Enkola y’Okusalawo ku Lukiiko Olukulu olw’Etteeka

Ekiragiro kino kisinziira ku kulonda abalamuzi mu Amerika. Obufirosoofo obwo obw'amateeka bugamba nti, Amateeka galina okukozesebwa okutegeeza ebyasooka nga gakatandika, era nga bwe galina okugobererwa mu kiseera ekyo, bwe kityo n'entalo ezibaawo mu kkooti. Okutegeera engeri enkola y'okulondamu abalamuzi gye ziyinza okuleetera abalamuzi okulonda ennyimba mu lukiiko lw'amateeka okuba nga zeetaaga okwekenneenya ebiwandiiko byago, ebyafaayo byago okuzitongozebwa, n'engeri gye bikola ku biwandiiko bya yunivasite mu myaka mingi egiyise.

Okunokolayo Ebimu ku Biri mu Nsi

Enjigiriza eyo erimu endowooza z'enzikiriza ez'enjawulo ezigattiddwa ku lukalala lw'amateeka ezigamba nti amakulu g'amateeka gaateekebwawo mu kiseera nga gatongodde. Enkyusa ya Baibuli esinga okumanyibwa ennyo mu kiseera kino ye amakulu g'okusibuka mu sooka. Abeekenneenya ba Baibuli ab'ennono baasooka babuuza obanga omuntu omutegeevu yandibadde ategeera nti ebigambo ebyo byalina amakulu. Kino kyawukana okuva ku ngeri ez'edda ez'okusiikusenerako eza Pramers.

Endagaano nfundeera eno ya njawulo nnyo ku tteeka erya erikola nga pulogulamu , erigamba nti amakulu g'amateeka gayinza okujjawo oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera okusobola okutuukana n'embeera empya. Bannassaayansi abafuga enkola zaabwe bagamba nti abalamuzi balina okusala emisango mu ngeri entegeke obulungi nga “egenda ekolebwa oba nti tekkirizibwa kugoberera mitindo egya bulijjo. ” Abakuutifu mu njigiriza ez'eddaaya baateekawo endowooza nti abalamuzi okukakaatiriza ebibaagaagaagako, mu ngeri eyo ne baleetera demokulase enkola eya demokulase okuteekako mu nkola eya demokulasenti era n'okukyusa amateeka.

Ebiri mu Birowoozo eby’Olubereberye

  • [[AK'AWULA:0] Enkola y'obuwandiisi:[[[AK'AWULA]] Amateeka n'amateeka bivvuunulwa okusinziira ku makulu gaabyo mu kiseera kya sistemu, so si ku byafaayo oba endowooza z'abalamuzi kinnoomu.
  • [[Akawayiro:0] amakulu aga'omukitundu kino:[[KATANDIKWA:1]] Amakulu g'amateeka tegakyusa ngeri ebiragiro gye bikyusibwamu okuyitira mu nkola eya Agumenti V.
  • [[Akabonero:0]] Olukomera olw'eby'obufuzi olw'ebiragiro:[[[AK'OMUTENDE] Kkooti zirina okugondera amatabi mu by'obufuzi okuggyako nga empandiika y'empandika eya bulijjo oba amakulu agasooka g'amateeka oba ag'ekiragiro kino, ebivamu biba bya njawulo.
  • Ekizimbe [[Act:0] Ekizimbe eky'ekika kya strict:[[[NKULULA]] Ekkomo erya kkomo eriko ebyasooka n'ebipya ebigoberera amateeka agafuga olulimi, wadde nga tekiri nti buli eyasooka akkiriza nzikkiriza nzikkiriza nzikkiriza okuzimbi ezo okuzikola.

Okukkiririza mu Bulombolombo Obutannaba ku Muwendo

Empandiika y'enkola eyo yayisibwa ng'enkola y'enkola y'enkola mu kukomekkereza ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, ng'eyo yali eggumizibwa ku kkooti enkulu eya Warren ne Burger Courts ezikwata ku nkola y'obumenyi bw'amateeka, obwa obwa obwabwe ku bubwe yekka, n'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Mu myaka gya 1980, Prezidenti Ronald Reagan yatongoza olukiiko olukulu olw'okusalirawo omusango mu by'obufuzi bwe. Scalia yamanyisa Sca mu kkooti esingayo obunene mu 1986, era Scalia yafuuka omukungu mu ku ku bikwata ku mateeka mu Amereka obuwagizi. Obukulembeze bw'eggwanga era yatongoza ekifo ekikulu mu ku bikwata ku D.C.

Okuva olwo, enjigiriza egamba nti Katonda yasooka kufuuka ekifugeede. Faderalist Society , eyatandikibwawo mu 1982, yakola kinene nnyo mu kusenkolako environments ne mu kusemba bannamateeka aba bulijjo. Abakulembeze bombi George W. Bush ne Donald Trump baanoonya abamatisi abandibadde “bamanyisa tteeka nga bwe lyawandiikibwa,” ne bannaakyusaamu mu ngeri ezisinga obungi ezaakozesebwa mu kussaawo a desitulikiti ne bannaabwo ku buli mu lukalala lw'abalamuzi.

Emiganyulo Egiva mu Kulonda Omusango

Enjigiriza y'okutandikira ku ddiini y'Ekiyonaani erina eky'enjawulo era esobola okutuuka ku ngeri gye bikolamu. Prezidenti akkiriza enkola eyo agoberera endowooza z'obufirosoofo. Kino kikolebwa okuyitira mu bubuulizi bw'ebiwandiiko by'abo ababa bagenda okulonda, okubuuza ebibuuzo, n'okwejjukanya ebigambo byabwe.

Engeri Omukulembeze w’Ekiyinjaalo gye Yagobereramu Ebikwata ku Mukulembeze w’Ekiyinja

  • Ekiwandiiko ekiraga engeri y’okukozesaamu amakulu g’omu lujjudde mu bitabo by’amateeka oba ku ntebe
  • Okwegatta ku kibiina oba okwogerako mu bibiina by’omu mateeka ebikola ku nsonga z’obuwangwa (mu ngeri ennyangu, Federalist Society)
  • Okunoonyereza ku ngeri y’okunoonyerezaamu
  • Obukulembeze bw’abalamuzi abaasooka okusalirwa omusango mu kkooti enkulu (Scalia, Thomas, Alito, Gor,)
  • Obuyambi okuva eri abaweereza ba Riphabliki n'ebibinja by'abantu abatali ba ggwanga lyabwe

Kyokka, ba prezidenti abamu nga Barack Obama oluusi baabalamuzi abaalondebwa okukomyawo endowooza zaabwe ku nsonga ezikwata ku nkola eya bulijjo.

Okulaga nti Waliyo Entalo n’Obutamanyidde Ddala Buwandiike

Okukakasa mu kkooti enkulu kyafuuka kakwate ka maanyi nnyo ku bikwata ku bulombolombo obwasooka. Abasawo bwe bamala okunoonyereza, babuuza butereevu ku bufirosoofo bwabwe. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu kiseera kye yakakasa 2017, omulamuzi Neil Gorfoth yaggumiza nti yali mumalirivu okuwandiika oba okugoberera ebiwandiiko nga bw'agamba nti, “Omulamuzi ayagala buli kimu ky'atuukako, ayinza okuba munnamateeka omubi ennyo.” Omusaze bw'awandiika nti bye yayogera byasooka, era nti bye njigiriza zaali “North Star" byagoofayiro.

Abaziyiza abawakanya enkola eno emirundi mingi bagamba nti enkola eya bulijjo eyinza okulemesa enkola eya bulijjo okugonjoolwamu enkola nga Roe v. Wade oba Obergefell v. Hodges. Okuvumirira kuno kwakolebwa mu kukakasa kw'Obwenkanyazengo, Kavaugh, ne Amy Contey Barrett.

[[NT:0] “Obusobozi bw'abantu obukyamu tebuli enjigiriza etuukiridde. Naye ye yokka egezaako okuwaliriza abalamuzi okutegeera amakulu g'amateeka nga bwe kyali kitegeerwa abantu abaagatwala." — Omulamuzi Antonin Scialia

Obusobozi bw’Ebiwandiiko bya Baibuli Obusooka mu Mawanga Obumanyibwa

Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia (8616)

Scalia ye mulamuzi ow'ensonga ey'ekika kya Farmatic. Endowooza ze mu Diologian of Columbia v. Heller (2008) ne [[FLT]]Crawford v. Washington[ [2004]) kyeyolekera mu ngeri gye yayambamu abantu okuddamu okutegeera amakulu g'enjigiriza. Sicalia yasinga ne endowooza ye; yatendeka omulembe ogw'amateeka kati aweereza ng'abalamuzi, profesa, era n'awagira.

Omulamuzi Clarence Thomas (1991-presenter)

Thomas atera okuyitibwa omuyigiriza wa kkooti. Era akozesa amakulu ge gamu mu bifo nga amaanyi ag'enkobyokko ] n'e Mpulment st [, ebitera okutegeerwa abanoonyereza ku nkyukakyuka ez'enjawulo. Endowooza za Thomas ku by'obufuzi ku Kkomyunizimu ne ku butebenkevu ziraga nti omulembe gwe yalonda y'ennyanjula y'ebintu. Kino kyalaga nti endowooza ya Pulezidenti George H. Bush Kyman

Omulamuzi Neil Gor "ayisiddwa mu ngeri ey’obwenkanya (2017-presente)

Trump eyasooka okussaawo kkooti ey'oku ntikko, Gor adverse Scalia era n'aleeta n'obufirosoofo obufaananako n'obw'omu strosoofo. Ekitabo kye A Republic, singa Osobola Okukikuuma kiyamba okuwakanya enzigiro ezikyamuvunaanibwa okugaana enzikkiriza ebigambo ebyo. Gor al al adverset empandikisssss projective ku mateeka ga bannaa/ entegeka nti obuwandikiro oba obukyamu bukyamu buwandikiro oba obukyamu obusinga bukkirizibwa okuzikwata ku n'okuzibyawulibwa. [[FLT:][FFFF:]

Omulamuzi Brett Kavanaugh (208-presenter)

Kavaugh, naye alondeddwa Trump, yeennyonnyolako nti yali muyiiya omutuufu eyavanga mu kusengeka empandiika bwe yabanga anoonya eky'okulabirako oba pragmatics. Empandiika ye yawanibwa nnyo, era n'abasekerezi nga batunuza ku ngeri gye yatwalamu obuyinza n'okuggyamu embuto. Ku kambaale, Kavanaugh yeegasse ku ebyo ebisookedwako nga New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FL:1]

Omulamuzi Amy Coney Barrett (2016-presenter)

Barrett bwe yazuula engeri ey'okulondamu emitindo gy'amateeka omukaaga, yayongera amaanyi mu kunoonyereza kwe yawandiika nti, okukkiririza mu Katonda mu nnyiriri za Baibuli zonna ez'edda ennyo kikwatagana bulungi n'enkola eya bulijjo. Bwe yakakasa, yagamba nti okukkiririza mu Katonda mu musingi “ye ngeri esingayo obulungi ey'okunnyonnyola amateeka era nti abalamuzi tebasaanidde kusalirawo misango okusinziira ku ndowooza yaabwe. Endowooza za Barrett ezisooka ziraga nti ajja kunywerera ku nkola y'enkola eyo.

Endowooza y’Obwannamunigina ku Kulonda Okugenda ku Kkiiko Essaawa

Wadde nga waaliwo kkooti ey'oku ntikko, enjigiriza ey'ekika ekya waggulu, ekyuseko olukiiko olwasooka. Abalamuzi bano bajja kusobozesa obukiiko obwasooka okulonda abalamuzi abasoba mu 230. Abalamuzi bano baateekawo abalamuzi abato era abanyiikivu abassibwamu ennyo mu kunoonyereza okulala. Senate Judiary[ Kakansati] buli kiseera babuuza abajulizi ku bufirosoofoofo. Bangi ab'obufirosoofoofoofo abakibwa nga bakyiti nabo beyawuliriza ddala nga bannaakiririza ddala, ekiyinza okufuula ekikaluuzizo okuba ekizibu ennyo mu ku lukiiko olukulu.

Abalamuzi abagoberera enjigiriza z’eddiini bawa etteeka ku nsonga nga zino:

  • [[AGUMENTI]] [[[Akawayiro:1]] Akawayiro kaleetera ekiragiro okuweerawo emmundu esinziira ku makulu agasooka ag'omu nnukuta eyo [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[..2]]NSRPA v. Bruen mu lubuttu olw'okubiri]
  • '[[Act:0] Amaanyi ag'enkola: Emirimu egifuga ebitongole mu kukozesa ebibuuzo ebikulu ebizingirwamu
  • [[Act:0] Enkola ey'ekika kya [[[NKUMBO:1] Ekugira Akakiiko k'Obwakabaka mu bukkumpeereze obwa Claus ne Amereka ak'Akasaawa [Kinayiti]

Okubuusabuusa n’Okuvumirira

Olw’okuba mu kusooka amateeka gaatandika okuteekebwawo, kiviiriddeko abantu okukaayana ennyo ku bikwata ku kussaawo amateeka okusobola okunnyonnyola ensonga mu ngeri entuufu.

Okuzimbira Obusosoze n’Okusalira Omusango

Abawakanyi bagamba nti enjigiriza y'okutandikira ku ntandikwa tekugira balamuzi mu bwesimbu. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, bagamba nti ewa abalamuzi enkola ezisookerwako obutereevu. Bush v. Gore, abalamuzi aba bulijjo baavunaanibwa nti baalekayo enjigiriza ez'edda okulonda abalonde. Abawagizi bawagidde nti enzikiriza ya prezidenti egoberera enkola ya kiwandiiko, so si njigiriza ya bya bufuzi, era nti abaasooka ab'enkola baakirimu oluusi batuuka ku mikisa gye givamu (um. g. Scialia ki, kyawayitibwa okulwanirira eddembe ly'abawayitidde mu [FLT:]]]).

Okutaasa Ebifa ku Kitonde n’Okubirowoozaako

Singa amakulu gatandika okukontana n'enkola ebadde egoberera enkola ekadde, abo abagoberera enkola eno baba bazibu okusalawo. Abasinga obungi bakkiriza obukulu bw'okutunuulira amaaso nga badecisi naye bagawaanya nti tewasaanidde kwongerako nnyinyonnyola zikyamu. Okunnyiigira kuno kuba kwa maanyi nnyo mu kusalawo nga [ Roe v. Wade ne [[FLT:] [[FLT]].[FLT][FLT]][FLT][F][FLT] era [2].AK'AK'AKYONGERWA][[FLT] era n'abakyala] v [FLT:][FLT][FLT][FLT][FLT][F][FLT][FLT][F:2][2]][2]][2]][2][2]][2]2]][2]]][2]2][2]]]][

Enjigiriza y’Obutaayi n’Abantu ab’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe

Abaziyiza bagamba nti enkola eyo tesobola kugonjoola bizibu ebiriwo mu kiseera kino nga tekinoonyezebwa bulungi nga bannasayansi abakuba kompyuta bye batalowoozaako.

Okugoberera Amateeka n’Ebifo Ebikakafu

Etteeka ery’Okubiri Ekiruubirirwa

Enjigiriza eyo erina eky'amaanyi kye yakola ku ntegeka z'emmundu. , Scalia yeenyigidde mu kwekebejja eby'edda okumala ebbanga empanvu okusobola okukomya obuwanvu obwa bulijjo okulaba nti olukusa olw'okubiri lukuuma emikono okwekuuma n'okuwanirira emikono. Ebbeetaagibwamu endowooza eno ereetebwa ku b'emitwe gy'ebiragiro [[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]][FLT]22]] [2]] [mmenti n'ebruru [20] era n'ebbeeyambisibwamu mu [[FLT:], eyo kkooti gye yakkiriza ebyafaayo n'ebigezo ebirengo eby'okunoonyereza ku mateeka.

Okuggyamu Olubuto

Mu [[NT:0] K'obanga , endowooza y'omulamuzi Alito ey'ekika kya Baibuli yakozesebwa endowooza eyo eyasooka kubanga omuteesi oyo eyasooka yategeeza nti okuggyamu embuto si mateeka kubanga mu mwaka gwa 1868 ekiragiro eky'okuwerezebwa ku Kiwandiiko kya 144 eky'okuyisawo KPLD Claus kyali tekimanyiddwa bulungi okusobola okukuuma okuggyamu embuto ez'ekika kya ASCIN [[FLT:] ne [FLT:].ALITO yalondola enkssssss okuva bwe yatandikibwawo n'okumanyibwa nga enzijimizibwa ku n'endwadde nga bwe kiyisibwa mu buyinza okuko.

Empagi Embi n’Eddaala

Abalamuzi ab'edda era basoomooza ne gavumenti z'omu kiseera kino. Enjigiriza ey'etakkiriza kutandikibwawo, eyetaagisa okukoma ku kussaawo enteekateeka ez'enkola ez'eby'enfuna oba ez'ebyobufuzi, esimbye emitindo egy'okusibuka ku nkola ezaasooka ez'obutagoberera. Omulamuzi Gor abadde nga y'esinga obukulu mu kuzzaawo enjigiriza y'obutagoberera mateeka, ng'agamba nti ebitiibwa by'amateeka ebya buli lukalala lw'amateeka bikola mu kizimbe kya gavumenti era nti n'ebitongole bya bannaago tebisobola kukola nkola nkola mu ngeri ndala nga tebilaze bulagirizi.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso mu Kulonda Okusalira Omusango

Enjigiriza eyo terisobola kubula. Ekyasinze okumanyibwa mu balamuzi abatongoza amateeka ab'omu Republican era eyigirizibwa mu masomero g'amateeka agatali gamu.

  • [[NKULA] Ebirondedwa: Munnaawula mu Democratic ayinza okusala abalamuzi abagaana okukkiriza eddiini ey'okusooka, ate ye pulezidenti ow'eki Republica ayinza okweyongera okulonda abo abasooka.
  • [[Act:0] Ekiragiro ekikoma okukoma ku kufuga:[[Act:1] Olukiiko oluwayiza oba oluyimiririzaamu ekiwandiiko ekiraga nti omulimu gwayo gutandise ku ntandikwa ya byonna, luyinza okuweza oba okulwawo omulimu ogw'okugikola.
  • Endowooza ey'ekika kya [[NKULU]:[[NKULULA] Singa abalamuzi batandika okuleetawo ebiva mu kunoonyereza okutali kulungi, abantu bayinza okuwakanya obufirosoofo, ne kikendeeza ku kusikiriza kwabwe okw'okulonda mu biseera eby'omu maaso.
  • [[[NKULA]] Era ' Enkaayana ezigobererwa mu bayimbi ziyinza okutereeza oba okuwakanya enjigiriza za sooka. Abakugu mu by'edda baaseenyezza nti amakulu ag'okusooka gawagira okuzaala era n'enkola eya LGBTQ+ eddembe, naye endowooza eno eyinza okuseebwa ennyo abanoonyereza ku nkyukakyuka mu nkyusa ya Baibuli.

Abakola ku ntegeka ya Biden baakola dda enteekateeka okulonda abalamuzi abalina obufirosoofo obw'enjawulo. Abamu ku bannasayansi baagyetaanya enjigiriza eyo, era n'abafuga batumbula ebifo eby'enjawulo mu mateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu ne mu kulwanirira eddembe lya bantu. Kino kiteekawo olukalala lw'okukaabiranya endowooza z'abantu okumala ekiseera ekiwanvu ku buwagizi obw'ekitongole.

fundikira

Ekiragiro kino kiwa obukakafu obwa nnamaddala ku nkola y'okulonda abalamuzi mu Amerika. Bwe kiba nga kyawakana ne programu ezikwata ku kunoonyereza abalamuzi nga ze batwala obukwasiro mu mateeka, era nga kye kiwa abalamuzi abasooka okulondebwa mu buli kika. Okulondebwa kw'abalamuzi mu nkyukakyuka ez'enzikiriza ez'enjawulo ez'enzikiriza ez'ensi yonna kusibuka ku mateeka, okuva ku ddembe ery'okuggyamu amasajja okuvaamu enzivvu mu kuggya okuggyamu edde mu buyinza ne ku buyinza obw'eggwanga. Amasaza bwe gamu n'ebyobufuzi bwe gajjawo, enjigiriza ez'omu mateeka zijja kusigala nga ze zikola mu ku kusalawo anigiwaaweempaka ne ku ngeri gye basalawo ensonga. Enkambi enjvuzi za gavumenti zikakasa nti engeri gye zikwata ku ku ku ku ku kulonda z'amateeka zinnaaweeyisaamu zinnaawebwe mu Amerika zidde zo zibeere nga zigenda okubeera omutwe omukulu ennyo.

[[NKUMBO:0] Okusobola okwongerako okusoma, laba 'Cuntation' [ [Obuweereza obw'okunoonyereza ku nsonga ez'enjawulo], [ Eproject[ erina endowooza ezitakkirizibwa mu kkooti enkulu, ne C]Crell Entryology Institute of textive [