Ennyanjula: Obukyayi Obubeerera Wakati w’Obwewaze n’Obuyinza

Enkolagana wakati w'eddembe n'okufuga esinziira ku bufirosoofo bw'eby'obufuzi n'obutunzi obw'engeri endala. Abatuuti ba gavumenti buli kiseera bawakana buli kibuuzo ekikulu: buyinza ki bwenkana wa obuyinza bwe balina okufuga abantu kinnoomu, era wa obuyinza obwo gye buteekwa okukoma okulemesa eddembe lyabwe okusobola okulongoosebwa?

Ebifo ebya bafuzi eby'omu kiseera kino bitegekeddwa okutegeka obulungi, okukuuma, n'ebintu ebya lukale. Naye buli mateeka, omusolo, oba eby'obukuumi ebipima ekipimo mu ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Ekiruubirirwa si kumalawo buyinza oba eddembe erya nnamaddala, naye kufuna eddembe erimalako buli kimu. Ekitundu kino kyogera ku nnyinyonnyola, ebyafaayo, empaka ez'endowooza ez'enjawulo, n'ebyokulabirako eby'omu kiseera kye ebiyamba okumanyira ku ku kuzina okw'enjawulo okuli wakati w'eddembe n'okufuga.

Okunokolayo Eddembe n’Obufuzi

Eddembe: Okukoma ku Kufuga Bugumiikiriza

Ddembe litera kunnyonnyolwa ng'embeera ey'obutakakibwa oba obuddu. Kyokka, abafirosoofo ab'eby'obufuzi baawukana eddembe.] “‘ Eddembe okuva mu nnyingo ez'ebweru (na]] eddembe[[]]]] obusobozi bw'omuntu okukola nga bw'ayagala era n'atuuka ku bubwe. Ddaba nga kiwandikiro, ekiwandikibwa abayi nga Isaaya Berlin, ekiggumizibwako obuteetwalidde ku busonga ku busonga bwa Roussley ne ku biseera eby'oluvannyuma, essirakkulembedde ku kubeerawo ku mbeera (ng'obuyigirize, eby'obulamu, n'eby’eby’enfuna) ebisobozesa abantu okwefuga bokka.

Enjawulo eno nkulu nnyo kubanga abafuzi ab'enjawulo bakulembeza eddembe mu kifo eky'enjawulo. demokulase ez'enjawulo essira lissa ku ddembe erya nnamaddala erya buli muntu, obusosoze, amadiini, ne bwe kiba nti demokulase ziyinza okuteeka mu kifo ekisooka eddembe erisinga okuteeka mu kifo eky'obutebenkevu, obuyigirize, n'obusinde obuyamba abantu bonna okubeewala.

Okufuga: Tekiri nti Buli Gavumenti Gyali Gyokka

Obufuzi butwaliramu enkola, ebitongole, n'emitindo ab'obuyinza gye bagoberera. Tebizingiramu nkola eza gavumenti (empandika, okuddukanya, okusala emisango) kyokka naye era n'enkola ez'enjawulo, entegeka ezitali za gavumenti, era n'ebibiina by'ensi yonna. Obufuzi obulungi bulagibwa nga beegasse mu mateeka, nga balaga obulaanyisi, nga batwala obuwagizi, nga bakkiriziganya, nga batuukiriza ebya bulijjo, era nga bavunaanyizibwa ku buli nsonga.

Engeri y'obufuzi obwa nnannyini.[1] Engeri gye bufugamu (-democracy, degarch), obufuzi obwa nnakyemalira, obuntu, teyokulase) y'esalawo obunene eddembe ly'abantu lye balina. Amatwale gafuga mu ngeri esobozesa eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu okukuumibwa mu mateeka, ng'ate gavumenti eza bannaakyemalira ziwamba eddembe eryo ku nsonga za gavumenti. Wadde nga mu demokratice, ekiwandikiro kifuna ku nkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka mu kiseera okusinziira ku bukuumi bw'eby'eby'enfuna oba ebibiina by'abantu.

Endowooza Ekwata ku Ddembe n’Obufuzi

Okunoonyereza okw’Edda: Asene ne Rooma

demokulase ey'omu Asene ey'edda (ekyasa 5 BCE) etera okutwalibwa ng'ekyaviirako eddembe lya bannabyabufuzi mu Bugwanjuba. Abatuuze − wadde nga batono nnyo ku abo abaakolanga ku by'okusalawo, okulonda ku mateeka, n'okuvunaana abakungu baavunaanibwa. Kyokka, eddembe lino lyali mu bakulu abakakanyavu abaayisa abakazi, abaddu, n'abo abatali ba nnukuta. Ekiragiro kya Bannaaludde mu Asene butereevu era ne kisobozesa okulonda eby'amateeka okuzaala n'okugatta abaddu. [FLT:], era n'okufuga kwa demokaasenti eya terimu n'ensonga eyo, eraga engeri obufuzi gye bwataatemaganaamu n'okufuga.

Kkoptamenti ya Roma yawa kyakulabirako eky'enjawulo mu mateeka agatali gamu, obwawukanya bw'amatwale, n'okugattikanya kw'amateeka. Amateeka g'Abaruumi gaassa essira ku [ alibertas (eddembe) wansi w'amateeka, kyokka obuwagizi obugenda busigirwa ba empula oluvannyuma lwa Republic okugwa. Essomo okuva ku mawanga gombi liba nti eddembe n'okufuga biyimirimu.

Endowooza y’Ebivubuka eby’Edda n’Okukulaakulana kw’Ekyero

Mu Massekati mu Massekati, okufuga kwafuulibwa kwa njawulo mu mpandika eya bulijjo mu kifo kya bannafujjo, nga baami bafuga bannannyini mateeka. Eddembe lyateekebwawo ku nkizo ezaaweebwa abantu okusinziira ku mpisa oba ku mpandika. Ekiwandiiko ekya Magna Carta (1215) kye kyasibuka ku bantu kubanga kyateekako ekkomo ku buyinza bwa kabaka Omungereza era ne kikakasa nti ne kabaka yali afugibwa amateeka. Endowooza eno eya y'amateeka yafuuka omusingi gwa gavumenti ey'omulembe.

Era enkola y'okukyusaamu mu by'obufuzi yasoomooza nnyo abakulembeze b'eddiini mu kiseera ekyo.

Enjigiriza Ezaakwataganya Ekitangaala

Mu kyasa ekya 17 ne 18, John Locke yagamba nti abantu balina eddembe erya bulijjo ery'obulamu, eddembe n'ebintu era nti gavumenti yagiteekako obwesige. Gavumenti bw'etassaawo obwesige, abantu balina obuyinza okujeemera ekiragiro. Ekiwandiiko kya American Declaration of Independence ne U.S.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau yawa abantu akakwakkulizo ko teeka endagaano mu bantu gye bawaayo eddembe eriwerako eri “gavumenti” ey'abantu bonna, eyoleka ebirungi ebya bulijjo. Rousseau essira alissa ku ngeri abantu gye beefugamu era n'emitindo gy'abantu egyava mu nkola za demokulase era oluvannyuma, n'ennyinnyonnyola eza bannaakyemalira bwe zaateekebwa ekibiina ekikuumi.

Omwoyo gwa Montesquieu ogwa [[NKULULA] Gy'amateeka [ gwawandiikirwa okuyawula amaanyi mu bufuge ng'obutujju. Endowooza zino ez'Ekitangaala zaateekawo ekifo eky'okufuga we kibeera eky'ensonga yokka singa kissa essira ku ddembe ekkulu era nga kitegekebwa okuziyiza okukozesa obubi obuyinza.

Obuzibu obw'Amakumi Abiri: Gannaakyemalira ne Ensi ez'Etttuttumu

Gavumenti za bannaakyemalira mu Bugirimaani mu Nazi, mu Soviet Union, ne mu China kya Stalin, zaagezaako nnyo okuleetera abantu okubonaabona n’obutasobola kukolera ku bulagirizi bwa gavumenti, gamba ng’okulabira obulango, okulumba, n’okusaasaanya pokopoko.

Okwawukana ku ekyo, demokulase ez'enjawulo zaagaziya embeera y'obutebenkevu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II, nga zikozesa obufuzi okuteekawo eddembe erinywevu nga mu by'enfuna, ku by'obujjanjabi, ne mu by'enjigiriza. kino kyaleetawo okuyomba wakati wa bannakyewabutebenkevu ba gavumenti abaagitwala ng'enkwe n'enkola ez'enkola eza gavumenti ezaatwala ng'enkulu ennyo okusobola okufuna eddembe erya nnamaddala. Okumeggana okwo kweyongera mu mpaka ezikwata ku by'obulamu, essente ezisingako, n'obutimba.

Emirimu Egiyamba mu Kukendeeza

Okufuna Eddembe: Okukuuma Eddembe Eribi

Literalism, etwala obwetwaze nga bukulu. Empandika eza bulijjo nga John Stuart Mill zawaayiriza ku [FL:0] Liberty nti ensonga yokka eyinza okusinziirwako okukendeeza ku ddembe eri okukugira akabi ku balala. Omusingi guno gulina okuba nga gulina kinene nnyo ekiva mu mateeka, naddala ku bikwata ku kwogera, okwegabiza obwamannyo, n'eddembe mu by'ebyenfuna. Empandika eza leero, nga John Brawls, zongera ku nkola ey'obwenkanya, nga bwe bibeera ebituufu n'okugaba nti obuteekusiivu.

Olu tava olukalala luwagira okunoonyereza okwa tteeka erikwata ku buyinza bwa gavumenti, obulyi bw'amateeka obufuga, n'obukuumi ku ddembe ly'abantu. Tebuwakanya bufuzi buli wamu, naye bugamba nti obufuzi buliko ekkomo, obuvunaanyizibwa, n'obulangira. Enjawulo ey'ewandikire: statford Encyclopedia of Philosophy[

Enjigiriza Ekwata ku Kakwate n’Enkolagana y’Abantu: Emusingi Ogukkiriza Obukulembeze

Nkukaanya nti obufuzi obw'enkomeredde buva ku kukkiriza kw'abafuzi b'ensi, Hobbes yagamba nti mu mbeera ey'obutonde, obulamu buba “buzibu, era bumpimpi,” n'olwekyo abantu beewaayo kyeyagalire okuteebwa. Mu ngeri eyawukana ku ekyo, Locke, baaleetawo eddembe erimala okusobola okukuuma eddembe lyabwe ery'enzaanalwamu, era ne gavumenti ezisukka obuyinza obwo tezikkirizibwa mu mateeka. Rousseau yagattako nti eddembe erya nnamaddala lisangibwa mu kugondera amateeka omuntu alina emikono mu kutonda.

Leero, enzikiriza y'enkola ey'okukolagana n'abantu emanyisa okukkiriza enkola ya demokulase, naye era ereetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kukkiriza okw'omu ngalo okw'abatuuze, eddembe ly'abanoonyi b'obubudamu, era oba ng'obufuzi bw'ensi yonna bwetaagisa endagaano ey'ensi yonna. Enkola eno esobozesa okumanyisa engeri y'obufuzi bw'eggwanga gye bufugamu. External likwatagana: stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Endowooza Enkyamu n’Enfumbo

Abakugu mu by'enyongeza okuva mu Frankfurt School okugenda ku banoonyereza mu kiseera kye nga Michel Foucault banoonyereza engeri obufuzi gye bukyusaamu eddembe okuyitira mu buyinza obusinga obugobererwa. Endowooza ya Foucault eriwo ku biopolitics[ ennyonnyola engeri gavumenti gye zifugamu abantu okuyitira mu bulamu, obuyigirize, n'eby'eby'obukuumi, nga zikola abantu bye baagala. Endowooza eno era ewabula nti ne demokulasenti eya demokulase esobola okufuga abantu mu ngeri enneekusike era n'efuula abantu, eddembe eriko mu ngeri gye tuyinza obutategeera.

Abakugu abafuga obukolobero oluvannyuma balaga engeri eddembe n'obufuzi bw'omu Bulaaya gye byakozesebwamu okunnyonnyola ensonga lwaki obuwanguzi era ne beeyongera okuleetawo obufuzi obw'ensi yonna. Bagamba nti eddembe erya nnamaddala lirina okukyusiza obufuzi obwa bulijjo.(drigistry frounciers ezeesigamiziddwa ku langi, obusosoze, obusosoze, n'obufuzi bw'ensi yonna.

Endowooza eno ereetera abantu okulowooza nti tetusaanidde kugoberera nkola ya demokulase, wabula nti tulina n’okussaawo engeri endala ez’okufuga ezikwata ku nkola za demokulase.

Endowooza y’Abalala n’Eyeesamba Obukulembeze: Efuula Eddembe Erimu Obutono, era Eyinza Okuleetera Obufuzi Okukendeera

Ku nkomerero ya buli kika, abawagizi bawa obukwasifu obwa ntono ddala.[1] Wadde nga bawa obuwagizi obwa poliisi ne kkooti nga bagaana obufuzi obwa bulijjo. Robert Nozick] Anarchy, State, ne Utopia[[FLL:1] bawaayiriza nti gavumenti ekuuma eby'ekiro ekkirizibwa. Wadde nga bawagidde mu nfumo z'eby'obufuzi, balemesezza bannaakyewa abo okugonjoola ebizibu gamba nga enkyukakyuka ez'obutebe bw'eby'obulamu, n'obusosoze.

Wadde kiri kityo, abo abeekobaana mu maaso g’olupapula lw’ebitabo bawa endowooza zaabwe ku misolo, eddembe ly’eby’amabanja, n'okwemalirira.

Okunoonyereza ku Lukwata olw’Omu Kiseera Kyonna

Amerika: Eddembe mu Bujjuvu

Kkoyiro y'Amerika emaze ebbanga ddene nga yeenyumiriza ku mateeka agakwata ku kukuuma abantu okwogera nga ba ddembe, nga bakuba empapula z'amawulire, oba nga bakuba ppatriot Act. Kyokka, oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera ekyo, wabaddewo okweyongera kwa maanyi mu nkola y'obulagirizi obw'okukebera ebifaananyi, okukuŋŋaanya metammu emitwalo ku nnyanja nga zigoberera enkola ya bannaakyewa NSA, n'okukulembereza eby'ekitongole kya bannaakyewa. Okukubagattira ku Enkyukakyuka ku busokenkenkeze. DDIG [ gyeyongera nnyo olw'enkyukakyuka zonna ezikolebwa mu bya tekinologiya, ne ku buwulizi obwa ssimu.

Ekirala: [[ALW'OKUMALIRA]ACLU – Akikkiriza & Surveimer[[:1]

China: Obufuzi bw’Eddembe

China kikolera wansi wa nkola ya bannakyewa abassa obutujju mu kifo ekisooka obutebenkevu, okukulaakulana mu by'enfuna, n'okufuga abantu. Gavumenti ekebera Internet (Mutuulo Omukulu), ekuuma abatuuze okuyitira mu kampuni ezikwata ku by'enkwaso mu bantu[], era enkola enjawukana mu by'obufuzi. Eddembe ly'okwogera, enkuŋŋaana z'eby'eby'enfuna, n'okukuba empapula z'amawulire bikoma okukugira ennyo. Obuwanguzi bw'eby'eby'enfuna bya China butera okukosebwa k'enjereere wakati w'eddembe ly'abantu, ne kunsinga eriko obunene obufuga.

Amawanga g’Abannalubindi: Demokrasi n’Eddembe Ekireetera Abantu Okubeera n’Eddembe Ekireetera Emirembe

Sweden, Denmark, Norway, ne Finland ziwa ekyokulabirako ekikakasa nti emisolo egya waggulu, embeera z'abantu ebeere n'entebe y'eby'obufuzi zibeera wamu n'eddembe ery'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi. Amawanga gano gali mu kifo kya waggulu mu nkola za demokulase mu nkola z'eby'obufuzi, gakuba obuwanguzi, era galina essanyu. Obufuzi bwago buwa eddembe erya nnamaddala erya nnamaddala, n'eddembe lya bannakyewa. Nfuge mu mateeka ga Nordiaddoo, amateeka gago galaga nti obufuzi bwa gavumenti buyinza okukendeeza ku ddembe ly'eby'enfuna era ne kyongera okukulaakulana. Abawakawunziko bagamba nti okusasula emisolo gikendeereza egabaazezza eddembe ery'eby'ebyenfuna, naye abawagizi mu kibiina bawakanya nti eddembe erya nnamaddala ery'okwefuga kiyamba okunoonyereza ku ddembe.

Ekirala: [[Akabonero:0] The Economist – Nordic Model[[:1]

Singapore: Eddembe erikkiriza Abawandiisi

Singapore era erimu gavumenti entegeke obulungi, etali ya bwenkanya, era erimu eddembe lya bya bufuzi eriri ku bunkenke. Ekika kya People’s Action Party kyifuga mu by'obufuzi okuva lwewattu era okuziyizibwa kusigala nga kunafuwa olw'amateeka okuwera. Kyokka, abatuuze balina eddembe mu by'enfuna, obufuzi, emirimu gya bantu egya waggulu, n'obumenyi bw'amateeka obwa wansi. Abakugu abamu bagamba Singapore nti “teefuga nga demokulase.” Bawakanya endowooza egamba nti eddembe n'obufuzi si kintu ekiteebeerekizibwamu kiteesokebwa, naye era nti baayongera kweraliikirira nti obusosoze mu by'obufuzi obwa demokulase.

Omugaso gw’Eby’Enjigiriza mu Kigero

Enjigiriza Ezimu ng’Omusingi

Abasomesa balina obuvunaanyizibwa bwa njawulo okuteekateeka abaana okubeera abatuuze abalungi. Okutegeera akakwate akaliwo wakati w'eddembe n'okufuga kyetaagisa okulowooza ennyo, okumanya ebyafaayo, n'ensonga z'empisa. Amasomero galina okugakwataganya ku nsonga ezo mu bitundu byonna eby'enkola, ebyafaayo, ebitabo, ne sayansi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okukaayana ku nkula y'obusige oba amateeka ga ASCM ku ngeri obufuzi gye bwandikuttemu eddembe lya tekinologmu.

Kkoluupu ezingiramu [[O]0] ekiragiro ekigobererwa etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu, amateeka g'eggwanga, n'emisango egiba ku kkooti ekirala enzikkiriza obutuufu bw'amateeka giyamba abayizi okulaba engeri emisingi gye gikozesebwa mu kusambajja empaka eza bulijjo.

Okuyamba Abamanyi Okuwandiika n’Okuyiga

Obufuzi obwa kakkeera bulina akakwate n'enkola ey'okukwataganya eby'okuwandiika. Abayizi beetaaga obumanyirivu okusobola okwekenneenya ensibuko y'enkungo, okutegeera pokopoko, n'okutegeera ekifo eby'amakutu gye bikola mu demokulase awamu ne demokulase.

Abasomesa bayinza okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku bintu ebiriwo kati: okukuba empaka ku Ekitundu 230 mu ttuluba ly'Amerika, akakiiko ka 'EU' decigital Services Act, oba okukebera ebiba bitegekeddwa mu kulonda mu nsi ezitali zimu.

Baddemu Okwenyigira

Nga bwe kitataagizibwa, obuyigirize busaanidde okuleetera abaana okukola emirimu egitali gimu. Okutendeka emirimu egy'okukola, gavumenti, n'okuteekateeka abantu mu kitundu, biyigiriza abayizi nti okufuga tekukolebwa [ kukolebwa, naye kusobola kuzimba. Kino kyetaagisa nnyo okusobola okukuuma o demokulase. Abayizi abategeera obulungi obukulu n'akabi akaliwo mu kufuga, batera okufuuka abatuuze ab'obuvunaanyizibwa era abalwanirira eddembe lyabwe ery'okusalawo ku nsonga ezikwata ku bufunze.

fundikira

Enkolagana wakati w'eddembe n'okufuga teri nga zombi zokka, wabula k'empawu n'obukulembedde. Ebyokulabirako eby'ebyafaayo okuva mu Asene okutuuka mu China biraga nti omuntu bw'ataba munywevu okusinziira ku mutindo, emitindo n'obuyinza. Enkola z'obudde bwe zigoberezebwa okuva ku ddembe n'enkyukakyuka mu njigiriza ez'okuvumirira, ziyamba okutegeera n'okukukakasa nti tewali mutindo gwa kkopi mulungi gusobola okuvaamu. Okunoonyereza okwa akatundu kulaga nti tewali muntu n'omu asobola okugula ebintu nga bw'obyewanyisa, era buli muntu yeetaaga okukyuukanya oba okukyusibwako.

Abasomesa n'abayizi omulimu kwe kubeera obulindaala: okutegeera nti obufuzi bwetaagisa okusobola okunyumirwa eddembe, naye obufuzi nga tebuvunaanyizibwa buyinza okusaanyawo eddembe. Bwe beenyigira mu mpaka z'obufirosoofo, ebyafaayo, n'ebintu ebiriwo kati, omulembe oguddako guyinza okufuuka abayimbi abategeevu ab'ebiseera eby'omu maaso eddembe n'okubeerawo mu kifo eky'obwenkanya era ekitebenkevu. Okukubaganya ebirowoozo tekukoma; tekuyisibwa kuva ku mulembe gumu okudda ku mu mu mu mulembe oguddako, era kulinda ne kuzzibwamu buggyamu.