ddala Obukulu mu Kunoonyereza

Oboolyawo tewali tteeka lya ntegeka lyenkanankana liwakanya enkola ya nsibuko ya akakulu ak'ebifaananyi. Amakulu g'amateeka ga'empandika eyo tegakkiriza nti “okwetaba kw'abasodookisi” kye kitundu ekikuumibwa. Ate era, kkooti mu Lawrence v. Texas (2003) teyeesigamya mateeka ga basomu, ate [FL:2]Obergefell v. Hog.

Mu obeeko , endowooza y'Abalamuzi Kennedy abasinga obungi yeesigamya ku “mawanga” eddembe, nga bagamba nti“ emirembe egyawandiika era ne kkiriza Bill of Rights ne Amerekation ow'okubiri tegyali mizibu okumanya eddembe mu buli kipimo kyalyo.” Okukontana kwawandiikibwa Omulamuzi Scalia era ne Justices Thomas ne Atalito, kwali kukakanya. Schalia yagamba nti abantu abasinga obungi baabulira “okutegeera okw'olubereberye” okw'obufumbo era ne beewamba enkola ya demokulase.

Omulamuzi Thomas, nga takkiriziganya na nsonga emu, yawa endowooza ey'enjawulo ku nsonga eno: Enzivuunula y'amateeka eyitibwa The System Process Claus ekakasa nti omuntu tayinza kwefuga kutuukiriza buvunaanyizibwa bwe, so si eddembe ly'okufumbiriganwa n'omuntu ow'ekikula ekimu.

Eri abawakanyi bangi, okulwanirira LGBTQ + eddembe ly'omuntu kwanika obunafu obw'ennono obw'okugoberera enjigiriza ez'ekika kya Baibuli: teriyinza kugonjoola nsosola empya abaFrames ze bataasuubira. Ensonga ya Baibuli eyasooka eya “obukuumi obwa bulijjo” eyinza okuba nga yazikwataganya n'enkola entonotono ez'enjawulo; terizingiramu ngeri za kwetabaganya, bufaananyi, oba obukabajja mu ngeri ey'omulembe guno. Abakulembero wa Baibuli bakkiriza nti enkyukakyuka zirina okubaawo okuyitira mu nkola y'ebyobufuzi oba okunnyonnyola obujulizi. Naye eri abo abakkiriza nti eddembe lyenkana limu lirina kuba limu nnukuta ez'enkola zonna, nga balindiridde mu kumalawo amateeka, era nga bakubiriza abaana baabwe okuva mu mirembe egyakaaga.

Endowooza Abantu Gye Balina ku Kiseera Kino: Omusango Gukkiriza Endagaano Ennungi

Emitindo Egigobererwa

Ekintu ekikulu mu by'enkola etali ya nsibuko kitera okuyitibwa “ Empandika eya bulijjo etakola oba “ensonda”. Endowooza eno ekwataganyizibwa ne Mulamuzi William Brennan, Omulamuzi Ruth Bader Ginsburg, ne Mulamuzi Ruth Breyer, egamba nti ebigambo bya tteeka lya tteeka birina okutwalibwa nti olukuutizo lwa tteeka lwa `[[[[FLT]]][FLT]], [[FLT:], [FLT], [[FLT]], n'Olukiiko olukulu, bitegeeza enkola ey'ekiragiro ekitegeeza empanvu eky'embeera ez'omu kiseera kino ne egoberera emitindo gy'enkola. Abakola tebiwandiiko oba enziganya ebyafaayo; engeri gye bakozesaamu mu ngeri ey'okweyisa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo eya bulijjo okuyisa mu nsonga ez'ekitonderwa.

Breyer, ekitabo Active Liberty kirina amakulu ag'okukuba ekifaananyi eky'amateeka agaleetera demokulase okwenyigira mu nkola ya demokulase era agatuukanya n'ebyetaago by'abantu abakyukakyuka. Awawa ekiragiro nti abalamuzi basaanidde okulowooza ku ebyo ebiyinza okuva mu kusalawo kwabwe n'ebigendererwa ebiri wansi w'amateeka. Enkola eno eyinza okugobererwa, era n'etuukagana n'enkola ya Framers (eyawandiika Amateeka “ateekateeka okubeerawo okumala ebya bulijjo,” mu bigambo ebya Gavumenti enkulu eya Marshall ebimanyiddwa ennyo) era n'okussa ekitiibwa mu nkola eya demokulase.

Olukuŋŋaana olw’Ebyafaayo olw’Okukkiririza mu Bunnabbi

Ng'oggyeko endowooza ey'enkyukakyuka mu by'amateeka, abakugu mu by'amateeka bangi bagamba nti enjigiriza y'obukabona n'ey'okutandikira ku ntandikwa y'amateeka tetegeerekeka bulungi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Profesa Cass Sunstein yawagira “obulombolombo obwa katirimu obutonotono"""" obuzze bukkirizisa ku nsonga eziba zikkiriziddwa nga tebwesigamye ku njigiriza enkulu ey'okutaputa amakulu. Abalala, nga Profesa Jamale Greene, bagamba nti enjigiriza za eddiini zonna ezasooka zikontana n'enjigiriza za Baibuli. Ekiwandiiko kya mateeka kyagooddibwako; bawagira “ennyinyonnyonnyonnyolebwa obwa bulijjo obwa bulijjo obwa bulijjo obunnyonnyolanga ebifaananyirizo n'enjigiriza entono ennyo.

Abawakanyi bano bagamba nti enjigiriza egamba nti okutandikira ku ntandikwa tesobola kusobozesa bantu kuddamu bizibu bingi. Amakulu gaasooka gategeeza “okunoonyereza oba okulwawo olubu.” oba“ okunenyezebwa n'ekibonerezo ekitali kya bulijjo. Era empalana ez'omu n'ez'omusinde kino zigamba abalamuzi [[FLT]]] ekipimo eky'enkola: bwe tutunuulira amakulu g'ebigambo nga 1791] bya muskets, oba omusingi gwa okwetulituliisaamu, oba omusingi ogw'okwerowoozaako wekka gukkirizibwa mu [FLT:] nga [FLT] Diverset of Columbia v. [FLT:] [200] [200], amakulu agasooka ag'okukyusakyusaamu mu kitwaliramu ku ntalo ezo eza bulijjo.[5]

Ekiyinza Okukolebwa ku Ddembe Eryankana

Okusalawo okw’Amaanyi Kusinziira ku Nnyinnyonnyola y’Ebigambo

Enjigiriza eyo terina buwaanyi bulooto wabula y’ekola ku nsonga lwaki abantu balina eddembe lyenkana.

• Act: mu [FLT]] Obufunze bwa Fair Admassigs v. Harvard [2023], Omulamuzi Omukulu Roberts yawandiika ku lw'obungi nti okukkiriza nti enkula y'enkula tekwatagana na nkola ya Claus. Endowooza yayawulwa nnyo ku ntegeera okwasooka okwa Kiwandiiko ekya 1450, nga gagamba nti kyali “musokerobozi.” Yakkiriza, Justice Sotomayo yavunaana ekigendererwa ekyasooka eky'okumenya ekiragiro eky'okuvaako mu ggwanga.[5]
• Kkooti yasazewo akakwakkulizo ak'enkola eya Booginaamu : mu [FLT] Shelby County v. Homer [202013]], kkooti yasazeemu enkola enkulu eya Kkooti y'Eddembe ly'entegeka za gavumenti, era n'eraga nti “ebintu byonna bikyuse nnyo. ” Era ekyo kyakwata ku ddembe ery'okulonda enkuukulembedde, ne kiviirako okuteekawo amateeka agaawulamu.
• Drisability: Mu[FLT] . .Garrett [2001], kkooti yagamba nti abantu mu Amerika tebakkirizibwa kukwatibwa sutu ezikolebwako nga bagoberera enkola ey'obulema, era nti okusososolwa ku bantu abalina obulema tekuyinza kukkirizibwa mu ngeri eyo. Ekiragiro kyasalawo nti okukomyawo Kkomyawo Kkompyusa okw'enkola ku bantu abaliko obulemu kiyinza okukakasibwa ku bukuumi okutuusa ADA lwe kyatongodde nga kikozesebwa mu nkola endala.

Buli emu ku nsonga zino eraga engeri obwenkanya bw'obwenkanya gye bukwata ku busobozi obw'enkola eya bulijjo obw'okwenkanankana. obwenkanya obugendera ku nnukuta esooka buyinza okugobererwa gavumenti okuggyako ng'amakulu gaalyo tegakkirize. obwenkanya obukola ku nsonga ez'ensonga obukulembedde buyinza okubaamu okunoonyereza ku by'omenya amateeka agafuga enfuga.

Ekifo ky’Okwetegereza n’Okusala Omuze ogw’Okusanyufu

Enjigiriza eyo era ekwatagana n'enjigiriza ya etegeeza nti enkola ya kkooti erina okugoberera ebilagiro ebyasooka. Omulamuzi Scalia yagamba nti “omulamuzi mu kusooka teyeetaaga mulamuzi okusala olukalala olw'ekiragiro ekitali kituufu okuva ku ndowooza y'omubereberye singa teyeesigika. Ekiragiro kino kikkiriza nti ne bannasayansi tebayinza kuggyawo kizimbe kyonna eky'obukuumi eky'omulembe guno mu masekero. Bwe kityo, omuyiiya wa st w'ekiwayiti ekibadde ayinza okukkiriza nti [[FLT:] Brown. v yali teyesendeka oba nti [FLT]