Ennyanjula: Ekiwandiiko eky'okusibukako mu kiwandiike kikwata ku bantu bokka okusinga kkooti ey'oku ntikko.

Obulamuzi, obwali businga okukozesebwa mu nnyinyonnyola y'amateeka ga Amerika, bufuuse nga maanyi nnyo mu nnyinyonnyola za Amereka. Wadde nga essira liteekeddwa nnyo ku kkooti enkulu ez'omu Amerika, enkozesa enkola ey'okusiiga endowooza eyo mu bintu ebya bulijjo gamba nga Diversion of Columbia v. Heller [2008]], enfugezo y'enzikiriza ya olubereberye egenda yeeyongera nnyo mu mateeka ga ssaza. Gavumenti, ebitongole ebikola ku n'ebitongole ebikola nga ebikobera abatuuti, ebisala ebimenya amateeka nga ebiwandikiro, oba ebisala omusango byonna bimenyagana n'emitindo egyasooka. Ekitundu kino kikebera engeri ennyinyonnyonnyolerwa n'okugobeeteeka mu mateeka mu mateeka.

Okunokolayo Ebimu ku Biri mu Ddoboozi Ery’Okwemulugunya n’Eby’Obusosoze

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo engeri ez'enjawulo ezitegeeza enkyuka ez'enjawulo. Enkola ezo zombi zitwaliramu obukwasiro mu kussaawo amateeka agafuga ennyimirira y'ebiragiro. Ebitundu ebibiri ebisinze okuba eby'amaanyi mu nkola eyo bye bimu mu nnukuta esooka, ennukuta ez'ekika ekya [ ne [[FLT]] ennukuta ey'ekika ekya mu nnukuta.

Amakulu Agali mu Buwangwa Obusooka

Ekiruubirirwa eky'okusooka eky'okugamba nti enjigiriza y'obulombolombo kisooka ebuuza kiki ekikolebwa nga bafuyiti oba batwalirizi bwe bawandiisa oba nga bagoberera enkola ya ssemateeka. Enkola eno yeesigama nnyo ku byafaayo gamba nga, okukuba obuwandiike obuwandiike, n'obuwanditsi obwa nnaddala. Abawaka bawakanya enkola eyo bagamba nti okutegeera ekigendererwa kimu kyokka, kye kimu tekitera okulema, naddala eri ebitunja by'ebiwandikiro ebiwera ebiwerako.

Ennukuta enkulu eri mu bantu etegeeza nti ebigambo byavvuunulwa nga nsibuko[, era ebiwagibwa omuwendo nga Judge Antonin Scalia ne muyivu mu by'amateeka Randy Barnett, mu kifo ky'ekyo kiba kibuuza nti omuntu atafaayo ku kiseera eky'okuwandiika yanditegedde amakulu g'ebigambo nga bwe byali. Enkola eno eggumiza amakulu g'ebigambo ate ne yeewaliriza ku biruubirirwa ebikwekebwa. Leero, amakulu gaasooka gaakulaze ga kiwandikiro ye kisike ky'obugoberezi obwa projekiti obwasooka mu kigambo ekya bulijjo.

Kkooti z'eggwanga zeeyongedde okugoberera amakulu gaalyo nga zinnyonnyola amateeka agaalyo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti enkulu ey'omu Louisiana ekkiriza nti ssemateeka w'amateeka "ateekwa okutaputa amakulu g'ebigambo byayo nga bwe kitegeerekeka mu kiseera eky'okufuulibwa omuntu. Enkola eno ekkaanya engeri abalamuzi gye batwalamu emitindo gy'enkola egezesa okugaziya oba okukugira eddembe ly'abalamuzi.

Engeri Amawanga Gya Amerika gye Gakolamu Ebikwata ku Ddiini

Ssaddaaka za gavumenti ze zikola ng'amateeka agafuga Amerika agasukka mu obukadde 330, nga galimu obukwasiro bungi okusinga tteeka erifuga etteeka lya ssemateeka. Obutafaananako tteeka lya Amereka erilongoosezza emirundi 27 gyokka, teriba na mateeka ga gavumenti.

Okugoberera enkola y'okusibuka mu buwangwa kya njawulo kubanga abalamuzi ba gavumenti batera okuba abeetegefu okunnyonnyola amateeka gaabwe bokka okusinga abalamuzi ab'eggwanga okusobola okunnyonnyola amateeka gaabwe. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika enfunda n'enfunda bakkiriza nti eggwanga liyinza okuwa eddembe erisingako ku limu eddembe ery'enkalakkalira ku limu ku limu n'eri okusokebwa mu ngeri y'enjawulo (Laba [[FLT]]Michigan v. Long[FLD]1], 463].S 103, 1983). Olw'ensonga eyo, omulamu agoberera enkola y'eggwanga ayinza okutuuka ku n'enkola eyawukana ku mukitundu omutuufu ow'eggwanga gwe kiteeredde ku ngeri y'okunnyonnyola mu mateeka. Kino kisobozesa enziro eya waggulu okuteekawo olupapula lw'obuvuzi lw'abavuzi.

Engeri Okutandikira mu Ddoboozi gye Kukyusa Ebiragiro by’Ettaka

Obulombolombo obusookerwako bukwata ku mutendera gwonna ogw'enkyukakyuka mu bulamu bw'eggwanga: okulonda, okulonda, okulambula, n'okutaputa okuddako.

Okulekayo Okukangavvula kw’Okwasooka Okuyigirizibwa

Abakungu ba gavumenti abategeevu abasuubira okukomyawo enkola ey'okusala emisango mu kusooka, balina okutereezaamu mu butereevu. Olulimi olubuukako lukubiriza kkooti okukozesa amakulu agaalyo, agayinza okuva ku biruubirirwa by'omuteesi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa omuntu agezesa ekipimo anoonya omugabo omupya, obutuufu obwa "gw'okubeera mu kifo ekiyonjo"[1] Enkiiko za bannaddiini zijja kwekenneenya amakulu g'ebigambo ebyo mu kiseera eky'okutongozebwa, so si ekyo abawagizi bannaakirizisa kye basuubira.

Okwekenneenya Amateeka nga Wabaawo Enkyukakyuka mu Lusooka

Kkooti za gavumenti bwe zoolekawo obutuufu bw'enkyukakyuka, enkola ey'okusibuka mu nzikiriza esobozesa okumanyira ddala oba nga okutereera kukontana n'ebiwandiiko ebiriwo. Ekiragiro kya ssemateeka wangi wa gavumenti kibaamu ennyiriri ezikoma ku bye kiyinza okutereeza. Ng'ekyokulabirako, enkyukakyuka eziggyawo enzijjuvu ez'enkola eya gavumenti" ekkirizibwa U.S. Ekiragiro ekifuga kiyinza okukomya ekiwandiiko. Abalamuzi ab'edda bajja kubuuza obanga ennukuta eyo enzivu, nga bwe kitegese enzivubibwa mu ku by'okwanjula, oba nga kimenya empandika ennukuta ezo.

Enjigiriza y'enzikiriza y'enzikiriza eyo era ekyusa engeri kkooti gye zitwalamu okusoomooza okutali kumu. Ekiragiro ekimu ssemateeka w'amateeka kilagira okukyusa ebintu kubaako ekintu kimu kyokka. Abalamuzi ab'enddala bajja kussa obwesige mu makulu aga bulijjo ku "situlikiti ey'okukka mu kifo eky'okugoberera emitindo gy'enfuga egyakakozesebwa leero. Kino kiyinza okuleetera ekiragiro okugondera amateeka agafuga, okusinziira ku ntegeera kw'eggwanga okusooka.

Okunoonyereza ku Kiwandiiko: Enjigiriza y’Obusosoze Ekozesebwa mu Mitala w’Amerika

Okusobola okutegeera engeri obutoffaali obwo gye bwayambamu mu kukyusa embeera za gavumenti, twekenneenye ebyokulabirako bisatu okuva mu matwale ag'enjawulo.

California: Okussaawo Obufumbo 8 n’amakulu Agasooka

Mu 2008, abavvuzi baayisawo etteeka erikwata ku kutegeka 8, eryakyusa puligaanyi okunnyonnyola obufumbo nga wakati w'omusajja n'omukazi. Okutereeza okwo kwasoomoozebwa mu Perry v. Schwarzeger (oluvannyuma ]] Hillylingsworworth [v. Perry]]), enjula ezo zombi zekebeekanga empaka ez'ennamba. Schwarzeger [Sy][Fluption] [[FLLT] [LT] [okugatta okw'okubiri], zaawakanya ensonga ez'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku "obufumbo" mu kiseera ekyasooka ebya ssemateekamu mu n'ensonga ez'omunda wakati w'ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekimanyiddwa ennyo mu mateeka. Kino kyawakanya ensonga enkulu ennyo mu n'enkyukakyuka ez'omu mateeka.

Kkooti ez'omu California zaagobereranga enkola ey'okusinze mu misango egizingiramu okuzza emisango gy'abamenyi b'amateeka ku ntereeza. Abantu okuva ku '. Buza' (2018), kkooti enkulu ey'omu California yagaana okunoonyereza ku nkyukakyuka mu ngeri nti progresss 9 (Amateeka ga Musa) naye endowooza ez'edda zajjawo zireetebwawo mu ndowooza eziwakanya enkola esookerwako ey'okutereeza endowooza ezikwata ku ngeri egoberera enkola egobeetaagibwamu.

Florida: Eddembe ly’Eggwanga ly’Oku Hunt n’Ebyennyanja

Mu 2014, abavvuzi ba Florida baatandikirawo okuyisa Omutemu 1, ogwaleetera ekiragiro okutandikawo amateeka agafuga enkola ey'okuyigga n'okuvuba ebyennyanja. Oluvannyuma bwe wajjawo akakwate oba nga okulongoosebwa kuno kwalina obuyinza ku ntegeka z'ebisolo, kkooti enkulu mu Florida yagoberera emisingi egyali gigoberera enkola eya Florida. Kkooti eyo yeekenneenya ebiwandiiko ebyaterekebwa, obutereevu, n'okulanga ebirengo ebyagibwa mu kaweefube okuzuula ekyo asobole okumanya engeri y'okumanyisaamu akawayiro ako gye kajja okutereezaamu amakulu g'ensonga mu 2014. Kkootikko yasalawo nti eddembe ly'okuvunda okuziriisa ensolo n'eby'ebyennyanja terimukugira kutuukiriza mateeka.

Louisiana: Akakiiko k’Essomero ly’e Tangipahoa ery’e Parish ke kaasalawo

Mu Olukiiko lw'Essomero olw'e Paris . State (20]), Court ey'omu Louisiana Empandika enfunze yagamba nti okutereeza ksomero n'enkola empya ey'eby'enjigiriza kwagootaanya amakulu ag'enkola eya tteeka eryasooka. Kkooti eyo yatandika kubuuza amakulu g'enkola eya kika kyamaanyisibwa mu bantu bonna. Ate era yakikkiriza nti okukomya kw'enkola kwa ssemateeka mu mateeka tekukyusa kkomo lya ssomero tekukontana na n'amakulu ag'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka olw'enkyukakyuka eza bulijjo kubanga amakulu agasooka mu ku ku mateeka agafuga ennyimba, tegakkiriza okuwera kugobeeyambisibwamu mu lukalala lw'ebibanja ebimala edda mu biseera eby'omumaguzi. Ekyo kyasobozesa okuteekawo ekkomera ku nkola ey'okugobeego mu biseera eby'omumalembebwa mu maaso ne 1974.

Okuvumirira n’Okuvumirira Enjigiriza z’Obwannaddiini mu Gavumenti

Wadde ng’enkola ya gavumenti yeeyongera okusemba, abantu bangi bagezaako okuwakanya enkola eyo.

Obukulembeze Obufuga Obufuzi n’Okwetegereza Eŋŋaano Bikontana

Abakuguwawa bagamba nti okulonda kuleetera ekiragiro obutagoberera demokulase eya demokulase nga kikankanya amakulu g'enkyusa ya tteeka mu kiseera ekyayita. Singa enzivvuunuzi ya bavoota yakolebwa okusobola okugonjoola ebizibu ebya bulijjo, nga "algorithism'sism's diocratic's democracy'scratics mu kiseera kino" omulamuzi ow'enkola ya demokulase. Omufuzi omukulembero anywerera ennyo ku makulu g'enkola ya demokrase'enkola y'enkola ya demokulase, ayinza okulemesa ekigendererwa kino okukyuka. Omulamuzi William J. Brennan Jr.

Ate era, enjigiriza y'okusibuka mu buwandiike eyinza okukontana n'ebyo ebiragiddwa mu kkooti z'amateeka. Kkooti enkulu nnyingi ziwagidde ddala emyaka mingi amateeka agaakwata ensonga nga gagoberera amateeka ga ssemateeka. Singa kkooti esalawo obutereevu engeri ez'okusikiza ebintu, endagaano, n'amateeka g'abamenyi b'amateeka, eyinza okugonjoozebwa mu ngeri ennungi. Enjigiriza ey'okutunuulira ebintu nga decisis ewa obutebenkevu, naye abalamuzi ab'edda batera okugamba nti ebiwandiiko eby'edda biteekwa okufugibwa.

Ebizibu mu Kuteegera Amakulu Agasooka

N'olwekyo, waaliwo enkuŋŋaana ennene ezaakolebwa mu kyasa ekya 19, era waaliwo ebiwandiiko bingi ebyatandika okubaamu ebiwandiiko bya mateeka. K'enkuŋŋaana zonna ezaawebwa mu kyasa ekya 19, era okukubaganagana kwazo tekwasaasaana. Kkooti zino ez'omutawaana zeetaaga okwesiga ennyo ku nkuluze ez'ekiseera ekimu, empapula n'amateeka aga bulijjo.

Okutuukana n’Eddembe ly’Omu Kiseera Kyonna

Oboolyawo, ekitegeeza nti omuntu alina obusobozi obw'okutuukiriza ebigendererwa ebyasooka nga ye nsonga lwaki agoberera eddembe eppya. Ekiragiro bwe kikyusaamu mu budde ne kitandika okuteekawo eddembe lino nga lino lino lino lino era ne kiyamba mu kussaawo obwali obwama ku bwamaddala mu ssemateeka. Abalina okukifuula kiyinza okusalawo obanga amakulu g'ekifonja "mu kusooka" gakirabiddwako mu 1972 oba obanga ebigambo ebyakozesebwa mu nnyiriri ezaasooka byagendererwawo okuleetawo enkyukakyuka. Abasomi abamu, nga Omulamuzi Amy Coney Barrett, bakkiriza nti enteekateeka ezimu, gamba ng'ezo eziziyiza "crecuel ne ekibonerezo ekitali kya bulijjo," zikoze ennyinyonyiikivu, kubanga amakulu gaabwe mu n'obulombolombo obusooka geekuusa. Naye okuteesa kwamu n'okuleetawo okutaawukaaganya ku [FLD]

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Okuweereza Katonda mu Buwandiike

Ebitali bimu biraga nti enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa ku mateeka agafuga enfuga nfuga zajja kweyongera bwongezi mu myaka egijja. Okusooka, ekitongole ekikola Federalist Society n'ebibiina ebifaanagana kitendeka abalamuzi n'abalaawe b'amateeka mu nkola ez'edda. Ebitegeke by'obuyigirize bw'edda bitera okubaamu ebitundu ebikwata ku makulu g'abantu abaasooka, era kkooti enkulu nnyingi ez'ensi byekubidde mu bitabo bya [[FLT:]

Ekyokubiri, okugaziyizibwa kw'enkola eza "Lycription"" `Ssavel'.'''enkola z'enkola eza gavumenti okusobola okuyita olukuŋŋaana olw'ensi okukulemberamu ekitundu eky'okutaano) Emirundi egisinga kuzingiramu ebigambo ebyayo ebyasooka ebikwata ku kuzza buyinza ku magatte ga gavumenti ne ku bantu. Kaweefube ono okugamba nti enkyukakyuka mu by'amateeka ziteekwa okukolebwa okuzza okutegeera okwasooka okukwata ku ntegeka ya gavumenti.

Ekyokusatu, sinooni za gavumenti zeeyongedde okubeetaaza amasoko ga gavumenti okuwa "ekigendererwa oba "bumanyirizi" nga bakyusa ebiwandiikiddwa. Ebiwandiiko bino bitera kubaamu okunoonyereza okw'ebyafaayo okusobola okuluŋŋamya ebiwandiiko ebyandiikiddwawo mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Ng'ekyokulabirako, amateeka ga Texas gawandiise ebigambo ebikwata ku ku kutereeza ebiruubirirwa by'omubiri n'eddembe ly'eby'ekisawo nga basuubira nti gajja kuggyamu amakulu agaalyo ag'edda.

Kyokka, enkola eno teri ntuufu. Ebibinja ebigenda bitandika okuweza enkola ez'okunnyonnyola amakulu g'ebigambo nga "wamateeka agafuga oba "Gyractom""". Wabula biwagidde bulungi ebyetaago by'abantu nga tebyetongodde ddala mu byawandiikibwa oba mu byafaayo. Kkooti z'ensi mu bitundu ebya bbulu, gamba nga New York ne Washington, ziziyiza enkola ey'okugoberera enkola za bannannyini ez'okugoberera obukwasifu, era mu kifo ky'okwesiga emitindo egisengekesezza empanvu oba egy'obweru.

Olupapula lw’amawulire Amawulire Amalungi Lukomekkerezebwa: Enjigiriza y’Ekitabo Zombi ng’Ebitundu eby’Omu Lulimi Olwasooka n’Ebitundu eby’Okubuuliramu Ebigezeseddwa

Okusalawo mu ngeri eyoleka engeri za nkalakkalira ez'okunnyonnyola enkyukakyuka mu mateeka. Essira erissa essira ku makulu g'ebyafaayo ku abo abakola nga bakola nga bayingidde ebiwaatiro bya gavumenti, okulambula obulango bw'amateeka, era okuwa olulimi olugasa okusobola okubuulirizaamu eb'amateeka. Kyokka teri n'enjigiriza ezigonjookeddwa ddala. Kkooti z'ensi zeeyongera okumesebwa n'okumanyisa amakulu g'ebigambo ebyasooka, okukattuusibwako kwa demokrase, era n'obwetaago okumanyisa amateeka agafuga enfuga enfuga n'empala ne demokulase.

Mu nkomerero, enkola y'okusibuka mu nfugeeti z'amateeka efuga Amerika y'eyoleka obutakkaanya obw'amaanyi mu bufuzi: okwagala gavumenti ennywevu, enjereere, era n'obwetaavu bw'amateeka agagonda. Ekiragiro bwe kiba kinnyonyola buli kintu okuva ku ntegeka y'okulonda n'ey'okusigikoleramu, entegeka ya kkomo y'ejja kweyongera okubeera ekifo ekika ekya waggulu. Njirikiti eyo esobola okugonjooza enzivu mu ngeri y'okuteekawo amateeka aga bulijjo. N'olwekyo, buli muntu yenna ayagala okubaako ky'akola mu mulimu gwa gavumenti ekola ku lukalala olwo, ekinaamuleetera okuba n'obusobozi.