Kkooti Esalira Ki Omusango?

Ssaddaaka n'okuwozesebwa kwonna, okuwozesebwa kwa kkooti kwe kuyisibwa nga omu ku bakungu ba gavumenti oba bangi bawa obujulizi oba obujulizi mu maaso g'omulamuzi oba akakiiko akasala emisango. Okwawukana ku musango, okuwozesebwa mu buli nsonga. Okuwozesebwa okw'engeri yonna kukolebwa abamenyi b'amateeka, ab'ebitongole, ab'omu maka, n'ab'obuyinza. Bakola ku kugonjoola obutategeeragana, oba okusalawo ensonga ezizikwatako, oba okugonjoola enkyukakyuka eziba zizzeewo.

Okuwulira kuyinza okuba kwa bumpi era nga kutono. Omulamuzi ayinza obutateeka mu nkola obujulizi obutonotono, era abaako ky'akola mu kubuuza abajulizi oba okumanya bye bategeeza. Ebiva mu kuwuliriza biyinza okuba nga etteeka erikwata ku kubaako ekintu kye kisalawo, enteekateeka ey'okuzuula, oba okusalawo okw'akaseera obuseera ku ku bikwata ku kuweebwa eddembe oba obuwagizi. Okutegeera engeri n'ekigendererwa kya kkooti kya mugaso eri omuntu yenna ayisa amateeka, kabe kibiina, obujulirwa, oba omuteetegereza.

Emisango Egikolebwa mu Kkooti

  • [[NKULA] Empuliziganya ezisooka ziyisibwa mu misango egy'obumenyi bw'amateeka okusobola okumanya obanga waliwo ensonga eziyinza okuviirako omuwayirizi okukikkiriza nti yali atuyisizza. Singa omulamuzi afuna obujulizi obumala, omusango gugenda mu maaso n'okuwozesebwa. Bwe kitaba bwe kityo, omusango guyinza okugayibwa.
  • [[NKULA] Amatu ge bawulira: Bino biwa emboozi ebitegeeza ebisabidwa ekitundu ekimu nga tekinnaba kukakasibwa bujulizi, nga n'okukomyawo mu mpandika ku mukolo ogw'okusala omusango mu bufunze oba okuwaliriza abantu okuzuula. Omulamuzi awulira agumenti era ategeeza etteeka eriyinza okubaako kye likola ku nkola y'okuziika mu nnyinyo.
  • [[NT:0] Okuwuliriza Amawulire: Oluvannyuma lw'okwanukula obujulizi (nga mu kuyita oba okuwozesebwa), ekibonerezo kiyisibwa okusobola okumanya ekibonerezo ekiba kigwanira. Omulamuzi alowooza ku alipoota eyabaawo, ebimenyese, ebiba bivudde ku bajulizi n'obuteeyambi. Bwe kiba nga kiri nti abamenyi b'amateeka ba mateeka, okusalirwa omusango kiyinza okuzingiramu ebiteeso, okusibibwa, okusalibwa ekkomera, n'emirimu egikolebwa mu kitundu.
  • [[NT:0] Court Evunaanibwa: Bino bizingiramu ensonga mu maka nga kugattululwa, okukuza abaana abaana, okubawagira, okugootaana, n'okukugira ebiragiro. Bitera okuzingiramu ebiragiro oba okuwulirwa okw'ekiseera obuseera, era bizingiramu okugonjoola obutakkaanya mu ngeri eteeka mu kifo ekisooka eganyula abaana.
  • [[ALT:0] Empuliziganya Etegeera:[ Mu misango gy'abazzi, omuwawaabi asoma mu mateeka ebyabanga bivunaanibwa ne bisabibwa okuyingira mu kwegayirira (mu bwenkanya, so si mu mpaka). Era omulamuzi ateekawo oba yeejjukanya embeera mu kusibawo ssente mu kiseera eky'okusibawo ekiba kirengo.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] Ekirabo eky'okuwuliriza Ekirabo:[ Omuwayirwa ng'asalirwa omusango ogw'okumenya amateeka gaayo (eg., okulemererwa okukebera amalagalala, okukola obumenyi obupya), okuwulira okusalirwa okumalawo okulaba obanga obwewaze buliba nga bumalirizibwa era ne kibonerezo ekisingako obunene kiteekeddwawo.
  • [[Akawumbi:0] Enkiiko ezikwata ku nsonga z'amateeka:[ Bino bye bigambo abalamuzi ne bannamateeka gye basisinkana okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku ngeri y'okukwatamu ensonga, okuzigonjoola, n'okuzigonjoola. Bitera okunnyonnyolwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo ku nsonga ezigobererwa abantu.

Engeri Omusango gye Gugenda Gugezesebwamu: Egikulungula

Kkooti y'empaka ez'omu mateeka mu maaso g'omulamuzi. Eno y'enkomeredde y'emboozi esooka era ezingiramu okuwa obujulizi, okukebera abajulizi n'okukangaanya mu mateeka. Okugezesebwa kwe kuba ng'enkola y'amateeka ekkirizibwa mu lukiiko olukulu — esobozesa abantu okussaawo enkalala ennungi, era n'obutasosola mu nsonga ezizingirwamu okusobola okugonjoola ensonga eziba ziwanyisiddwa era n'okugoberera amateeka.

Obulagirizi obutuufu businziira ku mateeka g'omu ssemazinga (mu mateeka ga gavumenti, munnabyabufuzi, munnabyabufuzi, naye okugezesebwa okusinga kugobereddwa kugobereddwa.

Spage 1: Okulonda Jury (Voir Dire)

Mu kulamula abalamuzi, ekikolebwa ku kulonda akakiiko ka balamuzi abateesaliramu. Abo abayinza okusala emisango bayitibwa mu kitundu era ne babuuzibwa abalamuzi n'abalamuzi. Ekigendererwa kwe kubikkula obusosoze bwonna oba okukawala okusobola okulemesa agisalira mu lukiiko obutabaamu bwenkanya. Enyigiro ezo zombi ziyinza okuwakanya jursers ’ (ensonga emanyiddwa) oba okuteeka mu nkola ennamba entonotono eya ̰ okusoomooza ̰ okugoba okusoosa kwa yunivvu . Ebibiina ebisembayo mu ku nsonga eyo byombi biyinza okugaana animal'okusala omusango nga tewanuliddewo nsonga.

Olukalala 2: Ebigambo Ebiggulawo

Ekiragiro bwe kimala okutuula ku kabalamuzi mu bifo ebya bulijjo, buli ludda lwogera ku bigambo ebiggulawo. Bino tebiba nnyinnyonnyola ntuufu ey'ebyo ebinaalagibwa. Olukiiko oluwaabi (oba olusalulula mu nsonga z'abantu) lusooka kulagula enjigiriza y'omujulizi n'okulabirako abajulizi n'okulaga ebiba biwandiikiddwako. Oludda oluddako, olulaga ebifa ku ludda olukubiri oluddako era n'olwogera ku bunafu bw'oludda oluli mu ̱ ekyo. Empagirowo eyinza okuyamba abajulizi okutegeera ennyinyo eri mu ku nsonga ezireetebwa amateeka.

Ebiwandiiko 3: Ewalaga Obukakafu

Guno gwe mutindo gw'ekyekwasibwa. Omuntu alumiriza obujulizi (mu kkooti z'amateeka, omumenyi w'amateeka mu kkooti z'amateeka) alaga obujulizi bwe nga butandikira ku bujulizi bwe. Obujulizi buyitibwa okuyitira mu bujulizi, ebiwandiiko, ebintu eby'okusiikuula, ebifaananyi, vidiyo, n'alipoota abakugu. Abajulirwa bakebera nga bakozesa obujulizi obutereevu nga bayitira mu kunoonyereza okwa bulijjo, ate nga n'okudda ku ludda olw'oku ludda olukubiri olw'okuvuganya, era nga n'obujulizi busobola okuddamu okubukyusaamu.

Ekiragiro bwe kiba kifuga ebiyinza okusalibwawo. Omulamuzi bw'aba nga tekimala kussa mu nkola etteeka erikwata ku kugaana obusaze. Bwe kityo, olugambo, obukulu n'ebibuuzo ebikulu ebibuusibwa. Oluvannyuma lw'abakungu ba ba bannamateeka okutuula mu lukiiko, olutabaaza olukalala kiyinza okusalirwawo olusala omusango (nga gusalibwa ng'amateeka) singa obujulizi tebumala okuwagira ekibonerezo. Omuntu bw'agaana, aba alaga obujulizi bulaga nti asse, nga mw'otwalidde n'okuyita abajulizi n'okuwaayo. Omuntu ateekwa okuba n'obujulizi obw'ebyo by'awonera ddala.

Essuula 4: Ebigambo Ebikookebwa

Obujulizi bwe bumala okuwulirwa, buli ludda lwolekawo okuwakana mu bufunze. Attorney atera okukozesa obuwandiisi obw'enjawulo era n'ensonga lwaki abalamuzi basaanidde okusalirawo eky'okukola nga basiima. Okusalirawo omusango gulina okusooka, ate oluvannyuma oludda oluggule, era n'olwo n'okutulugunya, bye boogera biwandiikiddwawo mu bufunze. Attorney bye bitera okukozesa ebiwandiisi ebiba bikolako ob'okulaba era ne baddamu okuwa obujulizi obuba nga bulaga nti bye bawandisizza obujulizi.

Essuula 5: Obulagirizi Obukwata ku by’Obulagirizi

Oluvannyuma lw'okufundikira okuwakana, omulamuzi asoma amateeka g'abalamuzi agateekeddwa okugobererwa. Obulagirizi butegeeza ensonga z'abalamuzi abo (Nga wazzeewo okubuusabuusa mu kkooti; obujulizi oba obujulizi obumatiza mu kkooti), era n'engeri y'okwekenneenyamu obwesigwa n'obujulizi.

Essuula 6: Okusalawo

Abalamuzi basalawo okugenda mu kisenge ekyabwe okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga. Balonda akalabirizi okukulembera ensonga era ne bakakasa buli mulamuzi okuba n'akakisa okwogera. Bejjukanya bye balaze, bawuliriza obujulizi obw'ebiva mu kusoma, era bagoberera amateeka nga bwe bategeezebwa. Okwekutula ku mateeka ga gavumenti zisobola okumala ekiseera kimeka buli luvannyuma lwa wiiki, okusinziira ku ngeri gye kiyinza okugobererwamu. Abalamuzi balina okusala omusango mu misango gy'abamenyi b'amateeka (masaza ne kkooti za gavumenti) era emirundi mingi ne mu nsonga z'abantu. Singa zikkiriza emisango egisinga obungi okugattirwa mu nsonga za kinnyinyi. Singa tegikkiriza, omusango guyinza okusalibwa mu buzibu obw'enjawulo.

Essuula 7: Okusalira Omusango Omusango

Abalamuzi bwe basalawo ku nsonga emu, baddayo mu kkooti era ne balangirira omusango.

Okugezesebwa okw’Omu Benco (Okugezesebwa mu Kizimbe)

Omulamuzi tasinziira ku kulamula buli kiseera oba ku kkooti z'abalamuzi.

Abeenyigira mu Bulamuzi nga Bavunaanibwa era nga Bagezesebwa

Obugunjufu obwo buzingiramu abantu ab’ekitongole ekyeyambisibwa mu mateeka, era n’abantu abalala abakola ebintu ebyekuusa ku nsonga eyo, nga buli omu agoberera amateeka agakwata ku nsonga ze.

Omulamuzi

Omulamuzi y'alina obuyinza okusala emisango mu kkooti, okukakasa nti emisango giba gya bwenkanya era nti gikkirizibwa. Omulamuzi alagira kugaana, asalawo obukwasi, atendeka abalamuzi, era mu kulamula abalambuzi. Abalamuzi balina okusala emisango mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya.

Attorney: Omuwozesi ne Defense Assel

Mu misango, omuwaabi akiikirira gavumenti (ekyuma, ekya gavumenti, ekya karpir, oba ekitundu) era alina omugugu ogw'okulaga oyo avunaanibwa omusango mu bujjuvu. Muwaabirwa akiikirira omuwozesi, akuuma eddembe lyabwe ery'enamateeka era alaga engeri gye beeyisaamu. Mu nsonga ezigobererwamu gavumenti, omukungu akiikirira ekibiina ekireeta omusango, ate ye muwaabi w'olukiiko olukulu oluwayirizibwamu oluwaabi oluwawa oluwawa olukutaano817; ali munnamateeka akiikirira ekibiina ekyo. Atney ye bakungusi b'ensonga eza gavumenti era alina okunywerera ku mateeka, nga mw'otadde n'emirimu egy’obulungi, n'obukwasimu.

Jury

Abakungu ba gavumenti balondeddwa okusalawo obutuufu bw'ensonga. Bawuliriza obujulizi, bagoberera ebiragiro, era mu kyama. Eddembe ly'abalamuzi likuumibwa mu kkooti ey'ensi yonna. Etteeka ery'okusala emisango liba ttono nnyo ate nga ab'ekikasa mu mukaaga n'eky'omusanvu liba ttono.

Abajulirwa n’Abakugu

Abajulirwa bawa obujulizi ku ebyo bye baalaba, bye baawulira oba bye bamanyi, naye era bawa bujulizi ku nsonga enkulu ezikwata ku kumanya kwabwe bokka. Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa, gamba ng'abasawo, abakugu mu by'ekisawo, abakugu mu by'ekisawo, oba bayinginiya, bawa endowooza ez'enjawulo ezeesigamiziddwa ku bumanyirivu bwabwe. Abajulirwa ab'obulimba bombi basobola okuyita abajulirwa era bonna bayinza okwekenneenyezebwa. Obwesige bw'Abajulirwa kye kimu ku bintu ebikulu mu kunoonyereza — bannassandukusa zza empala, obujjulukuufu, n'okusoosa obutuufu bwe basalawo obunene bwe balina ku kuwa bujulizi. Abajulirwa abalimba abali mu n'akako, bayinza okuvunaanibwa olw’okuwa obujulizi.

Abakozi Abalala mu Kkooti

  • [[AGUMENTI] : Kino kitegeka ekigambo ekitegeeza nti emboozi zonna zitegekebwa ziterekebwe bulungi.
  • K'[AKYONGEZEBWAKO] K'EKYONGEZEBWAKO:[[[NTLM]] Bifuga enkola ya kkooti & ̱ obukuuti, ebiwandiiko bya fayiro, ebiwandiise eri abajulizi, era n'okulaga ebifa ku nnyanja.
  • [[AGUMENTI]][[[AGUMENTI]] Akuuma emirembe mu kkooti, awerekerako abo abawayirwa nga bali mu buwagizi, era ayisa omulamuzi & ̱s biragiro.
  • [[Akawayiro:0]] Ddangawo emirimu egikolebwa okuvvuunula ebitabo mu biwandiko ebivvuunuddwa mu '[[Act:1] abajulizi abatasobola kwogera bulungi Lungereza, nga bakakasa nti okutuuka ku bwenkanya kyenkanankana.

Ensonga Lwaki Okulamula n’Okugezesebwa Bikulu

Okulamula n'okuwozesebwa bya kkooti si bulombolombo bulombolombo bulombolombo, wabula bikulu nnyo mu nkola y'amateeka ne demokulase.

  • [[NKULU] Zikkiriza obwenkanya:[[[NKULU:1] Zisobozesa abantu okunoonya engeri y'okutereezaamu ensobi, okukakasiza ddala endagaano, okuwakanya emirimu gya gavumenti, n'okukuuma eddembe lyabwe. Singa tewaba kkooti, enkaayana ziyinza okugonjoolebwa olw'amaanyi oba ettemu.
  • [[NKULA:0] Obukuumi obw'ekika kya empula buzingiramu ebintu ebikolebwa ku lukalala. Okugezesebwa kuzingiramu amateeka agafuga enkyusa yaalyo, okuteesa nti talina musango, eddembe ery'okuwabulwa, eddembe ery'okutuukirira abajulizi, n'obukuumi obusobola okwewalira ddala. Obukuumi buno bukakasa nti ebiba bivuddemu byesigamye ku bukakafu n'amateeka, so si ku kusosola mu nkwata.
  • [[NKULA] Alipoota ejulizibwa mu lukiiko olw'eggwanga: emisango gikkirizibwa ku bantu bonna ne ku mikutu gy'amawulire (nga wazzeewo obuwagizi ku nsonga ezikwata ku muntu omukosebwa). Okulabikira kusobozesa abalamuzi, abalamuzi, n'abazannyi ba gavumenti okuvunaanibwa. Era kuyigiriza abantu bonna ebikwata ku nkola z'amateeka.
  • [[AKMENT:0] Obubonero obuteesigika n'obut'obw'okukyusaamu mu bufunze:[[KALA] Ebisalibwawo mu kkooti z'amateeka, naddala nga basabiddwa, bikolewo ebisinziirwako ebiwa obulagirizi mu nsonga eziba zizzewo. Enjigiriza ya sstares decis[[[[FLLT:3]] eyamba abantu okuba entebenkedde mu nkola yakyo ey'ekiragiro, n'okulaga nti amateeka tegalina kye gakola. Okugezesa - tewawula ku mateeka kiyinza kukyusa ngeri eya bulijjo mu mateeka na nkola eya bulijjo. Ekiragiro kye kifuga amateeka oba enkola ya bantu.
  • [[Act:0] Eractive:[ Obubonero obw'okusala omusango n'obwetongoze buleme okusazesebwa, obujulizi bulemesa abantu okukola obumenyi bw'amateeka. Mu ngeri y'emu, okuwozesebwa kwa gavumenti nti okumenya endagaano n'obulagajjavu kirina miganyulo egiva mu kugoberera amateeka.
  • [[Act:0] Obulombolombo: Ekiragiro bwe kisalawo, ensala n'esazeemu ne kiggwaako, kikomya omulimu. Enkomerero esobozesa abantu okugenda mu maaso n'okuvaako ekitabo ku butaka obw'okuleetawo enjawukana, ne kiyamba okuleetawo obutebenkevu mu nkolagana.

Okuwa Obujulirwa mu Kkooti oba Okuwozesa: Amagezi Amalungi

Ka kibe nti ogenda kugisoma oba ng’oli ku kabaga, oba ng’oliko n’omu ku abo abakuwa obujulirwa, okumanya ekyo ky’osuubira mu biseera eby’omu maaso kiyinza okukuyamba okukendeeza ku kweraliikirira n’okukusobozesa okwongera okuba n’obumanyirivu:

  • [[AKML:0]Ss Kino kitegeeza nti abalamuzi baagala ebyambalo ebya bulijjo n'empisa ez'ekitiibwa. Bw'oba oyagala omulamuzi abe nga “ Os Honome yo, ̵ yimirira ng'omulamuzi ayingidde, era bazimye ne kompyuta.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Bw'oba oli muyigirizwa, bw'omanya amateeka ag'obubonero obusookerwako, osobola okwanjula ensonga.
  • [[AGUMENTI] Teekateeka Bupapula n'Ebikolwa:[[FULT:1] Kino kitegeka obujulizi bwonna, okusitulako, ne empapula z'amateeka nga tebinnaba kulabika. Leka ebirabika, okuleeta kopi ezisukka mu emu, era n'okutegeka obulungi engeri gye binaavumbulwa.
  • [[AGUMENTI] Obuumirizi ku kuwa magezi:[[AGUMENTI] Bw'oba olina munnamateeka, nga toyogeraganya bulungi. Bw'oyogera ku nsonga, weekenneenye olukalala lw'obujulizi n'obujulizi. Goberera omuwagizi wo ’ amagezi agakwata ku kwogera mu kkooti, kiba kirungi okuleka omukungu afuga emboozi.
  • [[AGUMENTI] Obudde bukyagenda okusembera:[[KATANDIKA] Olukalala lwa kkooti luyimirizidwa nnyo. Olukalala lwa kkooti lutuuse waakiri eddakiika 15 nga terunnaba kulaga kiseera ekyo era kikusobozesa okuzuula awalala w'ekkomera awatuufu.

Emize n’Okusoomooza eby’Omu Kiseera Kino mu Kkooti Ebaakolanga Ekibonerezo n’Okugezesebwa

Kyokka leero waliwo enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu by’empuliziganya mu bya tekinologiya, mu bantu, ne mu mateeka agatali gamu.

  • [[NKULULA] 'Empuliziganya n'okugezesebwa': Kawumpuli ow'ekitongole eky'omu KKOOD'ebitundu ebya bulijjo yeeyongera okukkirizibwa mu ngeri ey'okulabirako obulambe nga buyitira mu kukebera kwa kompyuta. Kkooti nnyingi kati ziwa obukakafu obwa bulinakula mu mitendera egikolebwako osobole okulabirako, okukuba embaga n'okugezesa ezimu. Kino kisobozesa abantu okufuna emisango naye kireetawo ensonga ezibakwata ku nkola eya tekinologiya ne kko.
  • [[AK'AMU:0] Enkozesa ey'obusobozi obw'okumanyisa: Kino kiyamba mu kunoonyereza ku by'amateeka, okwejjukanya ekiwandiiko, n'okulagula ebiyinza okuvaamu mu kiwandikiro. Kyokka, enkyukakyuka ez'ekika kya AI ku bikwata ku ku nnukuta, enseerabuseetuka, n'ekiragiro eky'okusala omusango omuntu kye yasalawo, zikyaliwo.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Kkooti eziwereddwa''''''empandika'''''''':[ Kino kitegeeza nti kooti ezigguka ku nsonga ezikwata ku by'enjawulo, oba kkooti ez'obulamu ez'abayisirimu, nga ne nnakyewa ̱ kooti ez'okujjanjaba ezizze zigattiddwamu, zeeyongedde. Kkooti zino zigattiddwa wamu n'abalamuzi okusobola okugonjoola ensonga ez'obumenyi bw'amateeka, nga essira lissssoosa okuzza ku ku kubonerezebwa.
  • Obusobozi bw'okusala omusango mu kkooti z'amateeka era ne mu kkooti za gavumenti, obukendeezezza ku kunoonyereza okw'abalamuzi okugobererwa. Kkooti zeeyongera okukuba empaka ku kwetaaza ebisabibwa (mu misango gy'abamenyi b'amateeka) n'okukubawo enkiiko (mu misango egyannannyini), nga zireetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku nkola y'obujulizi. Amagatte agamu gasalawo ku nkola y'abalamuzi, n'okusala emisango egitali gimu okusobola okugonjoola ensonga.
  • [[NKULA] Obujulizi obuva ku mikutu gya kompyuta n'obukakafu: Okugezesa okw'omu kiseera kino kulina akakwate n'obubonero bwa kompyuta gamba nga, ennyunzi, ennyimba ez'oku siteesiteesi, oba obubaka obukwata ku nkula y'ensi. Kkooti ziteekwa okukakasa nti ebyo ebiragibwa ku mikutu gya kompyuta si bituufu ate nga ne bwetaagibwa ku mikutu gya Internet.

Olugero: Enteekateeka ey’Okulwanyisa Ennaku Zirimu Omugaso Omungi

Okusala emisango n'okuwozesebwa bisinziira ku mateeka. bikyusa amateeka agatali ga bulijjo gafuuke ebiva mu butebenkevu, bigonjoolera ddala obukuubagano, era bikuuma eddembe ly'abantu eritabaamu gavumenti okusobola okwekenneenyezebwa oba okukola ebibi ebikolebwa mu nkukutu.

Ka kibe nti oweereza mu lukiiko lw'abalamuzi, oba ogoberera obujulizi mu mawulire, okutegeera engeri n'ekigendererwa eky'okuwuliriza n'okuwozesebwa, kikusobozesa okwenyigira mu nkola z'amateeka. Bwe tussa ekitiibwa mu mirimu gy'abalamuzi, bannamateeka, n'abalamuzi — era nga tuwagira enkyukakyuka ezisobozesa emirembe n'emirembe okweyongera okukola obulungi — tusobola okunyweza amateeka eri abantu ab’omu biseera eby'omu maaso.

Okusobola okweyongera okusoma ebikwata ku nkola ezikolebwa mu kkooti awamu n'obusobozi bw'abo abatwala ebiwandiiko eby'oku kkooti awamu n'obusobozi bw'abo abatwala ebiwandiiko eby'edda, ekitongole ekimanyiddwa nga Amelikan Bar Association kisobola okuwa obulagirizi obwa bulijjo. Okusobola okubuyingiramu ennyo mu mateeka, genda ku kkolero lya gavumenti eririna enkuumi, genda ku kitongole ekikakasa eby'amakuru ebikwata ku by'amateeka mu Cornell School . Okunoonyereza ku ngeri ezikoleddwa mu kkooti eziragiddwa mu kkooti, laba [[[FLT:]]